review 1

1. The United Spanish Monarchy

The Catholic Monarchs

The Iberian Peninsula in the 15th centuryThe Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century

Isabel of Castile

• Trastamara dynasty.

• Crown of Castile continuous revolts of the nobles trying to control the king.

• Henry IV dies in 1474

• Civil war between the king’s daughter, Juana “la Beltraneja” and the king’s sister, Isabel

• Juana, “la Beltraneja”

supported by Portugal (she was married to the king of Portugal)

• Isabel

supported by the Crown of Aragon (she had married prince Ferdinand of Aragon in1469)

• Isabel was proclaimed Queen of Castile in 1479 in the Alcáçovas Treaty.

• Juana secluded herself at a convent.

Fernando of Aragon

• Trastamara dynasty.

• Son of King Juan II

• Married with princess Isabel of Castile in 1469. As they were cousins they had to obtain a Papal bull.

The “Concordia of Segovia” (1475)

Set up the terms of the Catholic Monarchs’ government over the two Crowns: Ferdinand was named King of Castile as Ferdinand V as he would cogovern with his wife Queen Isabel I

• It was only a dynastic union.

• Although Isabel and Fernando both would rule over the two Crowns, each kingdom would keep its independence, its own laws, institutions and customs.

• And after the death of any of the monarchs, the survivor would go to its own Crown to rule while the other Crown would be inherited by their first descendant.

A real union?

St. John’s eagle

Castile & Leon

Yugo (Ysabel)

Aragon & Two Sicilies

Granada

Flechas (Fernando)

Common aims

• Although the Crowns were, in fact, independent, the Catholic Monarchs established some common aims for both Crowns:

• Territorial expansion• Strengthening of the Monarchs authority• Religious unity

The Crown of Castile

• The monarch was the highest authority - Divine right of the Monarchy

• The monarch’s power came from God’s desire. He/she had been chosen by God to govern and protect the kingdom’s subjects.

Subjects

The Crown of Castile: domestic policy

• To assert the monarch’s authority over the nobility and the clergy:• Professional and centralized administration• Holy Brotherhood and Corregidores• Audiencias and Chancillerías• Professional Army• Royal Treasury

1

• To govern the different territories and attend the different issues, the Catholic Monarchs created a polisinodyal system

• Different Councils in charge of different territories and matters.

ROYAL COUNCIL

• To give advice to the monarchs in all matters connected to the government of Castile.

• Formed by nobles, clergy and jurists. The nobles and clergy position in the council was only honorary. The jurists were the ones helping the monarchs in all governmental matters.

• To unify their subjects on common grounds:• Ordenanzas Reales: New legal code. Same laws for the

whole Crown.• Religious unity:

• Conquest of the kingdom of Granada (1492)

• The Tribunal of Inquisition (1478) to prosecute heretics. It didn’t have authority over Muslims or Jews.

• Compulsory Conversion: - 1492 Jews were forced to convert or to migrate (the

Expulsion of the Jews). Around 80,000 Jews left the country, the ones that converted were known as conversos

- 1512, Mudejars (Spanish Muslims) were forced to convert or migrate. Muslims who converted were known as moriscos.

2

The Crown of Castile: domestic policy

• To build a strong system of alliances to increase their influence over Europe and obtain support:

• Council of State: to deal with foreign negotiations, hear embassies, etc.

• Diplomatic System: to represent the monarchs in other kingdoms and negotiate the Crown’s interests, set up alliances, avoid war, establish alliances, etc.

• Alliances through marriages

• To expand their territories

The Crown of Castile: foreign policy

Territorial expansion of the Crown of Castile

• Focused in finishing the Reconquest, expanding through the Atlantic Ocean and protecting trade with Flanders

The Crown of Aragon

• The monarch was the highest authority.

• Pactist monarchy

• The monarch’s power came from a pact with the subjects who gave them authority to govern and organize the territories but respecting their natural rights and customs.

Subjects

The Crown of Aragon

1

2

The Crown of Aragon: domestic policy

• The monarchs tried to assert their power over the nobility by reducing some feudal rights (Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe)

• Their government was a constant struggle with the nobility to try to establish an authoritarian monarchy.

1

• Because of that Fernando spent more time in Castile attending Castilian bussiness as he was able to implement decisions easily.

• Lugartenientes: represented the king in the different territories of the Crown of Aragon. Then a viceroy, Alonso de Aragon (ilegitimate son of Fernando) represented him.

• Polisinodyal system: Counsil of Aragon,

Council of Aragon• Formed by nobles,

clergy and jurists from the Crown of Aragon

• Located in Castile• Advised the monarchs

in governmental matters connected to the Crown of Aragon but needed their approval to implement measures

Monarch

The Crown of Aragon: domestic policy

• To unify their subjects on common grounds:• Religious unity:

• The Tribunal of Inquisition (1478) to prosecute heretics. It didn’t have authority over Muslims or Jews.

2

The Crown of Aragon: foreign policy

• To build a strong system of alliances to increase their influence over Europe and obtain support:

• Council of State: to deal with foreign negotiations, hear embassies, etc.

• Diplomatic System: to represent the monarchs in other kingdoms and negotiate the Crown’s interests, set up alliances, avoid war, establish alliances, etc.

• Alliances through marriages.

• To expand their territories

Territorial expansion of the Crown of Aragon

• Focused in its Mediterranean interests.

• Struggle with France for influence over Italy.

• Naples, Sicily and Sardinia were kept as an Aragonese possesion.

Alliances through marriage

• Following the customs among royal families the Catholic Monarchs arranged their children’s marriages with political aims:• To obtain support • To increase their

influence over Europe• To annex new territories

through dynastic unions…

Queen Isabel I dies

• Queen Isabel I died in 1504.

• As her only male heir, Juan, had died as well as her eldest daughter, Isabel, the Crown of Castile was going to be inherited by Juana, the mad.

• Juana was living in the Low Countries with her husband Philip the Handsome.

• Isabel I’s testament established that Juana would inherit the Crown and, only if she was absent from the country or could not or did not want to reign, Fernando would act as a regent until his grandson Carlos (son of Juana) would become of age.

• It also established that Castilian positions could only be occupied by Castilian subjects.

• Waiting for the Queen to come to Castile, the Cortes named Fernando regent.

• Fernando, reluctant to hand power over to his daughter, who was showing signals of mental illness, or to his son-in-law Phillip tried to convince the Cortes to declare Juana not capable of governing. But the Cortes did not want to accept that.

• The Cortes soon realized that Juana was not capable of ruling. And when Phillip the handsome suddenly died, the Cortes established that Carlos, Juana and Philip’s son, would be proclaimed king with his mother.

• As Fernando of Aragon and his new wife Germana did not have a child, when Fernando died the Crown of Aragon was also inherited by Carlos.

Juana “la loca” (“the mad”)

The Habsburg Dynasty

Carlos I of Spain, V of the HRE

Juan Antonio López Luque

Chapter 2

• Born in Flanders

• Inherited all Spain’s and Holy Roman Empire (HRE) territories

• When he first arrived in Spain,he hardly spoke the Spanish language

• He’s known as Carlos V

• He spent lots of Castilian money in wars and in his candidacy for election as HRE

Carlos I of Spain and V of the HRE


European territoriesJuan Antonio López Luque

Carlos V Empire


• He governed using councils like the Catholic monarchs before him

• His revenues came from taxes from Castilla and precious metals from America

• BUT he spent a lot of money on expensive wars to preserve territories and influence

Carlos V


The council system of government

Carlos did not have absolute powerHe needed the approval from the Parliaments of each state.There was no one capital city – the court moved around


Problems at home -Revolt of the Comuneros (1520 – 1521)

• The comunidades were the representative local communities during the early Middle Ages

• Carlos angered both Castilian urban aristocracy (taxes) and some Castilian nobles (important positions in government)

• The revolt started in Toledo and spread to other cities, with the support of the nobles in the beginning.

• They were fighting for the right of the towns and local districts to control their own affairs and choose their own Cortes representatives


Problems at home -Revolt of the Comuneros (1520 – 1521)

• As the middle and lower classes became more prominent the revolt became a fight for economic and social reforms

• The urban upper classes and by rural hidalgos deserted

• An agreement with the nobles allowed Carlos to defeat the revolt in 1521

• Changes in the government were introduced afterwards


Problems at home -Germanías

• The "Germania" was a militia brotherhood of lower-class volunteers to help protect the Valencian coast against Muslim pirates

• After an outbreak of the plague interpreted as punishment for impiety, they started a bloody riot against Muslim peasants

• When officials tried to intercede, the Germania took over the whole city

• Finally an army led by the nobles had to fight and crush the rebels


A general pattern of troubles

• This revolts in Castile and Valencia are just a part of the general pattern of social, political, and economic unrest among the middle and lower classes in Europe during the transition from the middle Ages into the sixteenth century.

irmandade rising in Galicia

Cataluña and Mallorca revolts

revolts of Bohemia

social risings in the Low Countries

upheavals in Switzerland


• Carlos fought against foreign powers to defend his authority & the Catholic religion

• He defeated the French, his main rival in 1525

• He fought the Turks (1529-1541) who were invading from the east

• He confronted the German princes who supported Luther & Protestantism

• He continued his fight against the Moors of North Africa & defended his territory in Italy

Problems abroad

see next slidesee next slide


• Charles finally abdicated from his Spanish Empire in January 1556 and gave it to his son Philip.

• He retired to the monastery of Yuste in Extremadura where he died on 21 September 1558.

Abdication



Felipe II


Felipe II

• To foreign and Protestant writers he was the arch-fiend of Counter-Reformation iniquity, the brutal instigator of the Inquisition.

• To Spaniards, the great ruler who guided the empire at the height of its power, the sword arm of Catholicism, defender of the faith and unity of Europe. El prudente ("the wise")


Felipe II (1556-1598) and the organization of the empire

• Carlos’ empire was divided

• Felipe inherited territories from Spanish and Portuguese crowns

• Spain as the centre of his monarchy

• Madrid becomes capital

• It’s the complete hispanization of the dynasty and the kingdom


Felipe II

• Whereas Carlos V had been a military and cavalier king, devoted to battle, Felipe was a bureaucratic ruler.

• He did not personally lead his armies

• He refused to delegate central authority and served as the first clerk of the imperial bureaucracy


Felipe II the Turkish

• For 15 years the center of attention for Felipe was not Western Europe but the Turkish menace in the Mediterranean.

• In 1570, the Turks launched a major expedition of conquest against the Venetian-held island of Cyprus.

• The papacy helped organize a Holy League bringing together the navies of the Spanish crown, Genoa, and Venice.


The battle of Lepanto

• The largest engagement in the history of naval warfare to that time.

• Carlos V's bastard D.Juan de Austria, won a smashing victory. More than one-third of the Turkish fleet was destroyed


Problems and more problems

• The English and rebel Dutch navies in the North Atlantic were a menace to the sea route to Flanders and communications with the Indies

• French military activity on the Catalan border

• Fear of rebellion and heresy in Catalonia

• Death of Felipe's apparently schizophrenic heir, D. Carlos

• The great Morisco rebellion in the Alpujarra mountains around Granada


The Low Countries

• After the Protestant revolt in the Low Countries in 1566 Felipe decided that he could no longer trust the affairs of that area to semi-autonomous local administration

• He dispatched a Hispano-Italian army of occupation under his leading military commander, the duke of Alba

• During six years, the "Council of Troubles" (also called the Council of Blood) in Brussels executed more than 1000 rebels and heretics, exceeding the peninsular Inquisition in its harshness.


Felipe II king of Portugal

• In 1578 young king Sebastian of Portugal died without descendants.

• His uncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as King, but Henry also had no descendants.

• Felipe marched then into Portugal and defeated the other candidate

• Philip II of Spain was crowned king of Portugal in 1581


The Empire of Philip II


Spain and England

• In 1554 Felipe had married Mary queen of England. • The marriage treaty excludes Philip from the

throne if Mary dies childless.• In 1558 Mary dies, without producing the desired

Catholic heir Mary

Elizabeth

• After Elizabeth's appropriation of Spanish gold on its way to the Netherlands in 1568, relations between Spain and England are formally severed for five years.

• By 1585 Elizabeth is actively supporting the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands

• English incursions into the rich Spanish territories of America have been escalating since the pioneering efforts of John Hawkins. The main English voyages of plunder have been carried out by Francis Drake


Spain and England

• Drake's departure from Plymouth for the Caribbean in 1585, with a fleet of about thirty ships. He and his men spend several months plundering Spanish settlements, burning houses, sinking ships, and destroying whatever they cannot profitably remove.

• When Elizabeth dispatches her troops to the Netherlands in the same year, this provocation finally persuades Philip that he must invade England.

• While Philip assembles his fleet in Cadiz in 1587, Drake sails into the crowded harbor and burns or sinks some thirty ships


The Armada

• Despite the English attacks the fleet safely reaches Calais, where the plan is to pick up an army from the Netherlands and to ferry it across the Channel against England. But the army has not arrived.

• During the night of August 7 the English send fire ships in among the anchored fleet, causing the Spanish to cut their cables in disarray.

• The Armada escapes into the North Sea.

The Armada

• Ships founder or are wrecked on Scottish and Irish coasts but the fleet was broken up by a storm.

• Of the 130 vessels which sailed from Corunna in June, only 67 limp back to Spain.

• The English, with a very much easier return voyage to their home ports, lose not a single ship.

• Perhaps the greatest effect of the Armada was its psychological impact on the Spanish people.

• Philip II: “I sent my ships against the English, not against the elements”


Felipe II

• In 1595, the crown was forced to declare bankruptcy for the third time in less than four decades.

• By the last year of his life, Felipe II was a disillusioned ruler who realized that dominance of Western Europe and the repression of heresy abroad had escaped him.

• His last major act was to conclude peace with France before dying in 1598 at the age of 71.

The Black Legend

• The term Black Legend refers to a centuries-old view of Spain and its people as particularly cruel, prejudiced, and greedy.

• The era of Spanish domination almost inevitably brought the enmity of most of Western Europe against the Spanish crown and its subjects.

• This hostility was in fact tinged with deference, as witnessed by the vogue of dark-hued Spanish clothing and the domination of Castilian literature and of Castilian as a literary language in Western Europe.

TRUE BUT EXAGGERATED

War is Hell, but Peace in Cuba under Spanish Rule is Worse than Hell,

1898.

War is Hell, but Peace in Cuba under Spanish Rule is Worse than Hell,

1898.

The Black Legend

• Morisco is a derogatory Spanish term, deriving from moro - meaning Moorish and used originally of Muslims from Morocco.

• The Catholic Monarchs first declared the expulsion or conversion of the Muslims of Granada in 1502.

• Charles V extended the norm in 1525 to the rest of the kingdom.

• In 1567 Philip II introduces a law banning their customs and their clothes. The result is a violent uprising in 1568 by the Moriscos of Granada, brutality suppressed in 1570.

Moriscos, the «final solution»


• During the 16th century Morisco becomes applied to Muslim families who have remained in Spain by converting to Christianity.

• Many Muslims families keep faith with the old religion, carrying out the rituals of Islam in private.

• Morisco communities, as often with minorities, tend to be hard-working and prosperous, provoking jealousy.

• In the coastal areas of Granada and Valencia they are also suspected of assisting the Muslim pirates who regularly raid from North Africa.



• In 1609 Philip III passes a decree ordering the expulsion from Spain of all Moriscos.

• It takes five years for the process to be carried out; most of the families are transported in galleys across the Mediterranean to the coast of North Africa.

• It is calculated that 300,000 people are deported.



• These are people skilled in crafts and agriculture, paying onerous taxation .

• Their departure does great damage to Spain's economy, just as their arrival eventually benefits North Africa.

• The final solution of the Morisco problem came not so much as a protective measure but as a gesture that Spain still had the strength to resolve a domestic problem and complete the unity of Spanish Counter-Reformation society.

• Ironically most of the Moriscos descend from Christian families converted during the long centuries of Islam in Spain.




Felipe III


• He lacked the industry and driving sense of responsibility of his father.

• Reluctant to continue the aggressive policies of Felipe II

• From the beginning left government to a personal favorite (valido), the duke of Lerma.

Felipe III


• Was above all interested in prestige and fortune.

• Established his control over the aristocracy and became the wealthiest man in Spain.

• The counciliar system of state administration was maintained, but there was a growing tendency to appoint subcommittees to deal with special problems.

• This resulted in further division in

administrative organization. The government system tended more and more to get out of control.

Felipe III: the Duke of Lerma



Felipe IV


• Felipe IV succeeded his father in 1621 when only sixteen years old.

• He was more frivolous and little disposed to devote himself to public affairs

• He was young, inexperienced, and not well educated

• A new valido: the Count-Duke of Olivares

Felipe IV


• Unlike the Duke of Lerma (Felipe III’s valido) Olivares was well trained and used to responsibility, a man of great vigor and energy.

• He was not after personal gain, however, but sought the vindication of the Spanish empire.

• He wanted to strengthen the Spanish empire and lead it to victory over its many foes.


The Count-Duke of Olivares

• The size and potential: target for European rivals;

• A revitalized France determined to cut Spain down to size;

• The awkward geographic pattern of the European empire (Low Countries and the France Comte isolated from the southern base difficult to defend)

• The government refused to recognize the independence of the only dissident part of the empire, Holland, which had long since broken away and made its own place in the world.

The Empire: difficulties


• A series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. One of the most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest.

• Initially a war between Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmenting Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe

The Thirty Years' War


1) Continued increase in the size of entailed domains withdrawing land from use and of lowering production;

2) social disruption and vagrancy;

3) overabundance of clerics;

4) The status orientation of society;

5) The negative, charity-oriented religious attitudes toward poverty that precluded serious thought of reform and new enterprise;

6) Government policy, prohibitive taxes in Castile, inflation and deflation

monetary chaos, over-regulated some aspects of the economy, and was incompetent in planning and execution.

XVII century decline: Economy


*Bankruptcy during the Habsburgs:

• Carlos I & Felipe II: 1557, 1576, 1596; • Felipe III: 1607; • Felipe IV: 1627, 1647, 1652, 1662; • Carlos II: 1666

XVII century decline: Bankrupcies


• The reigns of Philip III and IV, spanning the first seven decades of the 17th century, constitute a peak in Spanish literature and art.

• Cervantes Don Quijote.• Velazquez,, Zurbaran, Murillo ,

Ribera, etc...

XVII century culture: El Siglo de Oro



Carlos II


• The Spanish monarchs create a problem for their royal line by constantly marrying within the Habsburg dynasty.

• Three successive generations of Spanish kings (Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II) have Habsburgs as both parents.

• All the immediate ancestors of Charles II (1665-1700) are descendants of the emperor Maximilian.

• The famous Habsburg jaw, prominent in Velazquez's portraits of Philip IV, is so extreme in Charles II that it amounts to a disability - one of many, for he is sickly from birth.

Carlos II: the end of the dynasty


• Charles II marries twice but has no children and is assumed to be impotent.

• In his thirties he is so often ill that his early death is widely expected.

• With no immediate heir, but powerful claimants to his great empire, the coming crisis obsesses Europe in the 1690s.

• The issue will be fought out in the War of the Spanish Succession.

Carlos II: the end of the dynasty


• A grandson of Louis XIV of France ascended the Spanish throne as Felipe V.

• Other European powers were determined not to permit a great new Bourbon power bloc (Spain-France) in southwestern Europe.

• A coalition was organized in 1702 between nearly all the other states of western and central Europe.

• Felipe V, born Philippe d'Anjou, was fully accepted by most opinion in Castile

• The rival candidacy, the Austrian Archduke Karl, backed by the anti-Bourbon alliance, relied to a considerable extent on the main Protestant powers of Europe.

War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714)


The Bourbon Dynasty

Felipe V


• Felipe V reconfirmed the traditional privileges and exemptions of the Catalan constitution.

• Aragón and Catalonia were swept into the Habsburg cause only after allied forces had landed in eastern Spain.

• The Habsburg candidacy took full advantage of social tensions and encouraged a peasant revolt against the seigneurial control of the aristocracy, Archduke Karl freeing them of many seigneurial exactions.

• Most of the aristocracy, ecclesiastical hierarchy, and state officials in Aragón and Valencia remained loyal to the Bourbon succession.

• Only in Catalonia did opposition to the Bourbon crown include all social classes.

Felipe V & War of the Spanish Succession


• In 1710 all participants were exhausted and increasingly interested in a solution to the conflict.

• The death of the Habsburg Emperor Josef I in 1711 cleared the path for the Archduke Karl to inherit the Austro-Habsburg Empire and removed him from the Spanish struggle.

• By the end of 1710, the Bourbon forces held all of Spain, save Catalonia. After the siege of Barcelona (1713-1714), the city was a wreck, the region's economy ruined, and the historic Catalonia a thing of the past.



• The remaining imperial possessions on the continent were swept away, and the English seized Gibraltar and took over the island of Menorca as well.

• By the peace of Utrecht in 1713, Felipe V is confirmed as king of Spain and also of the Spanish America

• The Spanish possessions in the Netherlands and northern Italy go to the Habsburgs.




War of the Spanish Succession

Bourbon forces

Allies against the Bourbons

Bourbon attacks

Allies attacks

Bourbon forces

Allies against the Bourbons

Bourbon attacks

Allies attacks


Felipe V, the first Bourbon

• The effect of the change of dynasty in Spain

the court and government become dominated by French advisers.

• This represents an improvement, since French bureaucracy is superior to that of Spain.

• The support of support of the Habsburg cause by some regions provides a welcome pretext for centralization, removing the traditional liberties still enjoyed by these medieval Spanish kingdoms.


Felipe V, the first Bourbon

• For the most part of the 18th century the Bourbon link with France, signing agreements which become known as Family Compacts.

• Spain uses these conflicts, and the resulting treaties, mainly to secure her possessions in Italy, but some proved a costly disaster, like the loss of Florida.

Louis XIV of France

The Bourbon Dynasty

Fernando VI



Fernando VI and the Marquis of Ensenada

• The great virtue of Fernando VI as ruler was that he kept Spain at peace and avoided further entanglement in European struggles.

• His outstanding ministerial appointee, the Marqués de la Ensenada, who tried to reform taxes, advance commerce and the navy, and promote the professional interests of the middle classes.

• The last five years of the reign of Fernando VI, who ultimately lapsed into madness like his father, were a time of vacuity and inaction.

The Bourbon Dynasty

Carlos III



Carlos III, the Enlightenment

• Fernando VI was succeeded by his half-brother Carlos III (1759–1788), eldest son of Isabella Farnese and until 1759 king of the Two Sicilies.

• His was the most enlightened and most prosperous reign in modern Spanish history.

• Carlos III was a very well disciplined prince one and much given to the out-of-doors and the chase.

• His record as ruler of the Two Sicilies was good:

• the enlightened despotism, • Italian administrators and reformers to his

government in Spain.



• War against Britain (again as an ally of France, this time in support of the American colonies).

benefits Menorca is won back from the British in 1782, and Florida in 1783.

• During the reign of Carlos III, the Spanish empire overseas reached its greatest extent.

• Also success in its relations with Muslim northwest Africa:

• peace with Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli.


Carlos III, the Enlightenmentthe reign of Carlos III owes its fame to its many domestic reforms:

New efforts to improve urban government and administration,

Attempts to make taxation more equitable and efficient, and raise the level of church appointments.

First efforts at agrarian reform in modern Spanish history.

Free internal commerce in grain.

The imperial canal of Aragón was completed and new irrigation projects were started.



Measures to improve education: establishment of the royal academies.

The first censuses were made.

Work in peninsular cartography, historical archives of the Indies and the crown of Aragón.

A national road network was planned

Paper money was first introduced and the first attempt at a national bank.

Currency was slowly becoming standardized in the peseta.

…..

review 1

Education

king of castile

princess isabel of castile

monarchs power

government of castile

crown of aragon

catholic monarchs government

king of portugal isabel

proclaimed queen of