Cycle 1 Natural World

Review and Introduction to Microscopes

OverviewCell typesDiscoveryMicroscopesReading #1Reading #2Diffusion / OsmosisRespiration / Fermentation

Types of CellsAnimal (Eukaryote)Plant (Eukaryote)

Cell wall- structurelarge vacuole- wiltingchloroplasts

(green used for photosynthesis)

Bacteria (Prokaryote)Cell wallSmallno nucleus

Discovery of Cells1590’s The invention of the microscope led to

the discovery of cells1663 English: Hooke- introduced the term ‘Cell’

from cork Dutch: Leeuwenhoek- introduced the term

‘animalcules’ – little animals from pond water1838 German: Cell Theory

Schleiden, Schwann, VirchowAll living things composed of cellsCells are the basic units of structure and functionAll cells come from cells

MicroscopesLight Microscopes

Magnify objects by focusing light through arrangements of lenses (light bends through the lens) convex and concave

Simple- one lensCompound- multiple lenses

Total magnification is first lens X second lens

MicroscopesElectron Microscopes

Magnify objects by electron beam instead of lightVery high resolution- clarity TEM: Transmission Electron

MicroscopeSEM: Scanning Electron

MicroscopeSTM: Scanning Tunneling

Microscope

Microscopes

Microscopes Focus Procedure Turn the course knob all

the way down (stage at the lowest point)

Rotate to the lowest magnification lens

Focus the Diaphragm for light

Center specimen in lightUse course knob to focusUse fine knob to focusRotate to next

magnification lensONLY USE FINE FOCUS

from this point on!!!

Reading #1Cellular Organization

Unicellular, MulticellularChemicals of Life

Water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acidsEnergy Use

Where does energy come fromResponse to Surroundings

Stimulus and responsesGrowth DevelopmentReproductionRedi’s Experiment and Pasteur’s Experiment

Living things only come from other living things4 Basic needs of life (energy, water, shelter, home0statsis)

Reading #2 Elements, Compounds, Molecules

Element pure substance, smallest part Compound 2 or more elements bonded Molecules 2 or more atoms bonded

Organic and Inorganic Organic contain carbon Inorganic do not contain carbon

Carbohydrates: (C,H,O) energy rich, sugar (small), starches (complex, large)

Lipids (C,H,O) Energy rich, more energy than carbs,

Proteins (C,H,O,N, sometimes S) Large organic molecules Made up of smaller amino acids, linked together in different combinations Enzymes are proteins Proteins make up most of the cell structure

Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P) Long chains that contain instructions for cells to function DNA (in nucleus) RNA (throughout the cell)

Water 2/3 of your body Important for reactions Wilting

Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis-

across a membrane (solvent), movement decreases concentration

Diffusion- spreading out, high concentration to low

concentration

Respiration and FermentationRespiration

Using Oxygen and sugar to produce energyFermentation

Without using oxygen, use sugar to produce energy

Occurs in muscle cells, produces lactic acid (muscle burn)