review 1. columbian exchange new plants such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes were...
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Review 1
Columbian Exchange
New plants such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes were introduced to Europeans
3/5 of the crops made today originated from the AmericansEuropeans introduced horses, pigs, cattle to the AmericasDiseases brought by Europeans proved to be the biggest
killer of Native Americans
Jamestown
Joint-Stock companies were charters that received adequate funding by selling shares to investors and sought royal support
The Virginia Company of England received a charter from James I to put a trading post in North America
Most of the people on the trip were unruly and had little experience
All of the traders wanted was gold not farmingJohn Smith helped keep the colony alive by
managing it like a dictator
Maryland
Lord Baltimore was given a charter for territory in what would be called Maryland
He pushed for religious toleration between the Catholics and the Protestants
This colony thrived due to careful planning and supervisionLord Baltimore created the Toleration Act (1649) giving
religious freedom to all Christians
Bacon’s Rebellion
Many people in poverty wanted to move into Indian territoryGovernor Berkeley refused demands to move out the IndiansNathaniel Bacon took his frontiersman without permission
and slaughtered IndiansBacon seized control of the colony and forced an end to the
rule of the wealthy
Plymouth Colony
The Pilgrims created the first American constitution “Mayflower Compact”, which allowed self-rule
Only half of the 102 people to arrive in Plymouth diedThey started a representative government that guaranteed
political rights
Different Puritan beliefs
Roger Williams believed church leaders do not have authority over spiritual lives
Williams was ousted from Massachusetts Bay and set up a colony of his followers on Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson felt that you can’t get to heaven through good deeds
Hutchinson felt that communication should be between God and the individual
Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts bay because she was a threat
Puritan changes
Many Puritans were upset that the new generation wasn’t as intense on religion
Many members were baptized as youths but did not grow up to become full members therefore limiting the congregation
The Halfway covenant was designed to get more people involved in the church without full conversions
Pennsylvania
William Penn started the colony of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers
Quakers refused to join the army or pay taxes to support the Church of England
They believed that everyone can be saved with an inner light of understanding
Quakers also believed women should play an important role in the church
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is the state-supported manufacturing and trade
Navigational Acts 1651 stated that goods imported into England or its colonies must be carried on English or colonial ships
New Navigational Acts made all goods pass through England before going to the colonies
African American Resistance
Slave owners tried to get slaves from different parts of Africa so they couldn’t communicate
Some blacks fled into the frontier and some married into tribes
Spain (which owned Florida) encouraged slaves to revolt and go to Florida
The Stono rebellion was the largest slave uprising in the 1700s, trying to make their way to Florida
Enlightenment
Enlightenment was an European movement to change the world through human reason to make it better
In 1687 Isaac Newton explained that the planets revolved around the sun
European Enlightenment applied scientific reasons to all aspects of life
Enlightenment thinkers believed they should try to improve the world
They pushed for: power of human reasoning, natural rights, and progressive improvement
Pietism
A movement known as Pietism pushed for devout behavior striving for a mystical union with God
George Whitefield sparked the “Great Awakening” a religious revival to promote religion
Whitefield toured the colonies and gave speeches from memory
Some people felt compelled to follow in his footsteps, they were called New Lights
Controversy
Many people debated these upheavalsMost colonists paid taxes to support the churchNew Lights and Baptists challenged the churches authority
on taxes and regulation of spiritual affairsChurches founded new colleges to educate their youth and
train ministers
Beginnings of war
The Ohio Company settled new land within Iroquois territory
In 1754 the colonists asked for the Iroquois alliance against the French
To help the colonists defenses Benjamin Franklin came up with the Albany Plan
The Albany Plan called for colonies to get together in a continental assembly, which would be presided over by the crown
This never happened because Britain was afraid of the colonies coordinating together
French and Indian War
French and Indian War spilled into Europe to be known as the Seven Years War
It was Britain and Prussia against France and Austria When Britain mounted offenses in North America and the
West Indies it became the Great War for the Empire Britain was determined to crush France After the war Britain is going to abandon salutary neglect
to get payment for troops sent during the war
Pontiac’s Uprising
In 1763 the Ottawa chief Pontiac led a major uprising against the British
The tribes were upset because the British were occupying French forts and British merchants were defrauding them
The tribes took over many of the new British forts before they came and took them back over
The British made a deal with tribes promising no more settlements west of the Appalachian Mts. Known as the Proclamation Line of 1763
Uprisings
The Scots-Irish wanted Indians out of PennsylvaniaThe Paxton Boys massacred 20 members of the Conestoga
tribeGovernor John Penn tried to send them to jail250 armed Scot-Irish advanced on Pennsylvania but Ben
Franklin talked them out of it
The Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was created to cover the cost of having the extra 10,000 troops in America
The Stamp Act was a new tax by requiring stamps on important court documents
Land titles, contracts, playing cards, newspapersBenjamin Franklin proposed to allow the colonists to have
representation in Parliament but they refused
New Ways
The Quartering Act must contribute to the cost of troops by giving them barracks and food stationed in America
These new acts showed that Parliament could have direct control over the colonies
By placing British officials in control over taxation, legal proceedings, and military finances. This deprived the American assemblies of their authority
The first acts of Rebellion
Patrick Henry addressed the House of Burgesses and said there needed to be an uprising
In New York a mob called the Sons of Liberty called for the resignation of tax collectors
The Sons of Liberty beheaded tax collector Andrew OliverElsewhere in the colonies mobs intimidated royal officials
Friction
In retaliation to taunting by the colonists British troops tore down a liberty pole
This incident sent of a week of street fighting known as the Golden Hill riots in NY
4,000 British soldiers occupied BostonIn 1770 a patrol of soldiers in Boston fired into a crowd and
killed five men known as the Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Massachusetts was the leader in the anti-imperial movement
On December 16, 1773 Patriots raided the merchant ship the Dartmouth
They disguised themselves as Indians and threw 45 tons of tea into the harbor
It would be worth $800,000 todayThis was the final spark between the British and the
Colonies
First Continental Congress
They brought representatives from all the colonies except Georgia
They passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances and condemned the Coercive Acts and demanded their repeal
The Congress began nonimportation and non consumption agreements
Meaning they wouldn’t buy or sell anything to Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies
Concord and Lexington
Minutemen were created to stand at a minutes notice in case of alarm
700 soldiers were dispatched to capture colonial leaders and supplies and Concord
Paul Revere and others warned the Patriots Local militiamen met the British at Lexington, 8 were killed As the British retreated from Concord they were
confronted by 1,000 militiamen British 73 dead, 174 wounded, 26 MIA Patriots 49 dead, 39 wounded
Congress vs. King
Led by John Dickenson Congress passed the Olive Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition was sent by congress to King George III and asked for repeals of Parliaments Legislations
Patriot forces tried to lead an uprising in Canada by taking over Montreal but they failed to take Quebec
King George issued the Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, which stated that the Americans were traitors
Tis Time to Part
Most colonists condemned the tax legislation by Parliament not the king
But by 1775 Patriots felt that George ordered military force against them
Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, reject the powers of king and Parliament and create a new government
Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776 Congress approved a Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson was the one primarily responsible for writing it
First argument that All men have rights defined by laws of nature (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)
Second argument was a list of laws and actions that oppressed the colonists to persuade critics and foreign observers
Victory at Saratoga
British General Burgoyne pushed to take Albany and be reinforced by Howe’s troops
Howe instead took his troops to attack and take over Philadelphia, home to the Continental Congress
Burgoyne’s supplies were cut off from Patriot General Gates
Therefore at the Battle of Saratoga the Patriots defeated the British
Significance- This battle convinced the French to join the war against the British
Diplomatic Triumph
It took two years after Yorktown to get a treatyTreaty of Paris 1783 gave America its independenceBritain made separate treaties with Spain and FranceSpain got FloridaFrance reduced Britain's power in North America but only
got small island of TobagoFrance quadrupled its national debt