reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique source: ieee transcation on information...
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Reversible Image Watermarking Using Interpolation Technique
Source: IEEE Transcation on Information Forensics and Security, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2010Authors: Lixin Luo, Zhenyong Chen, Ming Chen, Xiao Zeng and Zhang XiongSpeaker: Hon- Hang ChangDate: 2010. 10. 27
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Outline
IntroductionProposed MethodExperiment ResultsConclusions
Introduction
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Embed
Cover image
Watermark
Watermarked image
Watermark
Cover image
Watermarked image
Extract
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Proposed Method(Cont.)
LSB replacement
LM, LNRM, RN
Boundary Map
Overhead
LSB replacement of the overhead information
Marginal area of cover-image
Cover image
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Proposed Method(Con.t) Interpolation in Non-Sample pixels● Sample pixel
○ Non-Sample pixel
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● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ●Cover image X
○ The Non-Sample pixel after predicting
1-Level
2-Level
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Proposed Method(Cont.) Interpolation in Sample pixels● Sample pixel
○ Non-Sample pixel
○ The Non-Sample pixel after predicting
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3-Level
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Proposed Method(Cont.) Interpolation in Non-Sample pixels (1/2)
60 91 30 20 20
24 52 18 45 60
50 47 40 43 50
75 45 67 22 50
50 60 60 40 30
S45= {60, 52,40}
Cover image X
Mean45=(S45 (1)+S45 (3))/2 =(60+40)/2 =50
Mean135=(S135 (1)+S135 (3))/2 =(30+50)/2 =40
S135={30, 52,50}
60 91 30 20 20
24 60
50 40 50
75 50
50 60 60 40 30
Interpolation X ’
7.99
))((3
1)( 2
3
14545
k
ukSe
3.83
))((3
1)( 2
3
1135135
k
ukSe
45
405448.0504552.0
40)()(
)(50
)()(
)(
13545
45
13545
135
1351354545'
ee
e
ee
e
MeanwMeanwX
45 35
50 45
u= ( Mean45+ Mean135 )/ 2 = (50+40)/2 = 45
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Proposed Method Interpolation in Non-Sample pixels (2/2)
60 91 30 20 20
24 52 18 45 60
50 47 40 43 50
75 45 67 22 50
50 60 60 40 30
S0= {30, 18,40}
Cover image X
S90={52, 18,45}
60 91 30 20 20
24 60
50 40 50
75 50
50 60 60 40 30
Interpolation X ’
Mean0=(S0 (1)+S0(3))/2 =(30+40)/2 =35
Mean90=(S90 (1)+S90 (3))/2 =(52+45)/2 =48.5
0625.269
))((3
1)( 2
3
100
k
ukSe
5625.266
))((3
1)( 2
3
19090
k
ukSe
u= ( Mean0+ Mean90 )/ 2 = (35+48.5)/2 = 41.75
45 35
50 45
4246
4943
42
5.485429.0354571.0
48.5)()(
)(35
)()(
)(
900
0
900
90
909000'
»×+×=
·+
+·+
=
·+·=
ee
e
ee
e
MeanwMeanwX
sss
sss
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Proposed Method Interpolation in Sample pixels
60 91 30 20 20
24 52 18 45 60
50 47 40 43 50
75 45 67 22 50
50 60 60 40 30
S0= {18, 40, 67}
Cover image X
S90={47, 40, 43}
60 91 30 20 20
24 60
50 50
75 50
50 60 60 40 30
Interpolation X ’
Mean0=(S0 (1)+S0(3))/2 =(18+67)/2 =42.5
Mean90=(S90 (1)+S90 (3))/2 =(47+43)/2 =45
8958.405
))((3
1)( 2
3
100
k
ukSe
3958.8
))((3
1)( 2
3
19090
k
ukSe
45
459807.05.420193.0
45)()(
)(5.42
)()(
)(
900
0
900
90
909000'
ee
e
ee
e
MeanwMeanwX
u= ( Mean45+ Mean135 )/ 2 = (42.5+45)/2 = 43.75
45 35
50 45
4246
494345
10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 402468
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
2
4
6
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Proposed Method(Cont.) Embedding(Non-Sample pixels) (1/2)
Cover image X Interpolation X ’
1or 1' ,1
or ' ,0
RMLMe
RMLMeb
RMLM
RM+1LN
Difference E
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 47 43 35 60 14 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 50 50 45 50 50 52
50 60 60 40 30 54 73
24 47 43 35 60 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 47 42 34 59 14 17
50 47 40 43 50 20 52
75 50 49 46 49 51 52
50 60 60 39 30 52 73
24 47 44 34 59 11 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
0 1 -1 0 0
0 -1 -2
0 1 -1 1 -1
0 1 2
0 -1 1 1 3
RN LM-1
LMRM
- =
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60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 47 42 34 59 14 17
50 47 40 43 50 20 52
75 50 49 46 49 51 52
50 60 60 39 30 52 73
24 47 44 34 59 11 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 60 40 30 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Proposed Method(Cont.) Embedding(Non-Sample pixels) (2/2)
Interpolation X ’
1or 1' ,1
or ' ,0
RMLMe
RMLMeb
Difference E
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 47 42 34 59 14 17
50 47 40 43 50 20 52
75 50 49 46 49 51 52
50 60 60 39 30 52 73
24 47 44 34 59 11 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
0 1 -1 0 0
0 -1 -2
0 1 -1 1 -1
0 1 2
0 -1 1 1 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 402468
RMLM
RM+1LM-1
Difference E’
-1 1 -1 -1 -1
0 -1 -2
-1 2 -1 2 -1
0 1 2
-1 -1 1 2 3
W= 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
+
=
Interpolation X ’
Watermarked image
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Proposed Method(Cont.) Embedding(Sample pixels)
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 60 40 30 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Watermarked image
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 61 40 31 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Interpolation X ’
0 0
-1 -1
Difference E
-2 -1 0 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
LN RN
LM RM
-2 -1 0 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5LM RM
LM-1 RM+1
1or 1' ,1
or ' ,0
RMLMe
RMLMeb
- =
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Proposed Method(Cont.) Embedding(Sample pixels)
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 61 40 31 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Interpolation X ’
0 0
-1 -1
Difference E
-2 -1 0 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5LM RM
LM-1 RM+1
1or 1' ,1
or ' ,0
RMLMe
RMLMeb
W= 1 0 1 1
1 0
-2 -2
Difference E’
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 61 40 31 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Interpolation X ’
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 41 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 59 40 29 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Watermarked image
+
=
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Proposed Method(Cont.) Extracting(Sample pixels)
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 41 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 59 40 29 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Watermarked image
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 61 40 31 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Interpolation X ’
1 0
-2 -2
Difference E’
+
=
LM=-1RM=0
LN=-2RN=1
1or 1' ,1
or ' ,0
RMLMe
RMLMeb
W2=1 0 1 1
0 0
-1 -1
Difference E
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 60 40 30 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
-
=
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Proposed Method(Cont.) Extracting(Non-Sample pixels)
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 46 43 33 58 13 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 49 51 45 51 50 52
50 60 60 40 30 54 73
24 46 43 35 61 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Watermarked images
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 47 42 34 59 14 17
50 47 40 43 50 20 52
75 50 49 46 49 51 52
50 60 60 39 30 52 73
24 47 44 34 59 11 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
Interpolation X ’
=-
Difference E’
-1 1 -1 -1 -1
0 -1 -2
-1 2 -1 2 -1
0 1 2
-1 -1 1 2 3
+
=
0 1 -1 0 0
0 -1 -2
0 1 -1 1 -1
0 1 2
0 -1 1 1 3
Difference E’
Cover Image X
60 91 30 20 20 12 41
24 47 43 35 60 14 17
50 47 40 42 50 18 52
75 50 50 45 50 50 52
50 60 60 40 30 54 73
24 47 43 35 60 14 17
60 65 75 72 75 81 64
LM=0RM=1
LN=-3RN=4
1or 1' ,1
or ' ,0
RMLMe
RMLMeb
W1=1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1W= W1 W∥ 2
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To distinguish the Boundary pixel is corresponding to genuine or pseudo Pixel in cover image:
Proposed Method Boundary Map (B)
x=0
x’’ =-1 x’’ =1
x=255
x’’ =254 x’’ =256
X XUnderflowOverflow
Pixel in cover image:
Watermarked pixel:
B=…0To add ‘0’ in to the boundary mapx’’ =0 x’’ =255
x=1
x’’ =0 x’’ =2
x=254
x’’ =253 x’’ =255
B=…1To add ‘1’ in to the boundary map
Overflow and Underflow
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Experiment ResultsTABLE I
COMPARISON RESULTS IN TERMS OF THE CAPACITY (bits) AND THE PSNR VALUE (dB) FOR LENA, BABOON, PLANE, AND SAILBOAT
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Experiment Results
Fig. 1 Performance evaluation of multilayer embedding over standard in test image Lena
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Conclusions
The computation cost of the proposed method scheme is small.
The proposed scheme could guarantee high image quality without sacrificing embedding capacity.