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Petroleum Experts

REVEAL

Version 3.0

September 2008

User Manual

IPM


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REVEALIPM - Specialised Reservoir Numerical Simulator

by Petro leum Experts L imi ted

REVEAL is a full field reservoir simulator specialised in modeling near well bore effectsincluding mobility and injectivity issues. Thermal and chemical effects are modeled rigorously.These effects can arise from injection of non-reservoir fluids at non-reservoir temperatures.

Injection of chemicals or fluids at non-reservoir temperature can havesignificant effects on fluidmobilities and therefore subsequent injectivity and oil production. Injectivity will also bedependent on perforation geometry, including the possibility of fracturing.

SPECIFICATION:Multiphase Simulator- Thermal 3 phase Black Oil formulation for oil gas and condensates.- Implicit and IMPES solvers.- Grid refinement.

- Multi-Lateral well capabilities with well bore friction and well-bore heating.- Thermal and chemical effects on mobility.- Analytical Carter Tracy aquifer.- 4 phase (oil, water, gas, -emulsion)- Import: VIP, ECLIPSE and ASCII text data.

Specilaised Models- Thermal and Hydraulic Fracturing- Steam- Solids- Mobility Control- Phase Emulsifications

- Water Chemistry

REVEAL runs on a PC.

There is a single interface to access on the REVEAL functionality, including:- data input and validation,- post-processing,- 3D graphical visualization,- Export of results.


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The copyright in this manual and the associated computer program are the property of Petroleum ExpertsLtd. All rights reserved. Both, this manual and the computer program have been provided pursuant to aLicence Agreement containing restriction of use.

No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, ortranslated into any language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical orotherwise, or disclose to third parties without prior written consent from Petroleum Experts Ltd., SpectrumHouse, 2 Powderhall Road, Edinburgh, EH7 4GB, Scotland, UK.

Petroleum Experts Ltd. All rights reserved.

IPM Suite, GAP, PROSPER, MBAL, PVTP, REVEAL, RESOLVE, IFM, ModelCatalogue and OpenServerare trademarks of Petroleum Experts Ltd.

Microsoft (Windows),, Windows (NT), Windows (2000) and Windows (XP) are registered trademarks of theMicrosoft Corporation

The software described in this manual is furnished under a licence agreement. The software may be used

or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy the software onany medium except as specifically allowed in the license agreement. No part of this documentation may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recording, or information storage and retrieval systems for any purpose other than the purchaser's personaluse, unless express written consent has been given by Petroleum Experts Limited.

Address:

Petroleum Experts LimitedSpectrum House

2 Powderhall RoadEdinburgh, ScotlandEH7 4GB

Tel : (44 131) 474 7030Fax : (44 131) 474 7031

email: [email protected]: www.petex.com

Copyright Notice

3

1990-2008 Petroleum Experts Limited


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Table of Contents

0

Chapter 1 Overview of REVEAL 2

Chapter 2 What's new 6

Chapter 3 System requirements 21

Chapter 4 Contacting Petroleum Experts 23

Chapter 5 Getting started 25

................................................................................................................................... 251 Step 1 - Initialise new case

................................................................................................................................... 272 Step 2 - Wizard basics

................................................................................................................................... 283 Step 3 - Control section

................................................................................................................................... 304 Step 4 - Reservoir section

................................................................................................................................... 345 Step 5 - Physical section

................................................................................................................................... 376 Step 6 - Relperm section

................................................................................................................................... 407 Step 7 - Wells section

................................................................................................................................... 468 Step 8 - Initialisation section

................................................................................................................................... 489 Step 9 - Schedule section

................................................................................................................................... 4910 Step 10 - Run simulation

................................................................................................................................... 5111 Step 11 - View results

Chapter 6 Input wizard 55

................................................................................................................................... 551 Basic operation

................................................................................................................................... 552 Section summary

................................................................................................................................... 563 Control section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 56Solver

.......................................................................................................................................................... 63Model selection

.......................................................................................................................................................... 65Components

................................................................................................................................... 664 Reservoir section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 66Geometry

.......................................................................................................................................................... 70Cartesian grid

.......................................................................................................................................................... 71Radial grid

.......................................................................................................................................................... 73Curvilinear grid

.......................................................................................................................................................... 74Depth

.......................................................................................................................................................... 75Porosity

.......................................................................................................................................................... 78Permeability

.......................................................................................................................................................... 78Transmissibility multipliers

.......................................................................................................................................................... 79Absolute transmissibilities

.......................................................................................................................................................... 80Net to gross

.......................................................................................................................................................... 81Pore volume multipliers


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.......................................................................................................................................................... 82Rock type

.......................................................................................................................................................... 83PVT region

.......................................................................................................................................................... 84Equilibration region

.......................................................................................................................................................... 85Fluid in place region

.......................................................................................................................................................... 86Non-neighbour connections

.......................................................................................................................................................... 88Refinement

................................................................................................................................... 895 Physical section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 89Physical properties

.......................................................................................................................................................... 94Rock compressibilities

.......................................................................................................................................................... 96Miscellaneous models

................................................................................................................................... 986 Relperm section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 98Relperm options

.......................................................................................................................................................... 101Residual saturation

.......................................................................................................................................................... 104Relative permeability

.......................................................................................................................................................... 106Capillary pressure

.......................................................................................................................................................... 108Endpoint scaling

................................................................................................................................... 1107 Aquifer section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 110Analytical aquifer

.......................................................................................................................................................... 113Cater Tracy model

................................................................................................................................... 1148 Mobility section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 114Polymer & gel

.......................................................................................................................................................... 116Original polymer gel model

.......................................................................................................................................................... 119Carreau polymer model

.......................................................................................................................................................... 120Kuparuk polymer gel model

.......................................................................................................................................................... 122Gelation & degradation

.......................................................................................................................................................... 124Inaccessible pore volume

.......................................................................................................................................................... 125Foam & diluent

................................................................................................................................... 1269 Phase behaviour section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 126Introduction

.......................................................................................................................................................... 128Alcohol/Polymer partitioning

.......................................................................................................................................................... 131Surfactant phase

.......................................................................................................................................................... 139Ternary diagram

.......................................................................................................................................................... 141Surfactant interfacial tension

.......................................................................................................................................................... 143Surfactant viscosity

................................................................................................................................... 14610 Adsorption section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 146Adsorption properties

.......................................................................................................................................................... 152Adsorption isotherms

.......................................................................................................................................................... 155Permeability reduction

.......................................................................................................................................................... 156Tracer partitioning

................................................................................................................................... 15711 Water chemistry section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 157Water chemistry

.......................................................................................................................................................... 166CO2, H2S & N2 partitioning

.......................................................................................................................................................... 167H2S souring (Legacy)

.......................................................................................................................................................... 169H2S souring (Activity)

.......................................................................................................................................................... 172Scale inhibition

................................................................................................................................... 17412 Solids section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 174Asphaltene

.......................................................................................................................................................... 175Wax

.......................................................................................................................................................... 177Sand

................................................................................................................................... 18113 Wells section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 181Location and properties


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.......................................................................................................................................................... 187Filter cake

.......................................................................................................................................................... 189Fractures

.......................................................................................................................................................... 200Geertsma deKlerk fracture

.......................................................................................................................................................... 2013D fracture

.......................................................................................................................................................... 206Stress & elasticity

................................................................................................................................... 20914 Well-bore heating section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 209Well-bore heating

................................................................................................................................... 21015 Initialisation section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 210PVT initialisation

.......................................................................................................................................................... 212Equilibration

.......................................................................................................................................................... 213User initialisation

.......................................................................................................................................................... 214Component initialisation

................................................................................................................................... 21616 Schedule section

.......................................................................................................................................................... 216Well schedule

.......................................................................................................................................................... 224Thermal fracture

Chapter 7 Grid refinement 227

................................................................................................................................... 2271 Overview

................................................................................................................................... 2292 Refinement section

................................................................................................................................... 2313 Reservoir section

................................................................................................................................... 2324 Relperm section

................................................................................................................................... 2325 Initialisation section

Chapter 8 Menu commands 234

................................................................................................................................... 2341 Menu commands

................................................................................................................................... 2342 File

................................................................................................................................... 2353 Options

................................................................................................................................... 2354 Edit

................................................................................................................................... 2355 Input

................................................................................................................................... 2366 Project

................................................................................................................................... 2367 Run Simulation

................................................................................................................................... 2388 Results

................................................................................................................................... 2409 View

................................................................................................................................... 24010 Window

................................................................................................................................... 24111 Help

................................................................................................................................... 24112 Playback (3D view only)

Chapter 9 External data import 243

................................................................................................................................... 2431 Importing overview

................................................................................................................................... 2432 Importing from ASCII

................................................................................................................................... 2473 Importing wells from ASCII

................................................................................................................................... 2494 Importing from Eclipse (binary files)

................................................................................................................................... 2535 Importing from Eclipse (ASCII files)


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IVContents

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................................................................................................................................... 2536 Importing from VIP

Chapter 10 Graphics 258

................................................................................................................................... 2581 Visualisation

Chapter 11 Debug output 268................................................................................................................................... 2681 Debug output

Chapter 12 Engineering 271

................................................................................................................................... 2711 Contents

................................................................................................................................... 2712 Phases and components

................................................................................................................................... 2713 Transport equations

................................................................................................................................... 2734 Dispersion and diffusion

................................................................................................................................... 2735 Heat transport

Chapter 13 References 276................................................................................................................................... 2761 References

Chapter 14 OpenServer 278

................................................................................................................................... 2781 OpenServer

Chapter 15 Worked Examples 292

................................................................................................................................... 2921 Worked Examples - Overview

................................................................................................................................... 2942 Worked Examples - List by Topics

................................................................................................................................... 2963 Dexterity Examples

.......................................................................................................................................................... 296Getting Started

.......................................................................................................................................................... 296Eclipse Import

.......................................................................................................................................................... 309Radial Aquifer

.......................................................................................................................................................... 314Thermal Fracture

.......................................................................................................................................................... 327Souring

.......................................................................................................................................................... 341Dry Gas

.......................................................................................................................................................... 346Retrograde Condensate

.......................................................................................................................................................... 353Radial Gridding

.......................................................................................................................................................... 362Curvilinear Gridding

................................................................................................................................... 3704 Physics Examples

.......................................................................................................................................................... 370Grid Refinement

.......................................................................................................................................................... 378Water Chemistry

.......................................................................................................................................................... 390Permeability Reduction

.......................................................................................................................................................... 394Surfactant

.......................................................................................................................................................... 414Gel Injection

.......................................................................................................................................................... 427Wellbore Heating

.......................................................................................................................................................... 434Asphaltene

.......................................................................................................................................................... 442Non Newtonian Fluid

................................................................................................................................... 4485 OpenServer Examples

.......................................................................................................................................................... 448Well Results

.......................................................................................................................................................... 453Well Production

.......................................................................................................................................................... 457Batch Matching


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.......................................................................................................................................................... 462Well Control

.......................................................................................................................................................... 467Water Injection Allocation : Use of Internal Script

Chapter 16 REVEAL Frequently Asked Questions: AFew Additional Technical Notes 478

................................................................................................................................... 4781 Difference between 5 and 9 points Horizontal Point Schemes

................................................................................................................................... 4832 Rock Mechanics and Thermal Fracturing


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Chapter

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REVEAL Manual September, 2008

REVEAL

1 Overview of REVEAL

Th eREVEAL Phi losophy

REVEAL is a member of the Integrated Production Modeling (IPM) suite of technical software.

As per the rest of the IPM suite of tools, REVEAL is based on the concept of integrating differentdisciplines usually isolated in one single tool to get a better understanding of the field.REVEAL applies this integration principle at the reservoir level.

Most reservoir groups within the oil and gas companies are carrying out two types of reservoir studies:

- Full Field Numerical Simulation studies using tools such as Eclipse, VIP, etc...

- Specialist Studies in areas such as:- Thermal and Mobility Studies for well injectivity and productivity studies- Production Chemistry Studies - Scaling and Souring- Sanding and Solids Deposition and Transport - Wax and Asphaltenes

- Thermal and Hydraulic Fracturing- Enhanced Oil Recovery methods - Steam and Gel Injection

These two types of studies are often carried out in an isolation.

The key role ofREVEAL is therefore enabling to bridge the existing gap between numerical simulationstudies and specialist reservoir studies.

By doing so, REVEAL will provide the reservoir engineers, production technologists and reservoirspecialists a way of integrating all their studies and will enable to:

1. gain a GLOBAL understanding of the field behaviour when all dynamical, thermal andgeomechanical behaviors are taken into account

2. understand the impact of specialists studies generally done in isolation at a full reservoirscale, based on the corporate numerical simulation model

3. manage the reservoir on a day to day and long term basis according to its real physicalbehaviour

3. gain a way of sharing information and joining workflows

REVEAL can therefore be considered as a tool for integrated reservoir and production studies.


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Overview of REVEAL 3


As an illustration, a common reservoir issue can be considered: What will be the impact of injectingwater at sea temperature into a 90 to 110 C reservoir?An injectivity test will often show good injectivity.However, as soon as the injection system is tied in , the ability to inject water deteriorates dramaticallywith time. One assumption could be that the well is being plugged.The reality is that the injected water cools down the reservoir, increasing the water viscosity (i.e. At apressure of 5000psig, the viscosity of a 75,000 ppm water will be multiplied by a factor 4 when passingfrom 100C to 20C) and therefore decreasing the water mobility.The amount of water injected for a specific wellhead pressure will then be less than predicted,affecting the pressure maintenance objectives of the field, and therefore its recovery.Importing the corporate numerical simulation model in REVEAL will then enable to evaluate the impactof this phenomenon and to manage the injection strategy of the field accordingly.

Th eREVEAL Technical Features

In addition to standard simulator models, the features present within REVEAL include:

Technical ModulesThermal fracturing Integrating thermo- and poro-elastic effects on reservoir stress with injection

profile and fracture mechanics.Hydraulic fracturing Production fractures.Water chemistry Chemical equilibrium of mixed waters predicting precipitation, dissolution and

scale inhibition.Souring Models growth and respiration effect of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria leading to

H2S formation in the reservoir.Chemical adsorption Retardation and permeability reduction effects.


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4


REVEAL

Polymer and gel Mobility changes for aqueous phase, including shear thinning, gelationreactions and cation exchange.

Surfactant 4th phase micro-emulsion model using ternary diagrams.Filter Cake Filter cake formation linked to solid injections in wells and fractures.Sanding Sand transport, trapping and generation.

Well-bore heating Microwave and Electrical heating of heavy viscous oils.Analytical aquifer Carter Tracy model.Steam Steam injection model for Huff & Puff, SAGD.Desaturation Interfacial Tension changes affecting relative permeability and capillary

pressures through capillary number.Asphaltene and Wax Flocculation and trapping model leading to permeability reduction.IMPES solver With flux corrected transport (fct) for models where numerical dispersion is

important (e.g. chemical additives), and material balance iterations.Implicit solver For high mobility and large throughput models (e.g. coning).Grid refinement General hexahedral refinement of master grid for IMPES and implicit solver

options.

Connection to Third Party and Petroleum Experts SoftwaresEclipse Import Automatic Import facility enabling to use existing Eclipse decks within

REVEAL.

Imported Models have been compared with Eclipse runs and give identicalresults.

VIP Import Automatic Import facility enabling to use existing VIP decks within REVEAL.Imported Models have been compared with VIP runs and give identicalresults.

IPM Integration PROSPER lift curves, Petroleum Experts PVT matching and GAPoptimisation using RESOLVE.

OpenServer Full OpenServer functionality built in, for automation or batch processing ofruns or connection to third party software.

General User Interface FeaturesWizard data input Simplified data entry, verification and visualisation prior to calculation.

2D and 3D graphics May be viewed during simulations.

IT FeaturesPC environment Runs on PC (Windows 2000, NT, XP) with single interface to all functionality.


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Chapter

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REVEAL

2 What's new

REVEAL Version 3.4 IPM Version 6.4BUILD 185

5 Numerical dispersion reduced for rapidly adsorbing componentsBUILD 1794 Maximum number of fractures that can be visualised with 3D graphics increased from 100 to

500BUILD 1773 Correction to souring model with hydrocarbon generated activity fixed2 Correction to hydraulic fracture model within refinement and non-contiguous (internal inactive)

blocksBUILD 1611 Correction to solver when the pre-conditioner model (ILUDP and ILUTP) is changing

REVEAL Version 3.3 IPM Version 6.3BUILD 15820 Ascii data import improved (comments 'C ...' and '! ..." and multiple format '3*0' added)

BUILD 15719 Maximum number of Cartesian grid block sizes increasedBUILD 15518 Strain relabeled displacement in 3D graphical results17 Improvement to diffusivity calculated drainage regions (used for PI calculations)BUILD 14616 Improvement to ASP soap NaOa component - now partitioned with surfactant component

rather than aqueous component15 Interface bug with ASP and polymer partitioning fixedBUILD 14414 Well downtime with IMPES solver error fixedBUILD 14113 Numerical improvement to the half wing Geertsma deKlerk fracture model12 External transmissibilities removed from refinement

BUILD 13911 Improved leak-off calculation when a fracture dimension is less than about 10% of its parent

gridblock10 An option for thermal fracture perimeter shrinkage with stabilised shape added9 Use external transmissibilities option in interface was accidentally disabled in build 134 - now

fixedBUILD 1388 Non-Newtonian oil viscosity table of rheological data automatically sorted following data entry7 Possible reporting error for temperature of multilateral producer wells corrected6 Thermal conductivity for zero transmissibility connections allowedBUILD 1355 Gram Formula Weight for acidic oil component (ASP model) may be set in the interface rather

than water chemistry databaseBUILD 134

4 Solver protection for negative total hydrocarbon compressibility added3 Tab controlled record selection improved for residual saturation wizard screen2 Parent cell properties may be automatically copied to refinement arrays as they are opened for

editing in the interface1 Improvements to the Oedometric stress field calculation model (contact PETEXto use this

development option)

REVEAL Version 3.2 IPM Version 6.2BUILD 13318 Interface plotting label error for "TOTAL GOR" sensitivity variable corrected


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17 New stress calculation method (Oedometric displacement potential) added. This allowscompaction and improvements to stress calculation for some complex geometries, horizontalfractures and rapidly changing stress fields.

16 Possible interface error corrected when more than 50 relative permeability entries within asaturation table present

BUILD 13215 Improvement to transient coupling of thermal fractures through RESOLVE using system

response method14 Unit conversion error for Transmissibility (RB.cP/d/psi) corrected13 Water viscosity correlation (pressure dependence removed in default correlation) modified to

be in line with MBAL and PROSPER default correlationBUILD 12812 Generalised fluid injection may be used with VLPs (e.g. SWAG)11 Speedup of water chemistry calculations10 Polymer and gel viscosity (including shear) added to flow within injecting thermal fracture9 Option in preferences to update the water chemistry database from resourcesBUILD 1278 Surfactant adsorption dependency on pH added7 Surfactant and water chemistry models may be combined to model ASP

6 3D graphics views may be aligned in the X, Y, Z axes using the X, Y and Z key shortcutsBUILD 1255 Logarithmic dependence for diluent viscosity model added4 SWAG injection allowed for thermal fracture modelsBUILD 1243 Fix to solve a problem if a well used for a thermal fracture calculation is later used as a

producer by the schedule2 Improvement to 'user specified geometry fixed dimension fracture' calculation1 Fix for Interface crash if gel component present without polymer componentBUILD 123

REVEAL Version 3.1 IPM Version 6.1BUILD 12210 Implicit thermal calculations improved

9 Interface bug with history match downhole rate controlled injections corrected8 Improved handling of large graphics results (> 2GB)7 Spectral colour ordering option added for preconditionerBUILD 1216 Variable salinity dependence for water viscosity included as option (see physical section)BUILD 1185 Some issues with export directly to excel fixed for Windows Vista4 Well and reservoir results stream save dialogue extended3 Improved solver behaviour using 'rs_solve' optionBUILD 1172 International date settings for direct export to excel for well results improved1 Improvements to VIP importer for wells data (also correction to import of MAPAXES Y

coordinate corrected)

REVEAL Version 3.0 IPM Version 6.0BUILD 11018 In-situ stress gradient may use initial reservoir temperature gradient as reference17 Stress changes in 3 principal directions may be reported to 3D graphics16 Some combinations of component models may be combined (e.g. surfactant and water

chemistry)15 Oil and water solubilisation reported on surfactant visualisation screen14 Coupled thermal fracture and polymer injection improved13 Possible crash during history import if well names are inconsistent12 Multi-lateral well connection factor calculation improved


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BUILD 10711 Option to allow gelation and dechelation reactions below threshold temperature addedBUILD 10710 Schedule section controlled re-perforations for completion table defined wells fixed9 ASCII import of multi-lateral wells data addedBUILD 1028 Correction to 3-point oil relative permeability endpoint scaling for some cases7 Import of ECLIPSE history match downhole rate control added where all produced phases are

included6 Improvement to unit conversion in the interface for capillary and J-Leverett conversion5 Comments may be added at the top of the script within the following comment delineators /* ...

*/4 Oil viscosity modifier model parameterised by diluent concentration added3 Interface plotting of Stone oil relative permeabilities when non-zero critical gas saturation

entered is fixed2 Improvement to multilateral well connection where segments with different skin are present

within a single grid blockBUILD 1011 Inaccessible pore volume for polymer and gel formulation modified to affect apparent viscosity

and transport concentrationBUILD 100

REVEAL Version 3.0 (beta) IPM Version 6.0BUILD 7580 Unit conversion error with Molality/day (water chemistry based souring model) correctedBUILD 7179 Additional completed block reported variables added in X-Flow resultsBUILD 6978 Possible extrapolation problems with hydrocarbon enthalpy correlations fixed77 Improved validation checking of schedule exit conditionsBUILD 6876 IPR calculation methods for connection to RESOLVE extendedBUILD 67

75 OpenServer completion control commands extendedBUILD 6674 Improvements to handle fracture calculations with distorted grids with very large permeability

contrasts73 Modifications to handle 3D graphic result files larger than 4GB (32 bit windows limit)72 Further improvements to memory for 2D plotting of large models with large numbers of wellsBUILD 6571 OpenServer command execution window addedBUILD 6470 Plotting of 'parent region numbers' with refinement improved for t=0 visualisationBUILD 6369 Improvement to fixed dimension fracture reducing sensitivity to surrounding matrix griddingBUILD 6168 OpenServer RUN_SETCOMP command extended to allow setting of completions that are not

defined by completion table (vertical column or multilateral)BUILD 6067 Basic restart data (Pressure, Saturation, Temperature and Rs/CGR) make be generated from

3D graphics resultsBUILD 5866 Memory handling for 2D plotting of models with large numbers of wells and time-steps

improved65 Interface bug using 2-component polymer gel reaction model fixed64 Interface and OpenServer command to reorder wells alphabetically added63 OpenServer tag for completion table well radius corrected


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62 Link to sand model online help page corrected61 Solver preconditioner methods extended (ILUDP and ILUT added)BUILD 5660 Improvements to thermal fracture calculation stability when small timesteps (< 0.1 day) are

usedBUILD 5559 Runtime OpenServer commands for well constraint control addedBUILD 5358 Standard condition densities for combined PVTs when connected to RESOLVE improvedBUILD 4857 Tracer components may be partitioned between phases (all three phase tracers are required,

see adsorption section)BUILD 4656 Option to add copies of the current well and reservoir result streams to be saved in the

REVEAL archive (also OpenServer command)55 Further interface issues setting schedule with run times not in days unit (hours, seconds etc.)

improved54 VIP imported endpoint scaling for SGOC is handled differently53 Pore volume multiplier import from VIP implemented

52 Offset added to stress gradient data input method51 Re-perforation interface bug fixed in schedule for wells perforated in inactive blocksBUILD 4450 Interface validation speeded for cases with a large number of PVTsBUILD 4349 Interface issue not allowing THP control of identically zero psig fixed48 Previous main window dimension and location preserved when REVEAL is started47 Some defaults set for t=0 visualisation (e.g. pore volume calculated when pore volume

multiplier not specified)46 Some OpenServer well results fluid name labels with 'white space' modified45 Cross-flow option may be enabled/disabled for radial and curvilinear grids44 Interface bugs associated with cation exchange and polymer salinity thresh-hold fixed43 Thermal fracture model improved for thin high stress shale barriers42 Thermal fracture in-situ stress field may be entered as a stress gradient per layer

41 Compaction 'porosity multiplier' re-labeled 'pore volume multiplier'BUILD 4240 Some improvements to the solver in preparation to model gas-in-oil and oil-in-gas

simultaneously39 Small correction to reported cumulative produced (small non-zero initial value previously

possible)BUILD 3938 Performance increases for models with a large number of (non-multilateral) wells37 Improvement to the OpenServer well completion control capability (current values may be

defaulted)36 VIP imported inter-block transmissibilities corrected (VIP uses negative face and REVEAL

uses positive face)BUILD 3835 J-Leverett capillary pressure calculation error fixed

34 Bug introduced in build 34 fixed for ECLIPSE import of endpoint scaling arrays33 Gas well PI calculated for gas producer controlled by downhole rate32 Fracture grid properties may be plotted on 3D fracture surface31 3D display well and fracture labels may be scaled30 Completed block rates (including fractures) added to 3D display variablesBUILD 3629 Interface bug setting schedule with run times not in days unit (hours, seconds etc.) fixedBUILD 3328 Cation exchange added to polymer flood adsorption model27 Additional tubing performance data (TPD) files types added


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26 Wellbore slip model (PE 2) and non-Newtonian shear thinning added25 Unstable wellbore flow may be allowed or disabled24 Multilateral PI multiplier added per well segment23 Well constraint control improved22 Downhole rate control and constraints added21 Adaptive implicit solver and other performance improvements20 User defined geometry for fixed shape fracture added19 3D and well crossflow plotting improved18 History match import and control extended17 OpenServer commands extended and scripting capability within REVEAL added16 Joule Thomson effect within the reservoir extended using enthalpy correlations15 Electrical wellbore heating model added14 Improved thermal fracture calculations for distorted grid geometries13 Initial reservoir conditions may be set explicitly (non-equilibrium) by the user12 Rock compressibility may be defined by stress11 Nitrogen partitioning added10 Aquifer Pd vs td table may be entered directly9 Solid transport, including trapping, permeability reduction and sand generation8 Fluid-in-place regions added

7 Multiple restart dates imported simultaneously6 Datablock input/output extended5 Export region, well and completion data directly to EXCEL4 Export petrophysics model from REVEAL to standard ASCII format3 Model import from PETREL generated ASCII files (many ECLIPSE and CMG keywords

added)2 New souring model based on equivalent carbon source and bacterial activity (more implicit

and handles nutrient sources better)1 Many minor improvements to numerical performance, data visualisation and functionality

REVEAL Version 2.4 IPM Version 5.4BUILD 199

REVEAL Version 2.3 IPM Version 5.3

BUILD 19741 Maximum limit of 1000 warning message of a certain type reported during validation at run

time40 OpenServer command to 'clear cell results' addedBUILD 19339 Eclipse import of KRG endpoint scaling parameter fixedBUILD 18738 Improvements to handle grater than 100 rock types, relative permeability curves etc.BUILD 18637 Reference depth Pwf calculation changed - only affects reported PI and connection to

RESOLVE

36 Improvements to allow WAG injection when REVEAL is connected to GAP and RESOLVEBUILD 18335 Improved convergence of tubing flow calculation, especially with large density variations within

tubingBUILD 18234 Graphic reporting problem for oil viscosity with miscible variable bubble point PVT fixed33 Porosities calculated to be greater than 1 are not now truncated to 1. Minimum calculated

porosity is 10-8.BUILD 17732 Bug affecting polymer/gel shear thinning corrected (underestimated)31 Improvement to thermal fracture width calculation - reduced tolerances improving accuracy of

surface integralBUILD 176


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30 Wellbore heating electrodes may be set at unperforated blocks29 PROSPER generated TPD lift curve types added for condensate producer, PCP, HSP and JET

pumps28 Correction to units displayed for calculated shear rate27 Bug using user defined relative permeability for injector wells fixed26 Minor interface problem plotting of polymer/gel viscosity (salinity option) fixedBUILD 17225 Improved calculation of reference depth pressures in fragmented grids24 Grid boundary geometry problem fixed when Cartesian grid with array defined top surface and

inactive blocks present23 Graphics display problem (spurious characters sometimes displayed) for Xflow completion

graphics view fixedBUILD 17022 Improvement to relative permeability calculation when hysteresis, endpoint scaling,

desaturation are used in conjunctionBUILD 16721 Possible failure during PVT import from external simulation model corrected

REVEAL Version 2.2 IPM Version 5.2

BUILD 16420 Possible bug affecting steam injection through static fractures fixed19 Grid properties data may now be imported and exported in ASCII format from the relevant

screens in the wizard18 Endpoint scaling saturations added to ASCII import data17 External simulation import now uses input pore-volume to calculate pore-volume multipliersBUILD 16016 Improvement to fixed dimension (producing) fracture where the fracture geometry is small

relative to its grid blocks15 Zero wellbore friction may be applied to multilateral well by setting roughness to zero14 Warning given if incorrect lift-curve type specified during import of lift-curveBUILD 15813 Correction to equilibration below OWC if residual saturation is specified in this region with

values less than 1

12 Improvements when GMRES solver is usedBUILD 15611 Well cross-flow now on by default10 Interface issue in schedule section where initial time step data may be lost when well control

method changed has been fixedBUILD 1539 non-Darcy flow for gas injectors improved - more implicit8 Bug with OpenServer voidage rate variable in schedule section fixed7 Generalised fluid injection may be used with steam model (temperature is still determined by

water/steam specific enthalpy)BUILD 1516 Possible crash with very small grid and long well (memory allocation) fixedBUILD 1495 Correction to interpolation of stress on horizontal (X-Y) thermal fracture surface

4 Rows manually deleted from the multi-lateral well dialogue are permanently removed on save3 Fracture internal grid geometry shape modified to create more uniform finite element blocks

(topology unchanged)2 Bug transferring producing well temperature toGAP through RESOLVE fixed1 Fixed dimension fracture geometry (including width and permeability distribution) may be

completely defined by the user

REVEAL Version 2.1 IPM Version 5.1BUILD 14265 Rock compaction tables now extrapolated


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BUILD 14164 Outflow from grid to aquifer when no mobile water present preventedBUILD 13963 ASCII data import improved when selected data is not present62 Modification to gravity term in enthalpy balance for tubing flow61 Previously plotted average reservoir 2D plots variables retained between plotting sessions60 Default minimum Pwf (1 psig) and default maximum Pwf (1e5 psig) set59 Voidage rate control wells made more implicit58 Bug corrected setting imported history liquid rate control57 Bug with 3D plotting of cell values in models with a large number of fractures correctedBUILD 13756 Improvement to calculation of GOC depth during equilibration if initial pressure is specified

below the bubble point55 Polymer and gel thickening factors always remain greater than one, regardless of correlation

parameters enteredBUILD 13654 Implicitness (time step size dependence) improved for polymer/gel reactions53 Correction to manual regarding polymer/gel reaction rate equationBUILD 13552 Bug with polymer and gel viscosity temperature dependence fixedBUILD 13451 Improved fracture grid discretisation for fixed dimension fractures50 Fluid production/injection rates associated with fractures output in well resultsBUILD 12749 Externally imported horizontal transmissibilities now applied to next active block even if

neighbour is inactive48 Thermal convergence improved for thermal fracture cases with cross-flow within fractureBUILD 12047 Bug preventing well PI multiplier from being applied to 'multi-lateral' wells fixed46 Speedup for cases with large numbers of (or long) wells with wellbore friction45 Modification to thermal fracture model for cases where multiple 'small fracture' solutions are

possibleBUILD 118

44 Minor bug with fracture schedule interface fixed43 Some default values (reference temperature, start date and implicit thermal model) changed42 Validation improved for voidage replacement wells41 OpenServer bug fixed for 'map axes' and 'filter cake' data40 'Update globally' option in reservoir section improved39 Inaccessible pore volume (polymer & gel) bug fixed for use with implicit solver38 Error with shear rate 3D display variable corrected37 Constant injection well heat option (for thermal recycling)36 Improved thermal stress calculation for grids with internal inactive grid blocks35 Font size used for water chemistry calculator plot increased34 3D z-scaling of selected blocks visualisation bug fixedBUILD 11533 Multiple aquifer regions may be defined for each analytical aquifer (OpenServer string for

aquifer connection direction changed)

32 Minor bug fixes associated with schedule import facility31 Problem associated with thermal fracturing controlled by voidage replacement cycling between

water and gas injection fixed30 Aqueous partitioning of H2S and CO2 slightly modified when using the simplified water

chemistry equilibration method29 Internal unit conversion bug calculating wellbore heat transfer corrected28 Playback 'repeat' option added to 3D display playback optionsBUILD 11227 Improvements to numerical stability of long multi-lateral wells with large connectivity factors26 Steam fraction (by volume) in gas phase added to 3D results list


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BUILD 10925 Average reservoir results recorded before the first time step (post equilibration) as well as after

each time step24 Block centre coordinates and volumes added to t=0 display23 Additional water chemistry text diagnostic regions may be defined (see water chemistry

section)22 All refined grid properties defaulted to parent grid values (connate saturations previously

required to be set in refined grid)21 Various minor interface labeling (spelling) errors fixed20 Well trajectory azimuth redefined to be clockwise viewed from above (see multi-lateral in well

section)19 Default for well IPR calculation changed from 'streamline' to 'diffusivity' (see well section)18 Thermal conduction across refinement boundaries and non-neighbour connections included17 Wellbore friction model improved with increased tubing discretisation possible (see well

section)16 Gas-lift and pump frequency added to well results where these artificial lift are used15 3D view may display blocks only within a selected variable range (see scale option)BUILD 10814 The 'Under saturated Rs Solve' option improved13 Possible implicit rate well constraint violation fixed12 3D view selected blocks within refined grid may be saved with saved viewBUILD 10511 Improvement to solver for advection concentration of trace components - reduces possible

numerical oscillations10 Water chemistry equilibration speeded up for cases where initial composition and temperature

is constant9 3D graphical display bug associated with Geertsma deKlerk fracture model fixedBUILD 1028 Wells and fractures that have no active completed blocks are not required to be deleted; they

are now ignored7 Maximum number of completion table entries per well increased from 100 to 10006 Additional solver performance variables added to results5 Additional warning if water chemistry database cannot be found

4 Start status added to initialisation section (equilibration or restart)3 Units conversion bug for gas lift injection rate for TPD with GLR as sensitivity variable fixed2 Sample file validation ranges reset to defaults1 Preferences and Register Importer Components moved from Options to File menuBUILD 101

IPM Version 5.00BUILD 04236 Joule Thomson coefficient added for water, oil and gasBUILD 04035 J Leverett oil/water capillary pressures calculated using horizontal and vertical permeability34 water capillary saturation equilibration above gas/oil contact modified33 Explanatory text added to reservoir section wizard screens32 THP constraint included within Newton iterations to prevent overshoot as constrain is violated

BUILD 03431 Recovery factor added to average reservoir results30 Automatic relative permeability coverage button added29 Wireframe default for plotting modified28 Rocktype, PVT and equilibration region coverage defaulted on a new modelBUILD 03027 Number of components (e.g. water chemistry) that can be viewed on the Xflow tubing data plot

increased from 10 to 10026 Details of species not included in the model that are predicted now included in water chemistry

calculator


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BUILD 02925 Irreversible compaction added24 Fully implicit well VLP option added23 Problem with well PI multipliers not being applied to completion table wells fixedBUILD 02822 VLP gas lift unit changed from GLR to rateBUILD 02321 Error importing VFP or ECL format lift curves with gas lift or ESP fixedBUILD 02120 External simulation importer dlls changed to prevent possible conflict with S3Graf dlls19 Memory management improved for larger models18 Interface unit conversion bug using ALQ gas lift or ESP frequency with TPD fixed17 Bug affecting finite radial Carter Tracy aquifer model after 1000 days of simulation fixedBUILD 01416 Pinchouts automatically set according to imported model if external transmissibilities are set15 Maximum separation between adjacent layers for non-zero transmissibility added to pinchout14 Some improvements to the schedule history import from ECLIPSE13 Thermal injection with fixed dimension fracture and wellbore friction bug fixed12 OpenServer capability added to produced fluid water chemistry calculator

11 Water chemistry calculator for produced fluids addedBUILD 01010 Import of metric rock compressibility reference pressure units bug fixed (ECLIPSE import)9 Purge of temp directory files added under File menu8 Well results compression increased - possible backwards compatibility issues with certain

saved stream variables7 Cumulative and rate for analytical aquifers added to average results stream6 Voidage volumes and cumulatives at reference depth reported in well results5 3-point endpoint scaling option added for imported cases with this option4 ECLIPSE imported injection history match import bug fixed3 Equilibration for gas water models with large capillary pressures improved2 Drainage region methods included for calculation of PI1 Bug fixed when using voidage replacement with multiple schedulesBUILD 004

IPM Version 5.00 DEV24 Well and fracture refinement model conversion from IPM4 to IPM5 improved23 OpenServer for Xflow well results addedBUILD 23022 Option to open from previously used directory added (default)21 Water vapour in gas included in IPR for connection to RESOLVE20 Some limitations with 3D plotting with refinement improved19 Option to plot with a step style added to the preferences18 Possible solver crash with thermal fracture fixedBUILD 22717 OpenServer for 3D graphics cell results addedBUILD 22616 History match data import from ECLIPSE schedule

15 Number of thermal PVT tables extended14 Number of tracer components increased13 ECLIPSE and VIP importer updated12 Increased well specification - heat transfer, extended completion table data11 Thermal fracture model updated - stability, non-propagation and gas injection10 Improved solver, constraint and abandonment control9 Drainage regions calculated and used for PI reporting8 Improved refinement modelling7 Compressible filter cake injection model6 Extended souring model


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5 Steam model4 Solver options extended3 Water vapour in gas model2 Generalised liquid and gas injection1 Extended desaturation model, including IFT and capillary number calculations

IPM Version 4.0420 Bug with number of stress layer greater than 20 fixed19 Voidage replacement for all producing wells bug fixed18 Inflow for multilateral 'intelligent' well completions connected to RESOLVE bug fixedBUILD 25218 Restart from ECLIPSE or VIP for single component models allowed17 Data import from VIP for perforation data bug fixed and ECLIPSE import units conversion for

non-Darcy factor fixed16 Further improvement to over/underburden temperature flux calculation15 Improved validation for refinement grids14 Souring model includes nutritional efficiency to model nutrient takeup for growth and anaerobic

respiration13 Souring model maximum reduction rate is now a function of temperature

12 Units for critical stress intensity extended11 Over/underburden temperature flux correction - losses previously overestimatedBUILD 24410 stress calculation problem fixed for blocks with large pore volume multiplier9 Zoom button (+) improved8 Reported well cumulatives error with voidage replacement present corrected7 Stress layering in interface improved (200 rows available)6 Water chemistry with souring and partitioning logic improved for inclusion of blocks in

calculation5 Positive bias in permeability reduction model correctedBUILD 2424 OpenServer bugs in schedule fixedBUILD 2323 Multiple thermal fractures on a single well solver stability improved

BUILD 2252 Thermal fracture filter cake model added1 Thermal fracture model improved for cases with large stress discontinuitiesBUILD 221

Version 1.0 IPM 4.01 Water chemistry convergence and reporting improved2 Thermal conductivity error correctedBUILD 1573 Analytical aquifer may be applied to boundaries with inactive blocks - the first active block into

the model is used4 Over and underburden temperatures set to initial reservoir temperatures as defined by the

thermal gradient5 Wax viscosity correlation error fixed

BUILD 1586 Permeability reduction model simplified (permeability reduction always included in shear

dependence)BUILD 1617 Asphaltene permeability reduction model added8 Downtime well efficiency added to schedule section9 Equilibration reference pressure may be set at a depth different from an OW or OG contact

depth10 Dry gas restart from external simulator import bug fixed11 Gas Non-Darcy units changed to d/scf, previously d/rcf. Non-Darcy included in IPR


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calculations forRESOLVEBUILD 20412 New sample files13 9 Point transmissibil ity bug fixed14 Non-Darcy beta factor for gas flow in producing fractures; producing fracture model more

implicit15 Well PI multiplier added for history matching16 Bug with refinement covering inactive blocks fixed17 Wax permeability reduction model added18 Bug for implicit rate wells in small grids fixed (memory error)19 Scheduling controlled by datesBUILD 21320 Well completion table data entry includes kh and effective radius - this data is also read from

ECLIPSE imported casesBUILD 21821 Schedule import bug fixed22 Convergence for cases with large capillary pressures improved

Version 2.0.1 (beta)

1 Non-neighbour connections with inactive blocks bug fixed2 9 point horizontal upstream weighting in addition to 5 point scheme for implicit solver3 Extend the pause and stop capability to be more reactive for larger simulation calculations4 Compaction model - variable rock compressibility and permeability multiplier5 ASCII data import extended6 data blocks may be exported to the clipboard or a file7 Minimum porosity*net-to-gross ratio may be set to define inactive blocks8 Code optimisation improving speed9 OpenServer data strings can be obtained using + mouse right click within input

wizard10 Thermal and producing fractures can intersect inactive blocks or grow beyond reservoir

boundary11 Fixed dimension fractures (previously only for producers) can be connected to injectors12 Cross flow option added for wells that have wellbore friction defined

13 Dynamic updating of reporting to debug text file during a calculation14 VIP and ECLIPSE data import extended15 3D graphics - improved speed, well labels, colour tables16 J Leverett oil/water capillary pressure option added17 Distinct PVT and equilibration regions may be defined. The PVT regions must be non

communicating and the equilibration regions must have only one PVT each.18 Voidage replacement well type for injectors19 Minimum pore volume for inactive blocks added20 PVT speedup, particularly for variable RS and thermal tables21 ECLIPSE data import extended to some ASCII import (COORD & ZCORN)22 Pinchout options extended to include options for minimum pore volume excluded blocks and

use of minimum intervening transmissibility multiplier23 Inter-block transmissibility calculation extended (similar to NEWTRAN method), or imported

transmissibilities may be used

24 Map axes added to reservoir section to define conversion between simulation coordinates andmap coordinates

25 Injection relative permeability extended to include phase end point or user specified value26 Non-linear implicit solver improved and default solver parameters modified27 Various 3D graphics improvements, including visualisation of wellbore parameters, extended

colour table and perspective preferences28 PROSPER injection curves with calculated downhole temperature may be used, replacing the

requirement to specify injection temperature29 Thermal fracture model stability improved when fracture stops propagating following initiation

and early propagation


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30 Graphics improvements for unstructured grids - efficient for large grids with many inactiveblocks and full 8 corner point meshes

31 Cross flow may be activated for wells without a deviation survey - care should be taken sinceno frictional pressure drop will be employed

32 End point scaling and residual saturations for relative permeabilities, including ECLIPSEimport

33 Non-Darcy gas flow factor 34 Eclipse/VIP data import problems fixedBUILD 12735 Implicit solver may be used without the CFL time step limit for all chemical models except the

surfactant model36 Stability improved for THP controlled wells37 Directional relperms for the implicit solver implementedBUILD 13638 Water chemistry aqueous CO2 and H2S added for reporting purposes39 Problem with reference depths where reference depth is far from top of tubing fixed40 Condensate PVT tables bug fixedBUILD 139/14241 Mass flow rates reported in well results for trace species (e.g. water chemistry minerals)42 IPR curves smoothed for use by RESOLVE in crossflow region43 Well control constraints improved

Version 2.0 (beta)1 Commercial release

Version 1.1.6 (alpha)1 Memory management improved for grids with large numbers of inactive blocks2 Vertical pinchout non-neighbour connections automated3 Grid block volume multipliers added4 Well and reservoir reference depths added explicitly5 Data import options extended

Version 1.1.5 (alpha)

1 Analytical PI model simplified, removing point source solutions

Version 1.1.4 (alpha)1 3D graphics visualisation improved, including iso-surfaces2 Pre-simulation water chemistry equilibration calculator3 Post-calculation thermal fracture IPR calculator (currently requires saved restart files)

Version 1.1.3 (alpha)1 Wellbore friction uses absolute roughness, not relative roughness2 ASCII text file data import for grid geometry and basic block properties3 Cycling of injection/production schedules (e.g. WAG applications)4 Output streams for well results may be saved for comparison with subsequent calculations5 Total combined results summed over all wells are available in addition to the individual well

results

6 Mean reservoir pressures now reported referenced relative to reference depth entered ininitialisation section

7 Well FBHP additionally reported referenced relative to reference depth, using static reservoirpressure gradient

8 Water and oil relative permeability hysteresis added, modifications to desaturation relativepermeability calculations

9 Non-Newtonian (heavy foamy oil) viscosity model implemented10 Non-neighbour connections added to the reservoir section11 Enhancements to surfactant phase behaviour, including upgraded pre-calculation diagnostics


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Version 1.1.2 (alpha)1 Improved memory management for large cases2 Wellbore friction model implemented3 ECLIPSE simulator data import extended to include tabular data (PVT, rel perm) and rock data4 Grid refinement completed5 Thermal fracture extended to include more than one fracture per injection well6 Thermal fracture initiation criterion modified and critical stress intensity may be entered per

layer

Version 1.1.1 (alpha)1 Fractures may be normal to X, Y or Z planes (previously only Y)2 3D plotting of fractures improved, aligned with grid rather than X, Y or Z direction3 Thermal fracture algorithm convergence and stability improved, volumetric storage term

included4 ECLIPSE simulator data import5 Grid refinement added6 General improvements to 3D graphics, including visualisation of grid refinement7 H2S souring model added8 Scale inhibitor model added

9 Implicit and IMPES solvers improved to accommodate grid refinement10 Link with GAP e.g. for the optimised solution of downhole networks (contact PetroleumExperts for more information)

Version 1.1.0.18 (alpha)1 Density and heat data no longer required for non-volumetric components2 Analytical well model accuracy improved for long wells with high anisotropy3 Automatic shut-in for wells backflowing or no VLP/IPR intersection

Version 1.1.0.17 (alpha)1 Error trapping improved2 Depth range for equilibration reference depth increased3 Parametric relative permeabilit ies altered4 On-line and on-context help added

5 OpenServer functionality extended to include access to all script variables

Version 1.1.0.16 (alpha)1 Condensate model reporting based on initial reservoir composition2 Stone II oil-phase relative permeability model added3 Implicit solver extended to thermal calculations without CFL time-step constraint4 Implicit solver extended to all other calculations (except surfactant) with CFL time-step

constraint5 Static head calculation improved for injection wells and constant Pwf/Pws wells6 Water chemistry reporting improved

Version 1.1.0.15 (alpha)1 VIP simulator data import2 Speeded PVT calculations for tabular input

3 Relative permeability modifications to Stone I model4 Implicit solver for 3 component, 3 phase isothermal models5 Facility to globally update grid dimensions6 Calculations and plots for component adsorption7 Calculations and plots for polymer/gel viscosity8 On-context help for script keywords9. Various improvements to plotting

Version 1.1.0.14 (alpha)1 Timestep control modified to control GOR oscillations


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Version 1.1.0.13 (alpha)1 Fixed rate producers and material balance iteration scheme improved2 Restart functionality included3 Equilibration bug fix

Version 1.1.0.12 (alpha)1 Thermal fracture stress reduction model modified2 Analytical well PI calculation modified3 Net to gross option added to interface

Version 1.1.0.10 (alpha)1 Wellbore heating model added2 Model for production from fractured wells added3 Thermo-elastic stress reduction calculation modified4 Improved thermal fracture reporting5 Improved pre-processor data validation6 OpenServer improvements (new commands and blocking features)7 Interface and output graphics bug fixes

Version 1.1.0.9 (alpha)1 Completion of wizard for mobility section2 Viewing and plotting of lift curves in the REVEAL project3 Addition of a condensate model4 Relative permeabilities have been reworked so that all data is entered in 2-phase sets5 Pore volume calculation from porosity screen6 Calculation of electrical neutrality of water chemistry components7 Plots of relative permeability, gas residual saturation hysteresis, and capillary pressures8 Addition of 'Average Reservoir Results'9 Open server support for results screens10 Overburden/underburden conductivity models reworked11 Flux-corrected transport algorithms reworked12 Initial version of manual and step-by-step guide included in distribution

Version 1.1.0.8 (alpha)1 Completion of the wizard for phase behaviour2 Ternary diagram calculation for emulsion/aqueous/oleic phases (phase behaviour section)3 Interfacial tension calculator (phase behaviour section)4 Multilateral wells can now be described through the interface. Multilateral and simple well

models can be run in the same simulation.5 A dynamic grid view has been added to enable the user to view the reservoir and well

topography before running the simulation. This is available from the 'Plot' button of several ofthe wizard screens.

6 Rework of relperm section wizard.7 Editing of project archive is now possible (Project|Edit menu option).8 Bug fix - depth keyword now specifies the depth of the top of the top layer of grid blocks

(rather than the centre).

9 Minor bug fixes.


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3


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System requirements 21


3 System requirements

REVEAL supports all Windows-certified drivers that are shipped with Windows. The list of devices,software and hardware supported by Windows is included with the documentation of your copy of

Windows.

Hardware and software requirements - minimum requirements recommended forREVEAL.

Pentium III class PC (Windows NT, 2000 or XP)500 MHz processor (2GHz+ recommended)256 Mbytes of memory (1Gbytes+ recommended)5 Gbyte hard disc space for temporary files1280 by 1024 minimum display size with high colour (16 bit) resolutionCD drive if the software is installed from a CD

Licenses - REVEAL can be run using a single user (stand-alone) license or on a network.

In either case, a special security key is needed. The security key is called Bitlockfor stand-alone

licenses, and HARDLOCK for network licenses. The security key is provided by Petroleum Experts.

For a stand-alone license, the security key (Bitlock) must be attached to the parallel port of the PC.For a network installation, the security hey (HARDLOCK) can be attached to any PC communicatingwith the network. You should refer to the separate installation procedure for a network HARDLOCKsent with a HARDLOCK license.


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Contacting Petroleum Experts 23


4 Contacting Petroleum Experts

We encourage feedback and if you have problems or questions using REVEAL, please send an e-mailto [email protected] with the following information.

1. Include the keyword 'REVEAL' in the e-mail subject.2. REVEAL version and build number - use the menu option Help|About REVEAL. to obtain this

information.3. Description of the problem or question.4. Include a REVEAL archive (*.rvl) file where possible. Check that this file is not too large

(>2MB). If it is large, then you may delete potentially large quantities of graphical output datausing the option Results|Clear Grid Results.
mailto:[email protected]


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Getting started 25


5 Getting started

5.1 Step 1 - Initialise new case

Start a New Project

Start REVEAL, and open a new project (File|New), or use the icon .A blank script is present, which will be written to by data entered by the wizard later.

In common to all Petroleum Experts software, the main functions should be accessed from left toright across the menu bar.Within one section of the menu, sub-section are organized so that logical progress can be made bygoing from the top to the bottom of the list.

Setup the Unit System

Select Options|Units and reset the input and output units to Oilfield, then select OK.


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In this case, oilfield units are going to be used.

However, using this procedure, one can select a standard set of units or build and save acustomised set of units.

For further information regarding this subject, refer to the Units section of the MBALmanual.

Save the File

Now is a good time to save the file using File|Save Project As..., and enter a file name (e.g.Getting_Started.rvl).

It is obviously advisable to save the REVEAL file archive (*.rvl) using File|Save ProjectorFile|SaveProject As... at regular intervals.

The REVEAL archive file contains the script and additional project files such as PVT, lift curve, outputgraphics etc. The archive files present may be viewed, added to or deleted using the option

Project|Edit / View Project....


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5.2 Step 2 - Wizard basics

Input Script and Data Entry Wizard

The REVEAL input script is divided into several sections.These may be modified either by directly altering the text in the input script, or by using the projectwizard.

The wizard may be used for one section only, or run consecutively through all of the sections.

The wizard is activated with a right clickinside the input script window (i.e. Start Wizard), or byselecting Input(i.e. Script Wizard).Once the wizard ends normally (section(s) completed, orFinish selected), the output script is updated.The only data stored internally by REVEAL is that written to the script and held in datablocks.Datablocks headers are recognisable in the script as they are coloured in red.

To prevent the changes made in using the wizard from being written to the output script, select Cancel.The Nextand Previousbuttons can be used to navigate forwards and backwards through the wizardscreens.The Val idation, Plotand Calculatebuttons may be used on some screens to check data input.

The script and all associated data structures (including results) are only saved to the REVEAL archivewhen the REVEAL project is saved.

The wizard cannot be running while a save is made.

Start the wizard using Input|Script Wizard|Run All.

On-Context Help

The on-context help can be invoked at any point when using the REVEAL script by selecting the iconshown below to view a simple description of the data entered.Move the cursor over the script to view the on-context help and turn the on-context help off byde-selecting the icon shown.


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When using the Wizard, the on-context help can be invoked by selecting the Help button on the righthand side of the wizard screen.

5.3 Step 3 - Control section

This section sets the scope of the REVEAL model being created, and includes major solver options.Depending on the different options selected at that stage, the input data sections relevant to the model

will be automatically displayed in the right hand corner of the wizard screen.The name of each input data section will be displayed in red and have a red cross associated with ituntil all the input data needed has been entered. Once this is done, the section name will be displayedin green.

The first screen selects the solver and its options.Two IMPES (implicit pressure and explicit saturation) schemes or two fully implicit schemes areavailable.Select the Fully Implicitoption, and select Next.

The default solver options (i.e. Fully implicit solver and associated settings) are setup to handlesuccessfully a wide range of model, and should only be modified when facing specific cases such asnon-convergence issues for instance.More information regarding the effect of the different solver options can be find in the Input Wizard |

Control Section.


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Getting started 29


The next screen selects the models that will be included and sets the reference depth andtemperature.

- A reference temperature is needed for certain correlations that require reference conditions- A reference depth is needed to report mean reservoir pressures

For this simple example, simply add the reference conditions as shown below, and select Next.


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The next screen enables to select reservoir components additional to the standard oil, gas and waterincluding non-reservoir injection gases.In this example, none of these additional components are selected.

Select Next. This completes the control section.

5.4 Step 4 - Reservoir section

In the reservoir section, grid geometry and petrophysics characteristics are entered.

On the first screen enter a Cartesian grid with X and Y dimension set to 25 and Z dimension set to 15,then select Next.

We are going to enter a very simple grid with 300 ft square and 20 ft deep blocks. Enter the values asshown, then selectAddto enter the Z direction depths.Select Plotto view a wire frame mesh. Close the plot screen to return to the 'Reservoir Section: gridinput' screen and select Next.


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Getting started 31


The next screen enters the reference depth at the top of the grid. SelectAdd, thenAll, to select all theblocks, then enter a value of 10000ft.This data has been entered and can be checked using the Validate button.The list of data entered is not updated on the screen dynamically, but may be seen by clicking left overthe list.There is no need to click on theAddbutton to confirm this set of data.


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Select Nextto enter the porosity data, selectAdd, then selectAllgrid blocks, and enter a value of 0.2.

Select Nextto enter the X direction permeability, selectAdd, then selectAllgrid blocks, enter a valueof 100 mD.Select the Y Permeabilitytab at the bottom of the screen, and leave the Y direction permeabilitymultiplier at 1, select Z Permeabilitytab and set the Z direction permeability multiplier to 0.1.This will lead to the following distribution of permeability in the reservoir:

- Horizontal permeability is uniform through the reservoir and equal to 100mD.- Vertical permeability is uniform through the reservoir and equal to 1/10th of the horizontalpermeability, therefore 10mD.

Select Nextto enter transmissibility multiplier data. This is an optional parameter.If used, the transmissibility calculated for the positive face between the cell considered and its

neighbor will be multiplied by the value entered.Each cell in the grid has an index specified in each direction of the grid (i.e. X, Y and Z). Thecombination of these three indexes is unique and enables to characterise the location of a cell in thegrid.The positive face of a cell in one direction is defined as the face enabling communication between thecell considered (i.e. characterised by an index i) and the adjacent cell (i.e. characterised by an indexi+1), as specified by the diagram below.


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Getting started 33


These transmissibility multipliers are usually used to model the effect of transmissibility barriers forinstance.We won't be using these so select N

reveal guia

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