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Review ArticleAntioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of CrudeExtracts and Fractions of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.),Cajui (Anacardium microcarpum), and Pequi(Caryocar brasiliense C.): A Systematic Review
Anderson Baptista ,1 Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves ,2 Josefina Bressan ,1
and Maria do Carmo Gouveia Pelúzio 1
1Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil2Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
Correspondence should be addressed to Maria do Carmo Gouveia Pelúzio; [email protected]
Received 11 December 2017; Revised 1 February 2018; Accepted 6 February 2018; Published 18 April 2018
Academic Editor: Kota V. Ramana
Copyright © 2018 Anderson Baptista et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.
The accentuated increase in the use of medicinal plants by the population to treat diseases makes it necessary to carry outpharmacological studies in order to contribute to the scientific knowledge and clarify the mechanisms involved in the maincompounds present in these plants. Due to the difficulty of combating antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, plants become alow-cost and effective alternative. The stem, fruit, and leaves of plants are used to measure antioxidant and antimicrobialcapacity and to combat the oxidative degradation of free radicals produced in the presence of xenobiotics. A systematic review isa powerful tool that incorporates the variability among the studies, providing an overall estimate of the use of plant extracts asantioxidants and antimicrobial activities. In view of the controversies in the literature regarding the use of compounds fromplants or the isolation and purification of the main substances for the prevention of bacterial various therapeutic actions, theaim of this was to present a systematic review on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of cashew (Anacardiumoccidentale), cajui (Anacardium microcarpum), and pequi (Caryocar brasiliense). The following databases were analyzed:PubMed/Medline, Virtual Health Library (LILACS and SciELO), and Science Direct. Out of 425 articles, 33 articles have beenused in this study, which were also represented in the Prisma Statement. In vitro antioxidant tests were conducted in 28 studiesusing different methodologies. Most of the tests involving the studied species demonstrated positive antioxidant potential andantimicrobial properties. The results provide important data and perspectives into the use of natural products that cancontribute to the treatment of various diseases.
1. Introduction
Plants have long been used for the prevention and treatmentof human health adversities. The first herbal records date backto 2838–2698B.C., when the Chinese emperor Shen Nungcataloged 365 medicinal herbs. In 1500B.C., the Egyptianmanuscript “Ebers Papyrus” recorded information on 811prescriptions and 700 drugs. Some of these plants are still inuse, such as ginseng (Panax spp.), Ephedra spp., Cassia spp.,and Rheum palmatum L., being used as a source of drugs for
the pharmaceutical industry. Indigenous tribes in their ritualsand cure of diseases have always used medicinal plants [1].
The use of phytotherapy started gaining popularity in themid-70s and 80s. The trade of herbal medicines in Brazil isaround 5% of the total trade of medicines [2]. According tothe Ministry of Health, patients seeking treatment based onmedicinal plants and phytopharmaceuticals increased to161% between 2013 and 2015, probably due to the low costof herbal medicines and also to the fact of the populationbeing accustomed to their use [3]. The World Health
HindawiOxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityVolume 2018, Article ID 3753562, 13 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3753562
Organization (WHO) notes that 70% to 95% of the popula-tion depend on the use of herbal medicines in the primarycare setting, therefore issuing a recommendation to encour-age countries to formulate national policies and regulationsregarding the use of traditional medicines with proveneffectiveness [4].
The concept of medicinal plants being “natural” does notguarantee benefits and safety, which makes it fundamentalthat a popularly known herbal medicine is widely studiedwith regard to its pharmacological and toxicological aspectsin order to understand its adverse effects [5]. Adverse effectsarise from the production of plant secondary metabolites thatcan be toxic to the organism, as anthraquinone, for instance,in Aloe vera can cause nephritis when the latter is ingested ina high concentration. In addition, the pyrrolizidine alkaloidmetabolites present in comfrey (Symphytum officinale) arealso hepatotoxic [6]. The appearance and dissemination ofmicroorganisms resistant to commercially available antimi-crobials have been reported for decades, encouraging thesearch for new sources of antimicrobial substances, such asplants used in the traditional medicine and laboratory trials[7]. The use of plants as antimicrobial agents has seen amajor increase in the last years. A good example of this factis phenolic compounds, present in the essential oils of manyplants that are known as active substances, such as the essen-tial oil of rosemary leaves, used in the preservation of food toinhibit microbial contamination and dissemination [8].Another example is that barks of the cashew tree have showna considerable bactericidal effect due to the presence oftannins [9].
Apart from antimicrobial agents, the pursuit for safenatural antioxidants that can be beneficial to the humanhealth and can replace those of the synthetic origin is of inter-est to the scientific community [10]. The plant kingdom is avaluable source of bioactive and phytochemical compounds.Furthermore, the adequate consumption of fruits and vegeta-bles is directly related to the reduced risks of diseases due tothe amount of health-beneficial antioxidants present in suchplants [11].
The oxidative stress, which occurs in cells, in general, canbe combated by antioxidants since they hold oxidationstability and therefore prevent the formation of reactivespecies of oxygen and nitrogen. Reactive oxygen species suchas superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen per-oxide may favor the development of diseases such as cancer,cardiovascular disorders, aging, and degenerative diseases. Incontrast, the consumption of natural antioxidants, such aspolyphenol-rich foods, fresh fruits, and vegetables, can coun-teract the oxidative degradation of free radicals [12, 13]. Inthis context, we can highlight 3 plants (caju, cajui, and pequi)which are widely used in cooking and in traditional Brazilianmedicine, mainly in the north, northeast, and central westregions of the country. Cashew nut and its byproducts haveseveral industrial and biological properties such as antioxi-dant and antimicrobial activities. There are 11 differentspecies in the genus Anacardium, in which the Anacardiumoccidentale L. (cashew) is the most common in Brazil, espe-cially in the north and northeast regions. This pseudofruitis juicy and rich in vitamin C (200mg/100 g of juice) [14].
Anacardium microcarpum (cajui) is widely used in tradi-tional folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, rheu-matism, tumors, and infectious diseases. The extracts canhold potential antioxidant agents that modify the oxidationstates of cells [15]. Caryocar brasiliense C. (pequi) is a nativeplant of the Cerrado biome, and it is well distributed in thenorth and midwest regions of the country. The fruit hascarotenoids with an antioxidant activity and is a precursorof vitamin A [16]. It demonstrates a strong potential for sus-tainable exploration, since the fruit is fairly rich in a nutri-tional and functional point of view, presenting sensoryproperties such as color, aroma, and a distinctive flavorcompared to other fruits, besides having a pleasant taste [17].
Some clinical and preclinical studies have attempted todemonstrate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of plantcompounds and their derivatives. However, this hypothesismay not always be confirmed mainly due to the comprehen-sive methodological variations involving the obtaining of thecompounds, the therapeutic schemes, and the mechanisms ofaction. However, it is important to search for new data fromvarious studies in order to clarify the aforementioneddiscrepancies. In this context, the systematic review is a pow-erful tool that incorporates the variability among the studiesand allows obtaining of an overall estimate of the use of plantextracts (cashew, cajui, and pequi) with antioxidant and anti-microbial properties. Moreover, a systematic review, unlikethe widely used narrative reviews, has never been carriedout before and might provide us with reliable and solid newevidence on whether or not crude extracts and fractions ofcashew, cajui, and pequi could be beneficial in antioxidantand antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Based on the latter,our systematic review has been developed to present theresults of tests with extracts of parts of the following plantspecies: Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardium microcar-pum, and Caryocar brasiliense C. The hypothesis is that thesespecies contain substances that are beneficial to the humanhealth and could be appropriately used by the population,replacing synthetic products and expanding the NationalPolicy on Integrative and Complementary Practices inHealth (PNPIC) of the Brazilian Unified Health System(SUS). The results can then lead to a greater discussion andprovide interest to the pharmaceutical industry in reducingthe high costs of producing and purchasing syntheticsubstances [18].
2. Methodology
2.1. Literature Research. The studies included in this reviewhave been selected using the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Virtual Health Library (BIREME, LILACS, andSciELO), and Science Direct. The descriptors used were“pequi,” “pequi antioxidant,” “antimicrobial pequi,” “Caryo-car brasiliense,” “Caryocar,” “caju antioxidant,” “cajui anti-oxidant,” “bacteria caju,” “caju antimicrobial,” “cashew,”“Anacardium occidentale,” “cajui,” and “Anacardium micro-carpum.” The original studies used in this review coveredthe period from 2006 to 2016. This time period can be justi-fied by the limited number of specific studies conducted inrecent years and their relevance. Classic articles on the topic
2 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
and the others resulting from a reverse search were alsoselected. Only articles published in English, Portuguese, andSpanish have been included. However, studies that focusedon toxicity, wound healing, anti-inflammation, chemicalcharacterization, prebiotic, genotoxic, antidiabetic, gastro-protective, and cardiovascular diseases have been eliminated.Reviews, comments, and notes as well as unpublished studieshave not been considered. The studies have been selectedbased on the inclusion criteria indicated below:
(i) Studies reporting the effect of antioxidant and anti-microbial of crude extracts, fractions, and metaboliteisolated of the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentaleL.), cajui (Anacardium microcarpum), and pequi(Caryocar brasiliense C.) in the animal model
(ii) Studies in vitro, reporting the effect of antioxidantand antimicrobial of crude extracts, fractions, andmetabolite isolated of the cashew tree (Anacardiumoccidentale L.), cajui (Anacardium microcarpum),and pequi (Caryocar brasiliense C.)
2.2. Extraction and Data Management. For abstract selection,three independent reviewers (BAB, BJ, and PMC) haveselected studies based on the title and abstract analysis. Incase of disagreement, a fourth reviewer (GRV) would decidewhether the study met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inorder to eliminate subjectivity in the data collection andselection process, the information has been independentlyextracted by both reviewers (BAB and PMC) and analyzedseparately. Data from each study has been extracted and tab-ulated using standardized information, such as features of thepublication (author, country, and year), plant (plant family,species, and popular name and part used), test conducted,type of analysis, test dosage, animal model, number of ani-mals, sex, and type of extract used. When the reviewers facedsome kind of difficulty in extracting the data or in obtainingthe studies, the authors would be contacted by e-mail toprovide the necessary information. Subsequently, the datahas been compared, and the conflicting information wasidentified and corrected through discussion in order to reachconsensus among the reviewers.
3. Results and Discussion
The initial search generated 425 studies out of which 325were assigned to the descriptor cashew, 24 for cajui, and 76for pequi. Studies that have not met the previously definedcriteria were disregarded. The articles that did not reportantioxidant and/or antimicrobial activity, those related onlyto popular knowledge, without relevance and literaturereviews, were of 392. A total of 32 articles were included atthe end of the analysis; other 24 studies performed tests forantioxidant action, 13 ran tests for antimicrobial action,and 5 articles conducted both tests. The Brazilian states thatcarried out the studies were Ceará (10 studies), Minas Gerais(8 studies), Goiás (1 study), the Federal District (3 studies),Paraíba (2 studies), Mato Grosso (1 study), and Piauí(1 study). Some other studies have also been found in Mexico(1 study), the United States (1 study), Malaysia (1 study),
Cuba (1 study), and Africa (2 studies). The exclusion ofarticles can be justified because they investigate different linesof research from the scope of this study (study flow diagram,shown in Figure 1).
Considering the results shown above, it can be observedthat although some countries report the therapeutic use ofthese extracts, it is in Brazil that most of the works arespecific, reporting the beneficial effects of these 3 species tothe human health. Possibly this fact can be justified by theregular use of these plants in traditional Brazilian cooking.From this, there are reports in the population of a possibletherapeutic power of these extracts, acting mainly throughantioxidant, antimicrobial, and regenerative properties. Cur-rently, one of these plants (A. occidentale) is already listed inthe National Program of Medicinal Plants and HerbalMedicine of the country’s unique health system for therapeu-tic purposes. Considering the similar characteristics of thethree extracts, we believe that it will be a matter of time forthe other two species (A. microcarpum and C. brasiliense)to be also added to this list. Furthermore, these 3 plantspecies have a number of total phenolic compounds asflavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins [15, 19, 20], whichare therapeutically recognized in the treatment of severalconditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, aging,and neurodegenerative illnesses. Epidemiological studieshave suggested that the consumption of natural antioxidantssuch as vitamins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other pheno-lic compounds has protective effects against the previouslymentioned diseases [13, 21, 22]. The interventions withherbal and phytotherapeutic plants take place in the primaryhealth care setting. The practice of phytotherapy involves theinteraction between knowledge, multiprofessional efforts inhealth care, prevention, and health actions (Table 1). Theresults of our work suggest a growing interest for naturalproducts of plant origin in recent years, mainly due to theuse of these compounds in health care and prevention(Tables 1 and 2). Several studies have reported relevantresults mainly in combating oxidative stress and antimicro-bial action. These results highlight the importance andrelevance of popular knowledge in the treatment of humandiseases using phytotherapies. In 2009, the Ministry ofHealth made an available list of 71 medicinal plants, whichcomprise the National Register of Medicinal Plants ofInterest to the Unified Health System (RENISUS), being itspurpose to boost the generation of products for use mainlyin the basic health care setting through the development ofthe entire productive chain related to the regulation, cultiva-tion, management, production, marketing, and distributionof medicinal plants and herbal remedies.
Our results showed that 27 studies conducted in vitroantioxidant tests using different methodologies, the DPPH(2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) being the most commonfollowed by ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (Figure 2).
The supercritical CO2 extraction system consists of aheated extraction column, CO2 and cosolvent pumps, a ther-mostatic bath, and a pressure gauge, which is a nonpollutingmethod for extracting plant products. In addition to itslow toxicity and environmental impact, supercritical CO2
3Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
extraction replaces conventional extraction methods usingorganic solvents that require numerous purification pro-cesses to remove chemical contaminants [10]. Assays suchas β-carotene, FRAP, and xanthine have been poorly usedprobably because they result in difficult numbers to com-pare, since there is no universal method capable of accu-rately measuring the antioxidant capacity of all samples.
The determination of the minimum inhibitory concen-tration in microplate wells was the method most frequentlyadopted. The antimicrobial test most used was the minimalinhibitory concentration followed by the agar diffusion testand antiseptic test (Table 3). Our results also showed thatamong the markers of oxidative stress, the most frequentanalysis was of thiobarbituric acid markers (TBARS),followed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC),total antioxidant capacity (TAC), xanthine oxidase, and anal-yses of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD)and catalase (CAT). Basically, the results showed thatcashew, cajui, and pequi extracts decreased the productionof TBARS in tissues by increasing the total antioxidantcapacity and accelerating the formation of hydrogen perox-ide (H2O2) from molecular oxygen (O2
−) by SOD actionand also by accelerating the decomposition of H2O2 byCAT forming water.
Most of the analyzed studies performed in vitro activitiesto demonstrate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentialsof cashew, cajui, and pequi extracts. The tested doses variedsubstantially, which calls the obtained results into question.Apart from that, there seems to be a lack of information toexplain the potential benefits of these extracts to the human
health [45]. Another issue that should also be taken intoconsideration is the significant variation in the reportedresults using different parts of the plants such as fruits,oils, leaves, and barks. The tests for cashew, cajui, andpequi showed that all parts of the plants offer a therapeuticpotential when it comes to antioxidant and antimicrobialactivities, pointing out the possibilities for developing thera-peutic products of plant origin, thus stimulating newresearch and increasingly consolidating the use of plants thatdisplay therapeutic features.
Our study demonstrated that 12 articles have performedtests to assess the antimicrobial effect of different parts ofthe plants. According to da Silva et al. [40], the hydroalco-holic extract of the cashew tree bark, in varied doses, waseffective in avoiding the proliferation of Staphylococcusaureus. Studies have shown that even in small doses, the tan-nins present in the cashew tree bark are effective in inhibitingthe proliferation of this bacterium [9, 19]. The effects of theseextracts on other bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus spp. have also been ana-lyzed, and the results showed that cajui and pequi extractsinhibited the proliferation of such bacteria [38]. This activitywas related to the high concentration of flavonoids, tannins,and alkaloids present in the extracts [42]. Similarly, thevariations in the results can be justified by the differentconcentrations of these compounds in different parts of theplants, like leaves, barks, and essential oils [34]. This growingneed to discover new natural antibiotics simultaneouslyarises from the ever increasing resistance of these bacteriato the most common antimicrobials, such as penicillin.
PubMed23 Caryocar
57 Anacardium
Bireme16 Caryocar
23 Anacardium
Articles found onAnacardium
349
Articles found onCaryocar
76
Excluded by summaryand title278
Identified through databases425
Excluded for not beingrelevant to the subject111
Included studies32
Excluded for presentingstudies of popularknowledge4
Science Direct37 Caryocar
269 Anacardium
Toxicity; woundhealing; anti-inflammatory;chemicalcharacterization;prebiotic;genotoxic;antidiabetic;gastroprotective;cardiovasculardiseases
Figure 1: The flow diagram report of the systematic review literature search results.
4 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Table1:Antioxidant
prop
erties
andmainanalysisof
stud
iesfoun
dciting
cashew
,cajui,and
pequ
i.
Species,family,and
popu
larname
Partsused
Antioxidant
assay
Analysis
Doseof
thetest
Cou
ntry
Animal
mod
elNum
berof
grou
psSex
Extractused
References
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Leaves
FRAP;D
PPH;T
AC
Invitro
1mg/mL
Nigeria
——
—Fraction
Ajileyeetal.,
2015
[23]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit
DPPH;T
AC
Invitro
?Brazil
——
—Crude
Alves
etal.,
2013
[24]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Cashewnu
tDPPH;xanthine
Invitro
Invivo
antioxidant
assay(the
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
mod
el)
100,200,500,and
1000
μg/mL
Brazil
——
—Cashewnu
tshellliquid
[21]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit
DPPH;T
BARS
Invitro
Invivo
200/400mg/kg
Brazil
Rats
24Males
Crude
[12]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit
TPC;B
ETACAR/LIN
;TBARS
Invitro
0.5mg/mL
SriL
anka
——
—Crude
[22]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Stem
bark
DPPH;T
PC
Invitro
Invivo
40.2,127,and
402mg/kg
Africa
Mice
28mice
7grou
ps(n
=4)
Males
Crude
[25]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Stem
bark
DPPH;xanthine
Invitro
?UnitedStates
ofAmerica
——
—Fraction
s[26]
Ana
car dium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fibersand
fruit
ABTS;TPC
Invitro
500mLjuice
Brazil
——
—Crude
[27]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit
DPPH;B
ETA
CAR/LIN
Invitro
20–300
gpu
lpfruit
1:2
water
Brazil
——
—Crude
[28]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruitpeels
DPPH;T
SP;A
BTS;
AOC
Invitro
1gof
freeze-dried
peel
Mexico
——
—Crude
Moo-H
uchin
etal.,2015
[13]
5Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Table1:Con
tinu
ed.
Species,family,and
popu
larname
Partsused
Antioxidant
assay
Analysis
Doseof
thetest
Cou
ntry
Animal
mod
elNum
berof
grou
psSex
Extractused
References
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruitpeels
Gastricnitrate/nitrite
levels;SOD;C
AT;
TBARS
Invivo
30mg/kg
Brazil
Mice
andrats
8anim
als
pergrou
pMales
Anacardic
acids
[29]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruitpeels
TAC;T
PC;A
BTS
Invitro
?Brazil
——
—Crude
[30]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit
DPPH;A
BTS;TPC
Invitro
1g
Brazil
——
—Crude
[31]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Leaves
DPPH;T
PC;F
RP
Invitro
0.3and
1.0g/50
mL
ofmethano
lMalaysia
——
—Crude
[32]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Nut,fi
ber,
andfruit
Xanthine
Invitro
10mg/mL
Brazil
——
—Fraction
s[14]
Ana
cardium
microcarpum
Anacardiaceae
Cajui
Stem
barks
DPPH;T
BARS
Invitro
Invivo
1–400μg/mL
Brazil
Rats
??
Fraction
s[15]
Ana
cardium
microcarpum
Anacardiaceae
Cajui
Stem
barks
TPC;A
BTS;SO
D;
CAT;G
STIn
vitro
1–400μg/mL,
1,and10
mg/mL
Brazil
——
—Crude/
fraction
s[33]
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Leaves
ABTS;hu
man
fibroblastcultu
reIn
vitro
0.2–0.025%
w/v
Brazil
——
—Supercritical
CO2
[10]
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Oil
DPPH;T
AC;B
ETA
CAR/LIN
Invitro
0.2g/L
Brazil
——
—Oil
[34]
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Oil
DPPH;T
PC;ILP
;HCA;T
AC
Invitro
?Brazil
——
—Crude
[20]
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Fruits
TPC;T
BARS
Invivo
0.1g/mL
Brazil
Mice
10gr.w
ith
8anim
Both
Crude
[35]
6 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Table1:Con
tinu
ed.
Species,family,and
popu
larname
Partsused
Antioxidant
assay
Analysis
Doseof
thetest
Cou
ntry
Animal
mod
elNum
berof
grou
psSex
Extractused
References
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Fruits
TBARS
Invivo
0.5mL·k
g−1and
1.0mL·kg
−1
Brazil
Mice
6gr.w
ith8
anim
Both
Crude
[36]
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Fruits
DPPH;A
BTS;FR
AP;
BETACAR/LIN
Invitro
0.5,1.0,and
1.5mg/mL
Brazil
——
—Crude
[37]
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Leaves
DPPH
Invitro
10.0mg/mL
Brazil.
——
—Crude
[38]
Caryocarbrasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Oil
TPC;T
BARS;ORAC;
SOD;C
AT;G
PX
Invivo
3mL/kg
Brazil
Rats
40Males
Crude
[39]
?=no
tinform
ed;
gr=grou
ps;
anim
=anim
als;
ABTS=2,2′-azino
bis-3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulfo
nic
acid;
AOC=antioxidant
capacity;
BETA
CAR/LIN
=β-carotene-lin
oleate
mod
elsystem
;xanthine
=hypo
xanthine/xanthineoxidaseassay;
DPPH=radicalscavenging
assay;
FRAP=ferric
redu
cing
antioxidantpo
wer;FR
P=ferric
redu
cing
power;ORAC=oxygen
radicalabsorbance
capacity;
TAC=totalanthocyanincontent;TPC=totalph
enolic
content;TSP
=totalsolubleph
enols;TBARS=thiobarbituric
acid
reactive
substance;
HCA=totalhydroxycinnamic
acid
content;ILP=inhibition
oflip
idperoxidation
;SOD=superoxide
dism
utase;CAT=catalase;G
PX=glutathion
eredu
ctase;GST
=glutathion
e-S-transferase.
7Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Table2:Antim
icrobialprop
erties
andmainanalysisof
stud
iesfoun
dciting
cashew
,cajui,and
pequ
iinvivo
andin
vitro.
Species,family,
andpo
pular
name
Partsused
Antim
icrobialassay
Analysis
Invivo
Doseof
thetest
Cou
ntry
Testedmicroorganism
Extractused
References
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Leaves
Agardiffusiontest
Invitro
—50–200
mg/mL
Cub
a
Staphylococcus
aureus;
Bacillus
subtilis;
Salm
onella
entérica;
Shigellasp.;Escherichia
coli
Crude/fractions
[19]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Agardiffusion
test/∗MIC
Invitro
—Nigeria
Escherichiacoli;Pseudomonas
aeruginosa;Staphylococcus
aureus;P
roteus
mirabilis;
Bacillus
subtilis;Klebsiella
pneumoniae;Clostridium
sporogens;Can
dida
albicans;
Can
dida
pseudotropicalis
Fraction
Ajileyeetal.,
2015
[23]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruitpeels
MIC
Invitro
—50
μg/mL
Brazil
Staphylococcus
aureus
Fraction
[9]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
MIC
Invitro
—100–0.19
mg/mL
Brazil
Staphylococcus
aureus
Crude
[40]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Stem
bark
Agardiffusiontest
Invitro
—12.5%
and50%
Brazil
Streptococcusmitis;
Streptococcusmutan
s;Streptococcussanguis;
Streptococcussobrinus
Crude
[41]
Ana
cardium
occidentaleL.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Leaves
Invitro
—3gand
10g/100mL
ofmethano
lMalaysia
Brevibacillu
sbrevis;
Micrococcus
luteus;
Staphylococcus
cohn
ii;Escherichiacoli;Pseudomonas
aeruginosa;Salmonella
enterica
Crude
[32]
Ana
cardium
microcarpum
Anacardiaceae
Cajui
Stem
barks
MIC;m
odulationo
fthe
antibioticactivity
Invitro
—1024
μg/mL
Brazil
Escherichia
coli;
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa;
Staphylococcus
aureus
Fraction
s[42]
Caryocar
brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Leaves
MIC;antisepticactivity
Invitro
—11.25–100mg/mL
Brazil
Escherichia
coli;
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa;
Staphylococcus
aureus
Supercritical
CO2
[10]
Caryocar
brasiliense
Fruitsand
leaves
MIC;∗
∗MFC
Invitro
Invivo
Acuteoraltoxicity
evaluation
ofthemost
2000
and
1.95
μg/mL
Brazil
Alternaria
solani;A
lternaria
alternata;Botrytiscinérea;
Crude
[43]
8 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Table2:Con
tinu
ed.
Species,family,
andpo
pular
name
Partsused
Antim
icrobialassay
Analysis
Invivo
Doseof
thetest
Cou
ntry
Testedmicroorganism
Extractused
References
Caryocaracea
Pequi
active
extract;female
mice,Sw
issat
theage
of8weeks
5000–2000mg/kg
(toxicity)
Colletotrichu
mgloeosporioides;
Mucor
hiem
alis;
Phytophthorainfestan
s;Venturiapirina
Caryocar
brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Oil
Agardiffusiontest
Invitro
Invivo
Cytotoxicityscreening,
performed
onthe
Artem
iana
uplii
10mg/mL
Brazil
Staphylococcus
epidermidis;
Staphylococcus
aureus;
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa;
Escherichia
coli
Oil
[34]
Caryocar
brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Leaves
Agardiffusion
test/M
ICIn
vitro
—1.0,1.5,and
2.0mg/mL
Brazil
Enterococcusfaecalis;
Escherichiacoli;Pseudomonas
aeruginosa;Staphylococcus
aureus
Crude
[38]
Caryocar
brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Fruitpeels
Agardiffusiontest
Invitro
—200–500mg/mL
Brazil
Staphylococcus
aureus;
Escherichia
coli
Crude
[44]
∗MIC
=minim
alinhibitory
concentration;
∗∗MFC
=minim
alfungicidalconcentration.
9Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Therefore, the development of alternative plant-baseddrugs is urgent and essential in the fight against microbialagents [46].
In our study, 16 articles showed the antioxidant action ofthe extracts after analyzing leaves, fruits, fibers, and oilsobtained from cashew, cajui, and pequi. For dos Santoset al. [21], the cashew extract serves as an electron donor, act-ing as a primary antioxidant that accelerates the passage ofelectrons, quickly stabilizing molecules. The cashew peduncleextract was used to evaluate the formation of TBARS in theliver, plasma, and brain to determine the lipid peroxidationlevel in the tissue. The results showed an 80% decrease inthe formation of malondialdehyde and a 95% increase intotal antioxidant capacity. Interestingly enough, cashewpeduncles are usually disposed of and, due to that, it is one
of the least valued parts of the fruit. Perhaps, it couldrepresent a low-cost alternative in the production of newmedicines in the future [12]. Another antioxidant functionattributed to the cashew extract is the increase in the activityof SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes and, consequently, adecrease in lipid peroxidation, reducing damages to cellmembranes [29].
However, it is clear that the results vary according to thepart of the plant studied. For instance, when using the DPPHtechnique for radical elimination activity, it has beenobserved that cashew fruits have a high antioxidant power,which can vary according to the place they were cultivated[28]. Anacardic acids and cardanol extracted from thecashew oil did not inhibit lipid peroxidation, probablybecause they do not possess the ability to donate the hydro-gen atom to the peroxy radical, derived from the free fattyacid. Nevertheless, the anacardic acid inhibited the formationof superoxide anions and the ability of various enzymesinvolved in promoting free radicals in the tissue [26]. Theantioxidant power of the leaves (TAC) was measuredthrough the FRAP technique (phosphomolybdenum andferric reducing antioxidant power techniques). The microbi-cide test with bacteria and fungi showed little effectivenessagainst bacteria activity and no effectiveness against fungi,with better results for gram-negative bacteria [23]. Cashew
Resultsantioxidanttests
DPPH
ABTS
TAC
β-Carotene-linoleate
TBARSin vivo/in vitro
SOD andCAT
FRAP
Xanthine 12; 13; 20; 24;25; 28; 31; 32;35; 37; 38; 39
15; 21; 23; 26;34⁎⁎⁎
37
2324; 30; 35
12; 2
2; 4
4 29⁎
14; 21; 26
33; 44
10⁎⁎ ; 15
; 35 13; 27; 30 31, 3723
22; 28; 34 ⁎⁎⁎; 37
29; 33
⁎
Figure 2: Antioxidant tests used from extract, fractions, oils, and supercritical carbon dioxide (∗Anacardic acids; ∗∗Supercritical CO2;∗∗∗Oil;
solid arrows = crude; dashed arrows = fractions).
Table 3: Antimicrobial test used in the studies of cashew, caju, andpequi extracts.
Test References
Minimal inhibitory concentration [9, 10, 23, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43]
Agar diffusion test [19, 23, 32, 34, 38, 41, 43, 44]
Antiseptic test [10]
10 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
nut bran was also evaluated in different stages, raw andcooked, by Soares et al. [31], using DPPH and ABTS. Whencomparing the different stages of bran, they observed thatthe raw kind presents the greatest antioxidant activity.Cashew fruit and nuts have been evaluated by the hypoxan-thine/xanthine oxidase test, and they demonstrated highantioxidant capacity with 100% inhibition obtained by theliquid extract of the nut and 94% inhibition by the fiber.The anacardic acids had the highest antioxidant activitywhen compared to cardol and cardonol. Anacardic acidspresent in large quantities in the cashew fibers (residue ofcashew nut extraction) can be utilized for the production ofchemopreventive substances and protectors of DNA damageinstead of being disposed of [14]. Breda et al. [43] haveobserved that extracts of the fruit peels and leaves of pequidisplayed antifungal activity against several species of fungi,with better efficiency observed in the peel extracts. Thisdifference can be justified by the presence of phenolicphytochemicals in a greater amount in the fruit peels.
In the case of pequi, Morais et al. [37] have observed thatthe mesocarp acts as a radical collector, providing a reductionof Fe+3 when compared to other plants such as Cipocereusminensis, Solanum lipocarpo, and Byrsonina verbascifolia.The antioxidant activity of the pequi leaf is comparable tothe ones found in isolated compounds of rutin and vitaminC [38]. For de Pinho et al. [44], the pequi oil stimulated theantioxidant defense system, increasing the activity of antiox-idant enzymes SOD, CAT, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)after the induction of lipid peroxidation by CCl4 application.According to Khouri et al. [35], the fruit extract reducedhydroxyl radicals, inhibiting Fenton’s reagent, an importantway to form free radicals in tissues. Our results show thatany part of the plant used has a high antioxidant power, byacting positively in all ways of forming free radicals andstimulating antioxidant defense systems. Breda et al. [43]have observed that extracts of the fruit peels and leaves ofpequi presented antifungal activity against several species offungi, with better efficiency observed in the peel extracts. Thisdifference can be justified by the presence of phenolicphytochemicals in a greater amount in fruit peels.
4. Limitations
Although our systematic review represents a proposal tocompile and critically analyze the evidence on the applicabil-ity of plant derivatives (cashew, cajui, and pequi) as anantioxidant and antimicrobial, a limitation of the resultsshould be considered. Our sampling frame was based on aspecific number of databases. Thus, some articles may benot recovered due to the boundaries applied in the searchstrategy, as well as limitations in algorithms adopted in thesearch interfaces of each database. These aspects directlyaffect the sensitivity and specificity of the search strategy,which may have contributed to identify key articles. Weattempted to reduce these limitations by screening the ref-erence lists of all articles, which are not limited to data-bases or any keyword-based search model. In addition,most of the studies were identified to be conducted in
the same country, Brazil, which may be related to thefailure in searching for studies.
5. Conclusion
The parts of pequi and cashew trees can be used to treat infec-tious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi and to fight freeradicals. The DPPH technique was the most utilized, and itdemonstrates that, along with other techniques, the extractsshow a satisfactory antioxidant power and in vivo actions thatprovide protection from oxidative processes. The isolated sec-ondary metabolites suggest better antioxidant activity in rela-tion to the crude extract, such as anacardic acids from cashew.The ethyl acetate fraction suggests having the best antioxidantand bactericidal action. The antimicrobial activities of theextracts in bacteria and fungi proved their efficiency, primar-ily for minimum bactericidal concentration testing. Thestudies mostly used crude extracts. However, the isolatedsecondary metabolites may have more potent antioxidantand microbicidal action. Based on this, we believed thatresearches on actions of cashew, cajui, and pequi are impor-tant for the treatment of populations, mainly for reducingcosts and increasing the therapeutic spectrum. Furthermore,the use of herbal medicines can also arouse the interest ofthe industry, adding new value to the pharmaceutical market.However, the absence or incomplete characterization of themodels, experimental groups, treatment protocols, phyto-chemical screening, and toxicity analysis of the plant productsimpairs the internal validity of the individual studies.Together with these limitations, contradictory results basedon heterogeneous studies of the same plant species compro-mise the external validity of the evidence, making it difficultto translate data into clinical practice, as well as the relevanceof the plant species as potential biotechnological targets in thedevelopment of new drugs.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisado Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Brazil.
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