reusable learning objects and scorm
DESCRIPTION
An introduction and overview of reusable learning objects and SCORM, considering granularity, xml, repositories, and logistics.TRANSCRIPT
RLOs & SCORM Handling and packaging the components of eLearning
Michael M. Grant 2013 Image from http://mrg.bz/FM39LA
Theoretical Instructional Technical
Learning Objects
Learning objects are … “any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning.”
(IEEE, 2002)
Learning object is … “any digital resource that can be reused to support learning.”
(Wiley, 2002)
Image from http://cjlt.csj.ualberta.ca/index.php/cjlt/article/viewFile/141/134/947
Metadata Descriptive data about a (digital) resource.
Image from jasonpearce at Flickr.com
Metadata Descriptive data about a (digital) resource.
Image from broken_thoughts at Flickr.com
Reusability ¡ Use after creation by multiple developers in
various instructional contexts.
¡ (Polsani, 2003) Image from detritus at Flickr.com
Granularity How big should a learning object be?
Images from IRRI Images at Flickr.com
Granularity How big should a learning object be?
Images from IRRI Images at Flickr.com
Granularity How big should a learning object be?
Images from IRRI Images at Flickr.com
Wiley advocates for the molecule metaphor over the Legos model.
Image from Andy.Schultzat Flickr.com
Theory neutral By using the Legos model, we assume that RLOs are theory neutral, or pedagogically independent.
We know this not to be true.
Image from EJP Photo Flickr.com
Sharable Content Object Reference Model
SCORM
Image from http://blog.scorm.fr/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/2004_2nd_lms.jpg
Qualities of SCORM: The -abilities • Interoperability
• Accessibility
• Reusability
• Durability
• Maintainability
• Adaptability
• (Affordability)
Uses tags to describe the SCO (RLO).
Structure: <div>
Display: <style>
Content: XML tags
SCORM is based in XML
Image from http://www.levins.info/history/Jankel_Levin_ship_manifest.gif
Image from http://www.levins.info/history/Jankel_Levin_ship_manifest.gif
The XML Manifest
Desire2Learn http://elearn.memphis.edu
Image from http://www.levins.info/history/Jankel_Levin_ship_manifest.gif
IMS Manifest
IMS Manifest
Images from http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/Instruction/LearningObjects.htm
Technological
Instructional
Why worry about RLOs & SCORM ¡ You need to reduce courseware maintenance, upgrade &
rebuilding costs.
¡ You anticipate courseware will require frequent updates.
¡ Learners need to be able to pinpont discrete pieces of content.
¡ Content has the potential to be reused across multiple courses.
¡ Different audiences need access to different subsets of the content.
¡ You want to give learners a way to test out of portions of the courses.
¡ You need more accurate and detailed reporting on learner performance.
(DigitalThink, 2003)
Not just corporate …
¡ from January 17, 2011
¡ Two weeks later the requirement was removed. See http://bitly.com/hR1032
Image from http://www.doleta.gov/grants/pdf/SGA-DFA-PY-10-03.pdf
In practice
Identify content & contexts
Identify how content will
be used and in what
contexts.
Determine size
Determine the right size
for reuse.
Develop common content
Develop content that makes sense
for all audiences
Develop single-use content
Develop independent
SCOs
Adapted from DigitalThink (2003)
Image from http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/Instruction/LearningObjects.htm
Learning Object Repositories (LORs)
MERLOT http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm
Desire2Learn http://www.desire2learn.com/learningrepository/
CORDRA http://cordra.net/introduction/
LORN http://lorn.flexiblelearning.net.au/
Beyond SCORM ¡ The evolution of SCORM &
elearning
¡ Project Tin Can 2011-???
Beyond SCORM
¡ http://scorm.com/tincanoverview/
References & Acknowledgements ¡ Cheon, J. & Grant, M.M. (2006, October 10-14). Developing learning content markup
language (LCML) for personalized instruction in the adaptive learning system. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Dallas, TX.
¡ DigitalThink. (2003). SCORM™: The e-learning standard. San Francisco: Author. Retrieved from http://sorubank.ege.edu.tr/~e190411147/scorm/scorm4.pdf
¡ IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee. (2002). Learning object metadata. Retrieved from http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/
¡ Polsani, P.R. (2003). Use and abuse of reusable learning objects. Journal of Digital Information, 3(4). Retrieved from http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/viewArticle/89/88
¡ Wiley, D.A. (2002). Connecting learning objects to instructional design theory: A definition, a metaphor, and a taxonomy. In The instructional use of learning objects, D.A. Wiley (ed.). Retrieved from http://www.reusability.org/read/chapters/wiley.doc
Michael M. Grant 2011