retrofitting with non-cfc substitutesunep.fr/ozonaction/information/mmcfiles/3143-e.pdfretrofitting...

INFORMATION PAPER

RETROFITTING WITH

NON-CFC SUBSTITUTES

September 1994

OzonAction Information ClearinghouseOzonAction Programme

Industry and Environment

RETROFITTING WITH NON-CFC SUBSTITUTES

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DISCLAIMER

This preliminary document is provided by the United Nations Environment Programme'sIndustry and Environment (UNEP IE) as an information paper on retrofitting with non-CFCsubstitutes in refrigeration sector. The paper presents abstracts/summaries of studies concern-ing retrofitting of domestic refrigeration, mobile air conditioning (MAC), centrifugal chillers,cold storage and food processing facilities, and commercial refrigeration. Some of the abstractsummaries are extracted directly from the source cited. Others, however, have been edited toimprove clarity of the extract, or to target the key points relevant to the subject of this paper.

In furnishing the information contained in this document, UNEP does not make any warrantyor representation, either express or implied, with respect to its accuracy, completeness or utility;nor does UNEP assume any liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of, relianceupon, any information, material, or procedure contained herein, including but not limited to anyclaims regarding health, safety, environmental effects or fate, efficacy, or performance, madeby the source of the information.

Mention of any company, association, individual, or product in this preliminary list is forinformational purposes only, and does not constitute a recommendation of any such company,association, individual, or product, either express or implied by UNEP.

Trade Marks All products mentioned in this list are trademarks of their respective companies.

Updates This is a "living" document that will be updated on a regular basis. If you know any paper orinformation sources that should be included in the future versions, please send the informationto UNEP IE.

UNEP IEAttn: Mr. Rajendra M. ShendeTour Mirabeau39 - 43 quai André Citroën73759 Paris Cedex 15France

REVIEW

The information in this document has been reviewed by:

Dr. Lambert Kuijpers, Co-Chair, UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel; Co-Chair, UNEP Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning, and Heat Pumps Technical Options Com-mittee.


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Dr. Lindsey Roke, Member of UNEP Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning, and Heat PumpsTechnical Options Committee.

Ms. Trude Tokle, consultant, UNEP IE OzonAction Programme.


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CONTENTS

Background

Retrofit study information

Summaries/abstracts of studies made on retrofitting, highlighting benefits and problemsDomestic RefrigerationMobile Air ConditioningCentrifugal ChillersCold Storage and Food ProcessingCommercial RefrigerationRetrofit in general

AppendicesA. BibliographyB. List of organizations undertaking work on retrofittingC. Guidelines for Automotive Air Conditioning Retrofit. Mobile Air Conditioning Society, MACS 1994, Convention Issue, Sahara Hotel Las Vegas, USA.


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BACKGROUND

What is retrofit in the field of refrigeration?Retrofit is the process by which the equipment currently using an ODS refrigerant is made torun on a non-ODS refrigerant, without major effects on the performance of the equipment, andwithout significant modifications/changes for the equipment, ensuring that existing equipmentoperates until the end of its economic life.

Why retrofitImminent CFC-shortages would threaten the useful life of the appliances of CFC-equipment.As CFC shortages increase, the cost of CFCs will rise, along with operating costs of theequipment. Retrofit refrigerants and technology are available for most applications. Byretrofitting the equipment, you enable it to operate past the CFC's phase-out dead lines, and theequipment lifetime exceeds the phase-out dates.

Existing plants which have reached the end of their economic lifetime, should be replaced withnew refrigeration equipment based on non-ODS refrigerants and technologies.

This documentThe Executive Committee of Multilateral Fund in its 10th meeting decided to defer allretrofitting projects pending an assessment report by OORG (Ozone Operations ResourceGroup) on the status of retrofit, cost, reliability, cost effectiveness, and comparative benefits.

This document is based on information available at the OAIC (OzonAction Information ClearingHouse) of UNEP IE/PAC.

It is expected to provide assistance to Article 5 countries in assessing various options, and toprovide input to the process of formulation of proposed strategic options (to be formulated bythe Secretariat and other implementing agencies) to enable the Executive Committee to take apolicy decision on the subject.

RETROFIT STUDY INFORMATION

Retrofit study involves the joint effort by equipment manufacturer, equipment owner, serviceagency, refrigerant manufacturer and research institute.

Study and experiments on retrofitting have to address the following problems:

Technicali) Pressure and temperature level, performance and capacityii) Compatibility of lubricants and refrigerants with construction, sealing and insulation

materialsiii) Refrigerant and lubricant solubility (eg. capillary tube plugging)iv) Chemical and humidity residues and their impact on lubricants, refrigerants, materials

and operation performance


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v) Storage/handling of lubricants and refrigerants, with regard to moisture interactionvi) Redesign of compressor and other componentsvii) Field tests/reliability

Othersvii) Time consumption for retrofittingviii) Cost of retrofitting (equipment, lubricant, refrigerant)

Typical retrofit may involve one or many of the following changes/justifications:� Lubricant� Desiccant filter (dryer)� Expansion valve� Compressor (gearbox, speed, motor)� Insulation and seal materials, elastomersFor centrifugal chillers: purge systems, impeller/gearbox

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INTRODUCTION TO EXTRACTS/SUMMARIES

This paper presents abstracts/summaries of studies concerning retrofitting of domestic refrig-eration, mobile air conditioning (MAC), centrifugal chillers, cold storage, and commercialrefrigeration, highlighting benefits and problems. Some of the abstract summaries are extracteddirectly from the source cited. Others, however, have been edited to improve clarity of theextract, or to target the key points relevant to the subject of this paper.

The extracts are presented in the following order:

1) excerpts from UNEP Technical Options Reports

2) according to the categories of alternatives (e.g. HFC-134a retrofitted for CFC-12), and inchronological order.

This information is provided for reference purposes only, and does not imply that UNEPendorses, recommends, nor approves of any of the options mentioned in this paper.


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DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION

Extracts from:Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee, 1991:Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical OptionsCommittee. Nairobi: UNEP, 1991.

Retrofit:(i) Primary replacements: CFC-12Most manufacturers consider that there will be an adequate supply of CFC-12 available fromproduction and reclaim sources to satisfy the needs until a total phaseout is accomplished. Somemanufacturers have even initiated their own reclaim efforts for capture of CFC-12 fromdomestic units in the field.

(ii) Ternary blendThe ternary blend HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124 was initially mentioned as a servicerefrigerant. At present, activity in this market seems to have subsided since the ternary requiresan alkylbenzene lubricant. In some countries, such as New Zealand, this is still a possibilitysince most of their units are brought back to the shop for repair, where changing the oil, ifrequired, is a simple process. However, it can still be done since larger amounts of mineral oil(20-30%) can remain in the system.

(iii) HFC-134aField tests using HFC-134a and ester lubricants to service both automotive and largercommercial CFC-12 open-drive and semi-hermetic systems are giving encouraging results.However, little work is being done on servicing small hermetic compressor capillary systems.Such systems have additional problems to be addressed, e.g., the need to ensure that no tracesof paraffinic compounds remain that might block capillaries and the desirability of lengtheningthe capillary. If a method of flushing out CFC-12 systems and recharging them with HFC-134ais developed, it is probable that a compressor change will be required. Work is progressing onan oil for use in hermetic systems and the situation is likely to become clearer by late 1992.

An updated version of this document will be available November 1994.

HFC-134a retrofit for CFC-121993

UNEP IE: Catalogue of Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer, Refrigeration, AirConditioning and Heat Pumps. Norway, 1993.

HFC-134a is a leading candidate in replacing CFC-12 in refrigerators and freezers.

Problems:Studies show from 1% less to 7% higher energy consumption than CFC-12. Problem of findingsuitable lubricants. HFC-134a has very low solubility and mineral oil does not mix well inHFC-134a, which could contribute to the following problems:


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� poor oil return back to the compressor, resulting in possible compressor failure� fouling of expansion valves and heat exchanger surfaces, leading to reduced system

performanceMing-Shan Zhu, Li-Zhong Han, Xiao-Yu Zhao, 1993: Dismantling inspection and retrofitof domestic refrigerator with HFC-134a. Paper presented at the 1993 International CFCand Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., pp.81-85

A modified SNOW FLAKE model BCD-191 refrigerator was retrofitted, adapting thecompressor, and using ester oil.

BenefitsEnergy consumption of the HFC-134a refrigerator equalled that of CFC-12. Thermal perfor-mances met national standards. Problems found when using HFC-134a in an unmodifiedrefrigerator were avoided. (These included the carbonization problem of the HFC-134a, thesuitable lubricant oil, accurate cleaning of the old system, redesign of the compressor andmatching of each component).

1992Davey, J.P, et al, Rhône-Poulenc, 1992: Field experience in retrofitting Isceon 134a andIsceons 69-S and 69-L.

BenefitsIsceon 134a was identified some years ago, as ideal non-flammable, zero-ODP replacement forCFC-12.

ProblemsImmiscible with mineral oils traditionally used with CFC-12. PAGs were used, but revealed aninherent and significant problem, namely high hygroscopicity. Improved lubrication and betterhandling characteristics achieved with use of synthetic polyol ester based materials.

Ming-Shan Zhu et al., 1992: Experimental research on domestic refrigerators using HFC-134a as refrigerant. Paper presented at the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference:Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, July 14-17, 1992, Purdue University, WestLafayette, Indiana, USA. pp. 241-247

BenefitsSatisfied all national Chinese standards.

ProblemsWithout modification of the refrigerator, consumption of electricity was slightly higher thanCFC-12, volumetric capacity was slightly smaller, and pull down was slightly slower.


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ConclusionIncreasing compressor displacement by an appropriate amount can decrease energy con-sumption. In order to lower energy consumption while using HFC-134a as a refrigerant, changesmust be made to the compressor, condenser, evaporator, capillary tube, etc. Therefore, furtherstudy of component matching is necessary.


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1993UNEP IE: Catalogue of Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer, Refrigeration, AirConditioning and Heat Pumps. Norway, 1993.Has shown the best result with regard to energy consumption.

ProblemsFlammability: The safety risk is quite small in domestic refrigerators because the units havecharges of only a few hundred grams. Has approximately 5% less volumetric refrigeratingcapacity than CFC-12. Typical modifications needed are:� change of lubricant� adjustment or change of expansion device� change of desiccant filter

Comparison of replacement refrigerants HFC-134a and HFC-152a

1993Vineyard, Edward; Swatkowski, Leonard. 1993: Energy efficiency of HFC-134a versusHFC-152a. Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Con-ference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 86-91

In an effort to evaluate the trade off between efficiency and safety of the two alternativerefrigerants HFC-152a (flammable) and HFC-134a (non flammable), energy consumption testswere performed by 6 refrigerator/freezer manufacturers as part of a joint project.

ConclusionResults showed no statistically significant difference between the efficiencies of HFC-134a andHFC-152a. Thus, HFC-134a is a more acceptable substitute for CFC-12 in refrigerator-freezersthan HFC-152a assuming safety is the main difference between the two alternatives. However,other issues, such as global warming potential and ozone depletion potential, influence theselection of replacement refrigerants and could outweigh the effects of the reduced safety ofHFC-152a and other flammable refrigerants, such as hydrocarbons.

MP39 retrofit for CFC-12

1993Hua Xiao-Long and Chen Wei, 1993: The comparison of the performance of MP39 DuPontblends and CFC-12 in refrigerator/freezers. Paper presented at the InternationalConference on CFC and Halon Alternatives, 20-23 April, 1993, Beijing, China, pp. 159-164

Conclusion:


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After proper modification of the refrigeration system, the energy consumption of a refrigeratorusing MP39 mixture should be close to that of CFC-12. More detailed research of modifyingcapillary load and refrigerant changes is being done. Input power, capacity, are higher andenergy consumption is about 5% higher. Refrigeration capacity of MP39 is larger than that ofCFC-12, and the input power of the compressor is larger too.

Case study from Lindsey Roke, Fisher and Paykel Refrigeration Division, New Zealandin response to retrofitting query by OAIC, 1993.

100 domestic CFC-12 refrigerator cabinets serviced with MP39 (50% HCFC-22/30% HCFC-124/ 20% HFC-152a)

BenefitsOil not changed. Costs no more than servicing with CFC-12 except for the refrigerant pricedifference (as filters should always be changed on servicing anyway).

ConclusionsRefrigerant bottle must be checked for leakage, and blends should be charged from liquid linefrom cylinder, otherwise composition of refrigerant can be altered. Cabinets should be clearlylabelled to avoid future mixing of refrigerants. Filter dryer changed.

See also summary of The CFC File (New Zealand) on p. 5 for further comments on SUVAMP39.

1992DuPont, 1992: "DuPont SUVA MP refrigerant blends: properties, uses, storage andhandling". Delaware: DuPont, 1992

BenefitsComparable in capacity and efficiency to CFC-12 system.

ProblemsDue to fact that these blends are not true azeotropes, their compositions change at boiling point,causing "temperature glide". The amount of glide will depend on the system design, and mayor may not affect performance. SUVA MP refrigerant blends will decompose at hightemperatures, producing toxic and irritating compounds. It is important to followrecommendations for handling and use.

Kuijpers, L.; de Wit, J.A.; Benschop, A.A.J.; Bivens, D.B., 1991: Optimization of theefficiency of the ternary refrigerant blend HCFC-22/124/152a in domestic freezerequipment.

BenefitsNon flammable. Without redesign of components, the application of a certain mixture


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composition was stated to yield an energy efficiency comparable to CFC-12. Could be an idealcandidate in the domestic refrigeration sector, where reliability of compressor operation andenergy efficiency are important aspects.


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MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

Extracts from:Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee, 1991:Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical OptionsCommittee. Nairobi: UNEP.

Presently no chemical or blend of chemicals has been proven to be able to directly replace CFC-12 without substantial retrofit costs.

HFC-134a retrofit for CFC-12Retrofit costsThe upper limit of retrofit costs would result from complete system replacement with HFC-134acompatible components at an estimated service level cost of US $ 1000-2500 per vehicle.Estimating the average cost of retrofitting a MAC system to use HFC-134a or the blend involvesaccounting for those system control devices, components and materials that are currently knownto be incompatible with the given refrigerant and hence, require replacement during retrofit.Such items are shown in Table 10.1 for both candidate refrigerants and both types of A/Csystems. The average retrofit cost based on service level parts and labour costs is estimated tobe US $ 217. It should be noted that the components requiring replacement for retrofit arerarely, if ever, changed during normal service. As a result, retrofit costs are in addition to anycosts needed to keep the system operating. The current average repair cost to maintain anoperating A/C system is estimated to be US $216 (MACS, 1992). Thus the overall average costto repair and retrofit a system to use a non-CFC is estimated to be US $ 433.

Retrofit summaryThere are currently two candidate retrofit solutions that vehicle manufactures, chemicalcompanies, government agencies, and service groups are carefully considering. At this point intime, however, retrofit refrigerant technology must be considered an emerging technology andhas not yet resulted in a usable retrofit refrigerant; substantial work needs to be done.


1994Foster, K. School of Automative Engineering, Croydon Institute, South Australia: MobileAir Conditioning, Workshop on the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Jakarta 11 - 15 April1994.

The general guidelines are very similar when retrofitting to HFC-134a or MP52. HFC-134arequires mineral oil to be flushed out. Flushing agent to be used are CFC-12 or dry nitrogen.CFC-12 must be recovered. MP52 do not require flushing. Small system modifications required.


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Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE): Several documents developed on the request ofUS EPA to identify alternate refrigerants and retrofit procedures for conversion of CFC-12 mobile air conditioning systems. USA 1994.

(ISO) SAE J1657 Selection Criteria for Retrofit Refrigerants to Replace R12 in Mobile AirConditioning. This includes flammability, ozone depletion, toxicity and other refrigerant andlubricant compatibility requirements to be usable in mobile A/C systems.

(ISO) SAE J1658 Alternate Refrigerants Consistency Criteria for Use in Mobile AirConditioning Systems. Blend refrigerants consist of more than one substance, this documentidentifies the proper handling procedure, vapor or liquid phase, and identifies when theremaining container can not be used due to improver blend consistency.

(ISO) SAE J1659 Vehicle Testing Requirements for Replacement Refrigerants for use in R12Mobile Air Conditioning Systems. This requires certain vehicle tests which must be conductedto establish any system performance changes due to the aøternate refrigerant.

(ISO) SAE J1660 Fittings and Labels for Retrofit or R12 Mobile Air Conditioning Systemsto R134a. This document covers modification of service fittings and labels for retrofittedvehicles in preventing future system damage and contamination of the refrigerant supplies.

(ISO) SAE J1661 Procedure for Retrofitting R12 Mobile Air Conditioning Systems to R134a.This covers the retrofit modification and system processing procedure to reduce the remaningsystem R12 residue to less than 2%, which is required to reduce future contamination of theR134a refrigerant supply when the vehicle is served.

(ISO) SAE J1662 Material Compatibility With Alternate Refrigerants. Seals, hoses and "O"rings used in CFC-12 systems may not compatible with some alternate refrigerants and couldbreak down causing system failures. This document covers test procedures for establishingmaterial compatibility.

1993 Automotive Consulting Group, Michigan USA, 1993: CFC-12 Phase-Out Analysis and theDetermination of the Required Strategic Reserve. Final Report, presented to the AmericanAutomobile Manufacturers Association and the Association of International AutomobileManufacturers, November 3, 1993.

Cost information: ACG determined the mix of retrofit solutions from information providedby eight different automakers. The information was weighted based upon market shares, todetermine a composite average:


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Mix of Vehicles at Various Retrofit Price Points

Age of Vehicle $100-250 $150-500 $400-750 Total

1 - 2 years old 29 % 22 % 49 % 100 %

3 - 4 years old 29 % 18 % 53 % 100 %

5 - 6 years old 25 % 21 % 55 % 100 %

7 - 8 years old 12 % 21 % 67 % 100 %

9 - 10 years old 7 % 21 % 72 % 100 %

more than 0 % 0 % 100 % 100 %10 years old


1994 Mobile Air Conditioning Society, 1994: Guidelines for Automotive Air ConditioningRetrofit. MACS 1994, Convention Issue, Sahara Hotel, Las Vegas.

R-12 systems were designed for R-12, and as long R-12 is available to service these systems,this is the preferred refrigerant. The mobile A/C industry identified R-134a as the replacementrefrigerant for CFC-12 fleet after considering many things; compatibility, flammability, usablewith existing service programs, meet the costumers requirements. The paper gives guidelinesand procedures for retrofitting from CFC-12 to HFC-134a in automotive air conditioning:

1. Check system. Includes leak detection and identifying other part failures.2. Remove R-12 from the system3. Lubricant removal4. Retrofit part replacement. (Seals/O-rings, hose material, compressor, desiccant, con-

denser, refrigerants controls, lubricant.)5. Install service ports6. System labels7. System evacuation8. Charge system with R-134a9. Leak check system10. Check system operation

1993Abraham, Anthony W.: The availability of parts for retrofit after warranty OEM andaftermarket perspective. Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon


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Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 312-316

ProblemsThere are differences between CFC-12 and HFC-134a with regard to capacity, coefficient ofperformance, and compression ratio. Cleaning of the system and providing the system withHFC-134a compatible components and lubricant. The author recommends strict adherence toSAE 1660 and 1661 specifications that the system be cleaned properly.

Dekleva, T.W.; Colmery, S.H.; Bresnaham, John, 1993: Fleet trials with vehicles retrofittedto Klea 134a refrigerant and Emkarate RL lubricants; a perspective after two years on theroad. Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference,20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 294-30

BenefitsMany of the barriers to introducing mobile air conditioning retrofits are being successfullyaddressed through the considerable efforts of the industry. Available data suggests that vehiclesretrofit under a range of conditions show good performance and durability. Service practices forretrofit vehicles are considered comparable to vehicles running on CFC-12. The current statusof our fleet studies continue to show results and promise for the introduction of HFC-134a asa retrofit refrigerant. Performance levels appear to be acceptable for the majority of owners andconditions, and there have been no systematic performance or durability issues.

Low toxicity. Thermophysical characteristics similar to CFC-12. Residual system CFC-12appears to be a manageable partner.

ObservationsSome question still exists about the use of epichlorohydins with PAGs and certain HNBRs withCFC-12/mineral oil, but by-in-large, it appears that most other materials existing in CFC-12systems (with the exception of Viton) can withstand retrofitting to HFC-134a.

Rubber hoses: Available literature suggests that HFC-134a permeates through rubber hoses upto 50% faster than does CFC-12.

Desiccants: The total available information suggests that, while replacing the desiccant withnew HFC-134a compatible material is preferred, using the XH-5 material will not lead tocatastrophic results.

Hobbs, Arthur, 1993: Supply, distribution, and availability of mobile air conditioning partsfor retrofit of CFC-12 systems to HFC-134a. Paper presented at the 1993 InternationalCFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.pp. 304-311

In the last four years, Four Seasons has retrofitted its own vehicle fleet. Testing of this fleet iscontinuous with very favorable results.


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ConclusionsThe service technicians must be trained to understand that each vehicle will perform differently.Refrigerant charge, condenser size, and air flow will play an important role in a successfulretrofit.

Rolotti, Gustavo; Brubaker, Michael, 1993: Experience in retrofitting CFC-12 auto airconditioning systems with Forane HFC-134a: a system performance perspective. Paperpresented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 275-284

This paper provides a case history examination of the experience of retrofitting a group of 17factory installed vehicles from CFC-12 to Forane HFC-134a. Vehicles used in this testrepresented a cross section of model years, system types, domestic and foreign makers,compressor types etc.

BenefitsMost drivers seem to be satisfied with their system's performance after the retrofit. No shortterm compressor failures were encountered. There seems to be no difference between theperformance of the systems in the flushed vs. the non-flushed groups. No Forane HFC-134achemical degradation has been detected during the 5 month duration of this test.

ObservationA simplified oil flushing procedure could be utilized that does not require excessive labour.


Changing to HFC-134a has been mainly based on demands from the automotive engineeringsector for a substitute with pressure limits and thermodynamic properties comparable to CFC-12.

There is no clear choice of lubricant for retrofit purposes, both PAGs and esters are beingevaluated and recommended. Both lubricant types are considerably more hygroscopic thanmineral oil, and should therefore be handled more carefully. PAG lubricants are claimed to havebetter miscibility with remaining mineral oil in the system.

Problems:A number of changes are necessary.� Change of lubricant necessary. Two possible lubricant types have been identified, namely

POEs and PAGs.� Change of desiccant material. This is due to the smaller size of the HFC-134a molecule

and chemical compatibility problems with conventional CFC-12 drier materials.� Replacement of hoses. Permeation rates through conventional CFC-12 hoses (e.g. based

on nitrile rubber) are generally unacceptably high with HFC-134a. Improved hoses (e.g.


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with polyamide (nylon) barrier material have been developed, which reduce permeationconsiderably.

� Change to elastomer seal materials that are compatible with HFC-134a and lubricant.Thisdepends on recommendations of car manufacturer.

� Replacement or adjustment of high pressure cut-out switch. As high-side pressures aregenerally somewhat higher with HFC-134a than with CFC-12, a higher set-point isrequired.

� Replacement or adjustment of expansion valve. (optional). In systems with thermostaticexpansion valve, the static superheat setting should be increased.

Zurer, Pamela S., 1993: Looming ban on production of CFCs, halons spurs switch tosubstitutes. From Chemical and Engineering News, 15 Nov 1993, pp. 12-18

About 140 million cars with CFC-12 systems are on the road in the U.S. today. In 1991, theauto industry estimated retrofitting costs would range from $200 to $1200 per car, dependingon the make, model, and year. Besides removing the CFC-12, which is incompatible with HFC-134a, it was thought that hoses, O-rings, the lubricant, and, in some cases, even the compressorswould have to be replaced. But after a few years of experience with retrofitted vehicles, itappears the high end of the cost range may have been overestimated.

CostsVolvo has already started supplying its dealers with retrofitting kits. "We are pricing the kitslow to encourage customers to take the environmentally beneficial option" of retrofitting, saidRichard Reina of Volvo Cars of North America's regulation and compliance office. Volvo setthe suggested retail price of the required parts at $45. Adding the approximately $21 charge for2 lb of HFC-134a and another estimated $200 for labour, the total charge comes to less than$300.

BenefitsIn many cases, fewer modifications to the original air-conditioning systems will have to be madethan were originally feared. For example, it was originally thought that rubber hoses would haveto be replaced, according to Thomas W. Dekleva, ICI's North American technical servicemanager, but in fact, they work very well, and in some cases, HFC-134a leaked less. Thelubricant has a big effect on reducing leakage.

ConclusionDekleva said that most of the air conditioners on ICI's test cars performed just about as wellwith HFC-134a as with CFC-12. He found it especially telling that none of the vehicles' ownerstook ICI up in its offer to convert their cars back to CFC-12 at the end of the trial.

Case study from John Bresnahan, of ICI Australia Operations Pty Ltd, in response toUNEP IE/PAC retrofitting query.Conversion using KLEA-134aCovers major models and makes of Australian vehicles.


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ConclusionAfter two years, 100 vehicles show acceptable performance for the majority of owners andconditions.

BenefitsExisting CFC-12 hoses do not need to be replaced if they are working adequately on CFC-12.This significantly reduces conversion cost for the motorist.


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1992Bateman, D., 1992: New refrigerants for MAC. Paper presented at the Asia-Singaporeconference on the phasing out of ozone depleting substances, 5-7 October 1992, Singapore.

For comparison with MP52, see summary under Bateman, D.: 1992, under the heading of"SUVA MP52" below.

BenefitsProvides cooling properties similar to CFC-12. To optimism the performance of HFC-134a innew a/c systems, many components need to be redesigned: lubricants, compressor, desiccant,hoses, evaporator, and condenser. These hurdles have been overcome due to significantdevelopment effort by the vehicle, component and chemical manufacturers, and a worldwidetransition to HFC-134a systems in new vehicles has begun.

ProblemsHFC-134a is not compatible with mineral oil, and there is debate as to the necessity of flushingof old system to remove the mineral oil. PAG lubricants have been chosen for the firstcommercial vehicles using HFC-134a. Lubricant development will continue and there is likelyto be an evolution to second generation lubricants in the mid to late 1990s.

Conclusion:DuPont believes there are two viable options: HFC-134a and SUVA MP52. Neither is a drop-inreplacement and both will require some retrofit. ... We believe in many situations that MP52will be the lower cost option while providing customer satisfaction. In many other cases, retrofitcost of MP52 will be similar to HFC-134a.

Dekleva, T.W., et. al., 1992: Retrofitting MAC systems with HFC-134a - an update. Paperpresented at the 1992 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, Sept 29 -Oct1, 1992, Washington, USA. pp. 697-705

In continuing fleet trials and laboratory testing, HFC-134a combined with ester lubricantsappear to offer acceptable levels of performance and systems compatibility.

ProblemPrevious work has shown what HFC-134a may be expected to permeate more from both rubberand nylon lined hoses than does CFC-12, at similar temperatures. This permeation can bereduced by the presence of synthetic lubricants

McNeal Morris, James: 1992: Ozone depletion and the automobile aircon industry. Paperpresented at the Asia-Singapore Conference on the Phasing Out of Ozone DepletingSubstances, 5-7 October 1992, Singapore.

Conclusions


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No problem has been experienced with the use of HFC-134a in our compressors as a retrofitrefrigerant for CFC-12 ( with a limited amount of vehicle testing complete).

Mineral oils need to be changed to a lubricant compatible with HFC-134a. Work being doneby ICI and Sanden in using an ICI ester oil as a drop-in lubricant with HFC-134a, offerssignificant advantages to the service industry. At present, ester oil seem to be a better lubricantthan PAG oil, because they mix well with HFC-134a, and appear to be miscible with existingmineral oils. Japanese manufacturers do not advise using blends so we will go direct to HFC-134a for retrofitting.

Roke, Lindsey, 1992: Report from the Technical Options Committee on Refrigeration.Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific conference on the phasing out of ozone depletingsubstances, 5-7 October 1992, Singapore

Australia is notable for automotive air conditioning conversions where they are finding that itis generally proving little more difficult to apply HFC-134a than to apply ternary blends. In bothcases barrier hoses are highly desirable if not essential to cut emission losses. Note though, thatmany cars being built today are already fitted with such barrier hoses even though they are stillusing CFC-12. This certainly appears to be a good move by the automobile manufacturers.HFC-134a has a slightly lower critical temperature than CFC-12, and each conversion has tobe evaluated on its own merit. In other words it is a system-specific conversion.

ProblemsCapillary blocking: It is necessary to make sure that contaminants are not on the system, as theyare liable to deposit towards the end of the capillary and reduce flow by some 15-20%. Thetechnique for handling this problem is to make sure that there is no contamination in thesystem.It is essential to keep moisture levels to the minimum.

SUVA MP52 retrofit for CFC-12

Bateman, D., 1992: New refrigerants for MAC. Paper presented at the Asia-Singaporeconference on the phasing out of ozone depleting substances, 5-7 October 1992, Singapore.

This is a 3 component blend, containing HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HCFC-124.

BenefitsGood environmental properties. DuPont has selected a mixture of mineral oil with alkylbenzenelubricant, eliminating the need to flush the system, as laboratory tests have confirmed thatalkylbenzene and the MP52 are compatible with residual CFC-12 and mineral oil. MP52 is notflammable. Provides cooling properties similar to CFC-12.

Conclusion: DuPont believes there are two viable options: HFC-134a and SUVA MP52. Neither is a drop-in


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replacement and both will require some retrofit. ... We believe in many situations that MP52will be the lower cost option while providing customer satisfaction. In many other cases, retrofitcost of MP52 will be similar to HFC-134a.


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Blends retrofit for CFC-12

1994 George H. Goble: Some Safety Studies of a Ternary Refrigerant. Paper presented at the1994 International Refrigeration Conference at the Purdue University, USA in July 1994.

The paper presents the blend HCFC-22/600a/HCFC-142b as a drop-in replacement refrigerantboth for CFC-12 and for R-500. The paper covers safety related issues, testing performed todate, and results of fractionation and flammability testing. The blend is recommended byASHRAE SPC-34 to be classified in the lowest toxicity group and as a non-flammablerefrigerant (A1/A2). If the blend is fractionated and leaks, some compositions may be "weakly"flammable. The flammability is still less, the lower and upper ingnition limits is higher and theheat of combustion is lower than for the highly flammable and explosive refrigerants (e.g.propane/butane). R-406a has been used in automobiles, semi trucks, vending machines, icemachines etc. There have been several cases of hoses burning in mobile A/C, due to mechanicaldefects or related problems, but no reports of problems related to flammability.

1993 UNEP IE: Catalogue of Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer, Refrigeration, AirConditioning and Heat Pumps. Norway, 1993.

There is considerable reluctancy in the industry to move toward retrofit solutions based onrefrigerants other than HFC-134a. Mixtures based on HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HFC-124 have beenproposed as retrofit blends although:

ProblemsDifferences in hose permeation rates probably will lead to loss of the HCFC component oversome time (preferential leak). Retrofit will require change of desiccant, and maybe also oflubricant to alkylbenzene.

Experience1. In the US, a number of blends or chemicals claimed to replace CFC-12 have been produced.Behind such names as "GHG", "Alaska Cool" and "Arctic Chill" , which are claimed to be safeCFC-12 substitutes, one may find combinations of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, HFC-152a, R-176,isobutane and even CFC-12. Some of these compounds will destroy the existing CFC-12desiccant which may lead to clogging of the expansion device, and some are flammable orexplosive. If systems containing such blends are brought to a workshop for service or repair,there is considerable risk of contaminating recycling equipment and of spreading thesecompounds to other vehicles through containers, etc.

2. Results from a fleet retrofit study by ICI in Australia and the USA are reported. Vehiclesrange in age from 1985-models to 1992-models, and ten different types of compressors andvarying expansion valves/orifice tubes are included. All systems are based on ester lubricantafter retrofit. Preliminary results are good, indicating essentially equivalent capacity and no


27

particular problems of operation. Long term effects remain to be investigated.

1992 George H. Goble: A Drop-in CFC-12 Replacement for Automotive Airconditioning. Paperpresented at the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference on Energy Efficiency andNew Refrigerants at the Purdue University, USA in July 1992.

The paper presents the blend HCFC-22/600a/HCFC-142b as a transition fluid, to replace CFC-12 in automotive air conditioners. The blend has the composition 55/8/37 (later developed intoR-406, with the composition 55/4/41), and ODP = 0.057. It is compatible with mineral oil. Theblend is tested in 150 vehicles with only one failure, and the failure was not due to refrigerantchange. Due to the content of isobutane, the blend is miscible with mineral oil. The air deliveryis colder than for CFC-12. The condensing temperature is higher than with CFC-12, but nothigh enough for refrigerant-oil breakdown. The paper discusses testing of silane-based dessicantand sealant additives to reduce leakages, and reviews flammability for the blend and for thecompound of the blend after leakage. The paper suggest that the blend can customized for hotclimates.

Personal communication

1994Personal communication from REFAC Consultants (February 1994)Recent trials have demonstrated that successful retrofits can be achieved with a minimum ofcomponent changes and little system cleaning. I understand that the original view that retrofitrequired almost complete removal of the existing mineral oil has now been shown to be anunnecessarily conservative one. This is important in reducing the time, and hence cost ofretrofit. ICI has conducted extensive vehicle fleet trials which support the above conclusions.

Personal communication from DuPont (January 1994)The Australian government has undertaken a significant automotive air conditioning retrofiteffort using DuPont's MP 52 blend and are very satisfied with the results. Singapore hasundertaken the task of retrofitting all of their taxi air conditioning units with the MP 52 blend;again with excellent results. These retrofits, using blends, have cost about $200 U.S./vehicleand performance problems or equipment failures have not been detected. While UNEP andmember companies are trying to insure that there will not be shortages of CFC-12 in developingcountries, it should be recognized that logistics of supply and specific volumes have not beenworked out and some supply disruption should be expected.


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CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS

Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee, 1991:Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical OptionsCommittee. Nairobi: UNEP.

Centrifugal chillers are designed for specific refrigerants. Direct refrigerant substitutes can onlybe made in cases where the properties of the substitute refrigerant are nearly the same as thoseof the refrigerant for which the equipment was designed.

HCFC-123 retrofit for CFC-11BenefitsHCFC-123 became available in 1989 for retrofit into existing CFC-11 chillers.

ProblemsIt is a more aggressive solvent than CFC-11. Non-metallic materials may have to be replacedwith materials which are more compatible with HCFC-123. Materials used in the motors ofolder hermetic chillers may not be compatible with HCFC-123, putting motor reliability at riskor requiring motor replacement. The dielectric strength of HCFC-123 is much lower than thatof CFC-11 raising questions about viability with some high voltage motors. System capacitymay be reduced by between 0 and 20% depending on the matching of the compressor to the loadand heat exchanger effectiveness.

Preliminary results from toxicology tests for HCFC-123 obtained in mid-1991, led torecommendations that exposure of personnel to HCFC-124 in an 8 or 12 hour workday belimited to a 10ppm (or lower) time weighed average concentration. This means that machineryrooms for HFC-123 chillers must be equipped with sensitive detectors, adequate ventilationsystems, and means to alert operators in the event of a significant leak or spill. Theseprecautions have not been taken in the past for CFC chiller. ASHRAE Standard 15R nowrequires similar precautions for CFCs and HCFCs as well. Changeout of the compressor to ahigher-capacity model or purchase of additional chillers may be necessary. Cycle efficiency willbe reduced by at least 1-2%

HCFC-141b retrofit for CFC-11HCFC-141b has more or less the same properties as HCFC-123 and could be used as areplacement candidate for CFC-11 as well.

HCFC-134a retrofit for CFC-12BenefitsAvailable since 1991 for retrofit in centrifugal chillers.

Problems


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Its use requires higher tip speeds than CFC-12, so impeller and/or gearbox replacementä isnecessary. Typically, oils used for CFC-12 are not miscible with HFC-134a. PAG oilsdeveloped for HFC-134a are not compatible with CFC-12 residues, thus requiring thoroughflushing of the systems before replacement. Ester oils seem to have overcome this problem.Some desiccants (e.g. activated alumina) commonly used in CFC-12 systems are not compatiblewith HFC-134a.

HCFC-124 retrofit for CFC-114 This has been suggested as an alternative to CFC-114 in centrifugal chillers such as those usedin naval applications. It is not readily available for use in either new or retrofit chillers. (1991)

ProblemsHCFC-124 requires operation at higher pressure levels, higher compressor speeds, and smallerimpeller diameters than CFC-114. HCFC-124 is not suitable for use in existing systems in mostcases because the pressure levels will exceed design ratings and complete compressorsreplacement is necessary.

HFC-152a/HCFC-124/HCFC-22 mixture for CFC-12BenefitsIt is compatible with conventional refrigeration oils.

ProblemsIt is not readily available because HCFC-124 is not in large production. The mixture is likelyto have degraded heat transfer performance in the flooded evaporators and shell sidecondensation normally used in centrifugal chillers. Thus there is likely to be a significantperformance penalty when substituted in existing chillers. Servicing such a system brings onnew difficulties because any vapour losses will change composition and performance.Measuring and changing equipment are not available to mitigate this problem.

HCFC-22/HCFC-142b mixture retrofit for CFC-12This azeotropic mixture is being used in France to retrofit systems using CFC-12.

BenefitsBoth components of the mixture are available commercially. The mixture is not flammable tothe proportions used to emulate CFC-12 (but flammable proportions can be encountered as aresult of spills or losses).


HCFC-123 retrofit for CFC-11


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1993UNEP IE: Catalogue of Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer, Refrigeration, AirConditioning and Heat Pumps. Norway, 1993.

The compatibility of HCFC-123 with construction materials must be considered. For largecentrifugal chillers, it may be necessary to replace compressor impellers/gears to ensure therequired performance is maintained.

BenefitsIt is currently the only available candidate to replace CFC-11 in existing centrifugal chillers.Current lubricants used with CFC-11 are fully miscible at all operating conditions, and it is notnecessary to switch to another lubricant.

ProblemHCFC-123 is a strong solvent toward plastics and elastomers and selling and weight changemay occur. Thus it is necessary to change O-rings, and other parts made of plastics orelastomers, with parts qualified by manufacturers for use with HCFC-124.

Yan Zu Qing, 1993: Research on the application of HCFC-123 as an alternative of CFC-11in centrifugal chillers. Paper presented at the International Conference on CFC andHalon Alternatives, 20-23 April, 1993, Beijing, China. pp. 382-387

BenefitsMost of the constructive materials in the chiller are compatible with both CFC-11 and HCFC-123, although neoprene O-rings, rubber gaskets and certain insulating materials of motor willbe deteriorated by HCFC-123 due to its strong solvent nature. Non-combustible.

ProblemsRefrigerating cycle efficiency is lowered 2-5%. Capacity decreased by 10-15% on average.Performance curve of the compressor becomes steeper and surging more often with HCFC-123if used directly as an alternative. Additional requirements necessary for the machine room.

1992March Consulting Group, 1992: CFCs in the UK refrigeration and air conditioningindustries: usage and the scope for substitution: a study for the Department of the Envi-ronment carried out by March Consulting Group. United Kingdom.

HCFC-123 can be considered a retrofit fluid.

ProblemsThere may be a need to change the impeller of the compressor, its speed of rotation and in somecases the electric motor. Indications from the PAFT toxicity testing programme gives somedoubt about R-123 as benign tumours have been identified in rats subject to high doses. Some


31

manufacturers are worried about using R-123.

Siebert, Bruce, 1992: Factors in converting centrifugal chillers to HCFC-123. Paperpresented at the 1992 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, Sept 29-Oct1, 1992, Washington, USA. pp. 271-275

BenefitsOnly 2% the ODP of CFC-11

Problems2-5% less efficient than CFC-11. Because of greater mass of HCFC-123, there isä a reductionin the capacity of chillers designed for CFC-11 of 5-20%. Entire system mustä be reviewedbefore conversion. including such factors as age of equipment, maintenance history, con-sideration of replacing components.


1993Arnaud, D., 1993: An example of successful retrofit with HFC-134a in the industrial field.Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 193-202

This paper discusses a successful retrofit of a CFC-12 centrifugal compressor system to HFC-134a. The project was a cooperative operation involving cooperation among Elf Atochem, YorkFrance, and Elf Lubricants. The experiment was done on one of the three centrifugalcompressors used in the chlorine liquefaction process stream at Jarrie (France) and one fromElf Atochem's biggest electrolysis reactor. The retrofit was done in 6 main steps:

1. Installation evaluation and achievement of baseline determination with CFC-12 (4 days)2. Purging and flushing of original mineral oil (1 week)3. Replacement of the compressor shaft seal (1 day)4. Recovery of CFC-12 charge. 5. Charging with HFC-134a (2 days)6. Validation with HFC-134a (5 days)

BenefitsMore economical than buying a new HFC-134a centrifugal machine.

Conclusion:A viable a low cost HFC-134a retrofitting technology has been developed and tested withsuccess on an industrial CFC-12 centrifugal compressor.


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The retrofitting was made almost one year ago and has demonstrated the durability of existingCFC-12 equipment at a very low acceptable cost.

Personal communication

Personal Communication from DuPont (January 1994)DuPont has worked with all of the major chiller manufacturers and developed a plan to totallydisplace CFCs from its 560 industrial and process chillers. This family of chillers representsa wide range of sizes and includes CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and R-500 (CFC-12/HFC-152a) units. While some old or obsolete have had to be replaced, most have beenretrofitted. The entire programme will cost about 90 million US dollars vs. an estimatedreplacement cost of 1-2 billion US dollars if all units had been replaced. Therefore, the retrofitis running below 10% of the installed cost of new units. Efficiency and capacity changes havebeen seen in both direction; some positive and some negative. Chiller retrofits must be lookedat on an individual basis but the industry is becoming very proficient at the retrofit techniquefor all of the units made by international equipment producers.

Personal communication from REFAC Consultants (February 1994)The vast majority of CFC-12 centrifugal chillers can be retrofitted to HFC-134a, irrespectiveof age. Post 1989 CFC-11 chillers from the manufacturers in the developed countries are"HCFC-123 retrofit ready". For pre-1989 chillers, open drive machines can be fairly easilyretrofitted, hermetic systems generally require conversion to open drive which is a majormodification rather than a "retrofit" and will not be economic for older machines. If thereä isspare capacity the retrofit of a CFC-12 chiller can be relatively simple with only minorengineering changes. To achieve a similar capacity to the existing CFC-12 duty more expensivegearbox changes are involved. It is then very difficult to give any general figure for retrofit costsand any attempt to provide one by reference to an individual project is likely to be misleading.


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COLD STORAGE AND FOOD PROCESSING

1994 Malek, A., CETIM, 1994: Preliminary considerations on retrofitting a cold storage to non-CFC fluids. Paper presented at the 1994 IIR International Conference for NewApplications of Natural Working Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, May 10-13, 1994, Hannover, Germany. The study has been prepared on consultation with UNEPIE/PAC OzonAction Programme.

HCFC-22, HFC-134a, and ammonia are compared as alternative refrigerants to CFC-12 in coldstorage. The refrigerants are compared with regard to thermodynamic and physical properties,coefficients of performance, components (modifications necessary), material compatibility,toxicity and safety considerations.

Ammonia has a great advantage of high thermal and thermodynamic performances, in additionto being a natural fluid. Specific analysis of each particular case must be performed before aretrofitting fluid is definitely selected.


HFC-134a is an alternative refrigerant to CFC-12 in cold storage. Studies show from 1% lessto 7% higher energy consumption than CFC-12. Problem of finding suitable lubricants. HFC-134a has very low solubility and mineral oil does not mix well in HFC-134a, which couldcontribute to the following problems:


performance

Shaw, D.A, T. Chadderton, R.M.Kemp, Meat Industry Research Institute of NewZealand: Retrofitting R12 and R502 Refrigeration Systems with Non-CFC Refrigerants.Paper presented in proceedings from commissions B1, B2, D1, D2/3, Cold ChainRefrigeration Equipment by design, 15 - 18 November 1993.

The paper presents a case study of retrofitting of a small walk-in meat chiller which has beenconverted from CFC-12/mineral oil to HFC-134a/syntetic ester lubricant. It also describes howa retrofit from R-502 to HFC azeotrope blend (AZ50) is going to take place. Eight months afterthe HFC-134a retrofit, almost half of the refrigerant had leaked fromä the system, but no majorleaks could be found. The lost charge was replaced and the servicing procedure upgraded.Otherwise, no major component failures have occured and the equipment has been operatingsatisfactory for 10 months. The CFC-12 to HFC-134a retrofit gave the following results:


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� It may be possible to reduce the mineral oil content to 1% in only two flushes for a widevariety of systems.

� The time between oil changes may be spread out over a prolonged period if necessary, sothat hte retrofit can work in around existing production schedules.

� Filter-dryers may need to be replaced at more regular intervals than for CFC-12, to preventthe build-up of moisture in the system.

� Refrigerant leakage should be reduced by improving the integrity of the refrigerationsystem.

Chadderton, T. & Kemp, R.: Drop-In Alternatives for CFC Refrigeration Systems. MeatIndustry Research Institute of New Zealand. 1993.

CFC usage in the food industry has been investigated, and an international database of literatureon CFC alternatives has been set up. Drop-in alternatives for CFC-12 and R-502 have beeninvestigated. Ternary blends are investigated. The blends are zeotropic, and with leaks thecomposition may change. It is therefore essential with a good maintenance practise to minimizethe problem.

CFC-12 alternatives: � HCFC-22. Are prefered for "familiar" reasons. Results in high discharge pressure and

temperature. Considerable expenses.� HFC-134a. New lubricant has been developed. Special retrofit procedures has to be

followed, including flushing of the system to get the mineral oil content down to less than1 %. Capacity loss of appr. 10 % compared to original CFC-12 system. HFC-134a involvessignificant time an cost, and should only be considered for systems in good condition.

� MP39, a ternary blend. "Virtual" drop-in refrigerant.

R-502 alternatives:� 69L, a ternary blend. Claimed to be a "straight" drop-in, only minor changes are necessary.

Oil change is not required. Capacity increase of 2 - 7 %, and also increase in COPcompared to R-502.

� HP80, a low-temperature ternary blend. Similar performance properties as R-502. Specialretrofit procedures has to be followed, including flushing of the system.

1992Corr, S., Gregson, R. D., Tompsett, G., ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd.: Retrofittinglarge refrigeration systems with R-134a. Paper presented at the 1992 InternationalRefrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants. 14 - 17 July 1992,Purdue University, USA.

Case Story: Retrofit of a food processing refrigeration system with R-134a. One of two identicalmachines with separate primary refrigerant circuits and a common second refrigerant circuit,located in a refrigerated chocolate storage area, was retrofitted. The system was retrofitted


35

according to ICI's retrofit procedures. The lubricant was changedä to ester oil with a viscosityto match ISO VG68 mineral oil saturated with CFC-12. To ensure that all traces of CFC-12 andother contaminants was removed, the system was evacuated with the triple evacuation method:system was repeatedly evacuated to a pressure of 1 mm Hg absolute or lower. COP-measurements showed a slight increase.

Davey, J.P, et al, Rhône-Poulenc, 1992: Field experience in retrofitting Isceon 134a andIsceons 69-S and 69-L.

Isceon HFC-134a was identified some years ago, as ideal non-flammable, zero-ODPreplacement for CFC-12. Immiscible with mineral oils traditionally used with CFC-12. PAGswere used, but revealed an inherent and significant problem, namely high hygroscopicity.Improved lubrication and better handling characteristics achieved with use of synthetic polyolester based materials.

Isceon 69-S and 69-L was jointly developed as CFC-free drop-in alternatives to R-502. Theyare non-flammable, although containing a flammable, and near-azeotropic. No hardwarechanges of any description are required in a retrofit employing ISCEON 69-S an 69-L.Refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency increases slightly (COP increases appr. 6-8 %),discharge temperature slightly decreasing.

Rhône-Poulenc chemicals, March 1992: Isceons 69-S and Isceons 69-L - Case Studies. The paper presents successful case studies of retrofitting from R-502 in cold storage andcommercial with Isceon 69-S and 69-L.

Isceon 69-S in cold stores, eg. with the patented Star Refrigeration low pressure receiversystem. Same (or slightly better) capacity and efficiency as a identical unit with R-502, noproblems with lubrication or oil return. Low temperature cold storage,

Isceon 69-L is used as retrofit refrigerant in a number of supermarkets, eg. using 4 x 20 HP fourcylinder Bitzer compressors. No hardware changes necessary. Isceon 69-L was chosen becauseof high discharge temperature in the unit. Isceon 69-L is also used in a Maneurop GLT 28compressor at frozen food display cases at fish market, low temperature air cooled system.Isceon 69-L offers up to 6-7% improved energy efficiency and refrigeration capacity.


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COMME RCIAL REFRIGERATION

1994 Allied Signals Chemicals. Refrigeration Report, An Update from Allied Signal on theProgress of Environmentally Acceptable Fluorocarbon Alternatives, page 2 & 3: TexasSupermarket Preparing for Future with Allied Signal's Genetron AZ-50. January 1994.

Allied Signal and Copeland are working together, to ensure optimum system performance whenretrofitting from R-502 to AZ-50, an azeotropic mixture of HFC-125/HFC-143a. The articledescribes a conversion of a supermarket from R-502 to AZ-50. The existing equipment, aCopeland 15 hp Discus 4D compressor, was cooling 32 feet of low-temperature, frozen-food

®

display case. The equipment was checked for proper operation before the conversion;expansion-valve superheat, head pressure and oil pressure, suction pressure and temperature,discharge pressure, compressor amperage, voltage, and ambient temperature.

No major modification was done with the equipment. The mineral oil was replaced with polyolester-based lubricant. To reach the maximum remaining mineral oil content, five percent, thelubricant was changed three times, with 72 hours operation time between each change.Discharge pressure is about 20 psi higher with AZ-50 than with R-502, no other significantchanges occurs. Future retrofits of similar systems are estimated to cost approximately US $1,500.


HFC-134a is an alternative refrigerant to CFC-12 in cold storage. Studies show from 1% lessto 7% higher energy consumption than CFC-12. Problem of finding suitable lubricants. HFC-134a has very low solubility and mineral oil does not mix well in HFC-134a, which couldcontribute to the following problems:


performance

Lawson, C. Curtis, DuPont Fluorochemicals: Alternative Refrigerants for Retrofit ofExisting CFC-12 and R-502 Commercial Refrigeration Systems. Presented at the Inter-national Conference on CFC and Halon Alternatives, Beijing, P.R.C, April 20-23, 1993.

The paper provides an overview of the alternative refrigerant candidate from DuPont, anddiscuss retrofit procedures and equipment retrofit experiences with alternatives for servicingexisting CFC-12 and R-502 refrigeration equipment. Over 5000 super markets and restaurantshas been converted successfully into DuPont's alternative refrigerants.


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CFC-12:� MP39 for medium temperature stationary equipment, down to -23°C. Comparable capacity.

Alkylbenzene lubricant.� MP66 for low temperature, below -23°C (and as replacement for R-500 in medium

temperature applications). Comparable capacity. Alkylbenzene lubricant.� MP52 for automotive air conditioning systems.� HFC-134a. Requires more extensive system preparation and equipment modifications than

the blends. Lower capacity, might require a bigger compressor for low temperature systems.Polyol ester lubricant required, two-three oil flushes.

R-502� HP80 Comparable capacity and discharge temperature, preferable when high discharge

temperature might be a problem. Alkylbenzene lubricant. Polyol ester can also be used, butrequire two-three oil flushes.

� HP81 Slightly higher efficiency. Alkylbenzene lubricant. Polyol ester can also be used, butrequire two-three oil flushes.

� HP62, longterm alternative (does not contain HCFC). Requires more extensive systempreparation. Slightly lower capacity and slightly higher compressor ratio at low tem-perature, may require a bigger compressor. Polyol ester lubricant required, two-three oilflushes.

Conversion Retrofit Step1. Establish base line data with CFC-12 or R-5022. Remove CFC-12 or R-502 from system into recovery cylinder3. Drain mineral oil4. Charge system with approved lubricant5. Replace filter drier6. Evacuate the system7. Charge with alternative refrigerant8. Start up system and optimize charge

The CFC File, (New Zealand) Issue 1, July 1993

BenefitsR-134a is the best option for CFC-12 systems. DuPont's SUVA MP39 is another alternative,albeit interim because it contains HCFC-22. The price of HFC-134a has fallen by around 50%since the beginning of 1992, and should continue to fall as world-wide production increases.The price of CFCs is increasing world-wide, with CFC-12 doubling in price since January 1992.

1992Davey, J.P, et al, Rhône-Poulenc, 1992: Field experience in retrofitting Isceon 134a andIsceons 69-S and 69-L.


38

Isceon HFC-134a was identified some years ago, as ideal non-flammable, zero-ODPreplacement for CFC-12. Immiscible with mineral oils traditionally used with CFC-12. PAGswere used, but revealed an inherent and significant problem, namely high hygroscopicity.Improved lubrication and better handling characteristics achieved with use of synthetic polyolester based materials.

Isceon 69-S and 69-L was jointly developed as CFC-free drop-in alternatives to R-502. Theyare non-flammable, although containing a flammable, and near-azeotropic. no hardwarechanges of any description are required in a retrofit employing ISCEON 69-S an 69-L.Refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency increases slightly (COP increases appr. 6-8 %),discharge temperature slightly decreasing.

Rhône-Poulenc chemicals, March 1992: Isceon 69-S and Isceon 69-L - Case Studies.

The paper presents successful case studies of retrofitting from R-502 in cold storage andcommercial with Isceon 69-S and 69-L.

Isceon 69-S in cold stores, eg. with the patented Star Refrigeration low pressure receiversystem. Same (or slightly better) capacity and efficiency as a identical unit with R-502, noproblems with lubrication or oil return. Low temperature cold storage,

Isceon 69-L is used as retrofit refrigerant in a number of supermarkets, eg. using 4 x 20 HP fourcylinder Bitzer compressors. No hardware changes necessary. Isceon 69-L was chosen becauseof high discharge temperature in the unit. Isceon 69-L is also used in a Maneurop GLT 28compressor at frozen food display cases at fish market, low temperature air cooled system.Isceon 69-L offers up to 6-7% improved energy efficiency and refrigeration capacity.


39

RETROFIT IN GENERAL

1993 Heap, R.D., A.R. Lawton, Cambridge Refrigeration Technology, United Kingdom:Retrofitting to Alternative Refrigerant - How Effective is it? Paper presented in pro-ceedings from commissions B1, B2, D1, D2/3, Cold Chain Refrigeration Equipment bydesign, 15 - 18 November 1993.

The paper discussed retrofits of CFC-12 and R-502 systems with HFC-134a and blends. Severalclip-on container refrigeration units has been retrofitted from CFC-12 to HFC-134a, and thelubricant used is polyolester-based. R-502 refrigeration tower units are retrofitted to HCFC-69S.The paper concludes that retrofitting to alternative refrigerants is effective and worth while, butfor some equipment there can be refrigeration capacity losses at ISO rating conditions whichare unacceptable in some applications. For such equipment, machinery modifications may benecessary. In retrofitted containers, the advantages of a single refrigerant, HFC-134a for bothnew and retrofitted equipment will outweigh the benefits of tailored blends for particularapplications in most cases. For other transport-related systems using CFC-502, blends providea good solution. In this application, the global warming effects of likely refrigerant loss arenegligible compared with the effects due to the associated power generation.

Transport RefrigerationFleck, J. G., Blue Star Line (NZ) Ltd: Field Experience with Container Refrigeration UnitsRetrofitted with Alternative Refrigerant and Synthetic Oil. Paper presented in proceedingsfrom commissions B1, B2, D1, D2/3, Cold Chain Refrigeration Equipment by design, 15 -18 November 1993.

20 marine clip on units designed for refrigeration Port Hole Containers has been observed ina research program on retrofitting to HFC-134a and polyol ester lubricant. The units hadidentical design, 10 were 5 years old and 10 were 3 years old. Half of the units were thenretrofitted, and the rest were serviced and had an oil and dryer change. The units were observedfor 12 months, to detect differences in operation, air delivery temperature, failures etc. Theresults showed that good, well designed, generously proportioned systems, having compressorswith good volumetric efficiency and positive displacement lub oil systems can be retrofilledwith some confidence. Losses in refrigeration capacity can be expected in existing plants, butthese can be minimized by carefull consideration and tesing prior to the conversion andchecking of the performance of the system components. The evaporator andcompressorcapacities appear to restict HFC-134a at low evaporating temperatures, and it is alsoadvisable to check the gas velocities in the piping system.


Personal Communication from Morten Skjennem, Thermo King, Norway.Thermo King, Norway has converted several units for road transport to ODS-free refrigerants.All Thermo Kings refrigeration units was previously using alkylbenzene lubricants. It is


40

important to follow the retrofit procedures.� 247 low temperature units retrofitted from R-502 to 69L.

Evaporation temperature down to appr. -29°C. No lubrication change was necessary.Customers claim that energy requirement has decreased. There seems to be less compressorfailures with retrofitted units than with R-502-units.

� 7 medium temperature units retrofitted from CFC-12 to HFC-134a. Evaporation temperature down to appr. -0°C. Lubricant changed to polyol esteroil.

� 2 units retrofitted from HFC-134a to 69 L. The retrofitting was done in order to increase the refrigeration capacity in the low tem-perature range. Lubricant changed to alcylbenzen lubricant.

Due to less expensive retrofitting, Thermo King is also preparing for retrofitting from CFC-12to MP66 for old equipment.


41

APPENDIX A

BIBLIOGRAPHY

These are only a selection of documents. OAIC also has access to document abstracts ofFRIDOC of the International Institute of Refrigeration (nearly 4000 in 1993). Where an authorhas indicated his organization, this is identified in the bibliography.

Arnaud, D., Macaudiere, S., Tanguy, J.C., Radice, P.F., Elf Atochem S.A.: Properties ofblends which can be used as CFC-502 substitutes in refrigeration. Paper presented at the1992 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, September 29 - October 1 1992, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 105 - 114

Bitzer, 1993: Refrigerant Report 2, The future has already begun. Perspectives inrefrigerant development. No. 9306 E, 12/93.

Elf Atochem: Principaux Substituts du R-502. Received from M. Verhille, Elf Atochem May 6, 1994.

Elf Atochem: Tech Digest, Forane 404a. Elf Atochem North America.

Fleck, J. G., Blue Star Line (NZ) Ltd: Field Experience with Container Refrigeration UnitsRetrofitted with Alternative Refrigerant and Synthetic Oil. Paper presented in proceedingsfrom commissions B1, B2, D1, D2/3, Cold Chain Refrigeration Equipment by design, 15 -18 November 1993.

Gerdsmeyer, K.D, 1992. HFC-134a (R-134a) in small commercial refrigeration systems:some practical aspects. Paper presented at the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference -Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants. 14 - 17 July 1992, Purdue University, USA.

Hans T. Haukås, 1994: Konvertering av kuldeanlegg med KFK. (Retrofit of refrigerationunits with CFC.) Paper presented at Norsk Kjøleteknisk Årsmøte 28 - 30 January 1994.

Komatsuzaki, S.; Iizuka, T., 1993. Miscibility and lubricity of polyol ester-basedrefrigerator lubricants. Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and HalonAlternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 92-100.

SINTEF Refrigeration, 1994: Internal paper; Konvertering fra CFC-12 til HFC-134a.(Retrofit from CFC-12 to HFC-134a). Summary from workshops on retrofitting, september1993 and january 1994.

SINTEF Refrigeration, 1993: Brochure: Avvikling av KFK i kuldeanlegg. (Phase-out ofCFCs in Refrigeration Plants.)

SINTEF Refrigeration, 1992: Blandinger for varmepumper (blend for heat pumps). SFT11A92069, 1992.


42

UNEP IE, 1991: Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps TechnicalOptions Committee.

UNEP IE, 1993: Catalogue of Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer, Refrigeration,Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps. Norway, 1993.

Domestic RefrigerationAnon, 1993: Alternatives for CFC refrigeration equipment. The CFC File (New Zealand),Issue 1, July 1993

Boot, J.L., 1990: "An overview of the CFC alternatives for domestic refrigerators andfreezers. Whirlpool Corporation, USA

Case study from Lindsey Roke, Fisher and Paykel Refrigeration Division, New Zealand inresponse to UNEP IE/PAC retrofitting query.Affiliation: Fisher and Paykel Refrigeration Division (New Zealand)

Chadderton, T., Kemp, R., 1993: "Drop-in alternatives for CFC refrigeration systems",MIRINZ (Meat Industry Research of New Zealand).

Davey, J.P.; Mulliss, C.C., undated: "Field experience in retrofitting Isceon 134a andIsceons 69-S and 69-L". Rhône-Poulenc, UK

DuPont, 1992: "DuPont SUVA MP refrigerant blends: properties, uses, storage andhandling". Delaware: DuPont, USA

Greenpeace, 1993: "Some remarks regarding the use of natural hydrocarbons to substituteozone depleting substances in refrigeration". Germany.

Hua Xiao-Long; Chen Wei, 1993: "The comparison of the performance of MP39 DuPontblends and CFC-12 in refrigerator/freezers". Paper presented at the InternationalConference on CFC and Halon Alternatives, 20-23 April, 1993, Beijing, China, pp. 159-164Affiliation: Shanghai Research Institute of General Machinery, China

Shanghai Refrigerator Factory, ChinaShanghai Institute of Organo-Fluorine Materials, China

Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay/Indian Ministry, 1993: "Project to develop retrofitsof CFC operated household refrigerators with CFC free refrigerants"*, April 1993. Extractsfrom remarks of Dr Lambert Kuijpers * This developmental project was submitted to the Executive Committee (10th meeting) forits consideration.

Komatsuzaki, S.; Iizuka, T., 1993."Miscibility and lubricity of polyol ester-basedrefrigerator lubricants". Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon


43

Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 92-100Affiliation: Hitachi Ltd, Japan

Kuijpers, L.; de Wit, J.A.; Benschop, A.A.J.; Bivens, D.B., 1991?: "Optimisation of theefficiency of the ternary refrigerant blend HCFC-22/124/152a in domestic freezer equip-ment."Affilation: Philips Research Laboratories, The Netherlands

E.I. DuPont de Nemours, USA

March Consulting Group, 1992: "CFCs in the UK refrigeration and air conditioning indus-tries: usage and the scope for substitution: a study for the Department of the Environmentcarried outä by March Consulting Group", U.K.

Ming-Shan Zhu et al., 1992: "Experimental researches on domestic refrigerators usingHFC-134a as refrigerant." Paper presented at the 1992 International RefrigerationConference: Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, July 14-17, 1992, Purdue University,West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.pp. 241-247Affiliation: Tsinghua University, China

Beijing Snow Flake Electrical Appliance Group Corporation, China

Ming-Shan Zhu, Li-Zhong Han, Xiao-Yu Zhao, 1993: "Dismantling inspection and retrofitof domestic refrigerator with HFC-134a." Paper presented at the 1993 International CFCand Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., pp. 81-85 Affiliation: Tsinghua University, China

Beijing Snow Flake Electrical Group Corporation, China

Sandvordenker, K.S., 1992: "R-152a versus 134a in domestic refrigerator/freezer - energyadvantage or energy penalty?". Paper presented at the 1992 International RefrigerationConference: Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, July 14-17, 1992, Purdue University,West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. pp. 259-264Affiliation: Tecumseh Products Research Laboratory, USA

VINEYARD, Edward; SWATKOWSKI, Leonard, 1993: "Energy efficiency of HFC-134aversus HFC-152a". Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon AlternativesConference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 86-91Affiliation: ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)

Yezheng Wu et al., 1993: "Possibility of using HFC-32/HFC-152a in refrigerator". Paperpresented at the International Conference on CFC and Halon Alternatives, 20-23 April,1993, Beijing, China. pp.188-193Affiliation: Xi'an Jiaotong University, China

Zhai Yumin, 1993: "Optimisation of HFC-134a in domestic refrigerator/freezer from realexperimental demonstration." Paper presented at the International Conference on CFC and


44

Halon Alternatives, 20-23 April, 1993, Beijing, China. pp.47-54Affiliation: National Research Council Canada

Mobile Air ConditioningAbraham, Anthony W.: "The availability of parts for retrofit after warranty OEM andaftermarket perspective." Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alter-natives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 312-316Affiliation: Wynn's International (USA)

Anon, 1993. "Technology overview: lubrication is a key issue in CFC phaseout."Tech Update: News from ARI's Research and Technology Department, August 1993

ASHRAE, 1990: "Refrigeration handbook", Chapter 6, Refrigerant system chemistry:

Atkinson, Ward, Chairman SAE Interior Climate Control Standard Committee: SummarySociety of Automotive Engineers (SAE) documents relating to mobile air conditioningsystems. April 4, 1994, USA.

Automotive Consulting Group, 1993. "CFC-12 phase-out analysis and the determination ofthe required strategic reserve: final report." Michigan: Automotive Consulting Group, 1993

Bateman, D., 1992: " New refrigerants for MAC". Paper presented at the Asia-SingaporeConference on the Phasing Out of Ozone Depleting Substances, 5-7 October 1992,Singapore.Affiliation: DuPont Company

Bresnahan, John, ICI Australia Operations Pty Ltd: Case study. In response to UNEPIE/PAC retrofitting query.

Calhoun, John, 1993: " The impact of HFC-134a on the manufacture and service ofautomotive air conditioning compressors." Paper presented at the 1993 International CFCand Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 285-293Affiliation: Sanden International (USA) Ltd

Dekleva, T.W., 1992: " Retrofitting MAC systems with HFC-134a - an update." Paperpresented at the 1992 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, Sept 29 -Oct 1,1992, Washington, USA. pp. 697-705Affiliation: ICI Americas, Inc

Dekleva, T.W.; Colmery, S.H.; Bresnaham, John, 1993: "Fleet trials with vehicles retrofittedto Klea 134a refrigerant and Emkarate RL lubricants; a perspective after two years on theroad." Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference,


45

20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 294-303Affiliation: ICI Klea

ICI Australia Operations Pty Ltd

Encik Haw En Kwi, 1993: " Current status: overview and industry view on available alter-natives and technologies" Paper presented at the National ODS Conference, Kuala Lumpur,July 20-23, 1993Affiliation: _Nippondenso (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd

Foster, K., 1994: Mobile Air Conditioning, Workshop on the Protection of the Ozone Layer.School of Automative Engineering, Croydon Institute, South Australia, Jakarta 11 - 15 April1994.

Goble, G. H.: A Drop-in CFC-12 Replacement for Automotive Airconditioning. Paperpresented at the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference on Energy Efficiency and NewRefrigerants at the Purdue University, USA in July 1992

Goble, G. H.: Some Safety Studies of a Ternary Refrigerant. Paper presented at the 1994International Refrigeration Conference at the Purdue University, USA in July 1994.

Hobbs, Arthur, 1993: "Supply, distribution, and availability of mobile air conditioningparts for retrofit of CFC-12 systems to HFC-134a." Paper presented at the 1993International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington,D.C., U.S.A. pp. 304-311Affiliation: Four Seasons (Division of Standard Motor Products, Inc. USA)

MACS, 1991: 1990 MACS Service Data Book.

MACS, 1992: 1991 MACS Service Data Book

MACS, 1994: Guidelines for Automotive Air Conditioning Retrofit. Convention Issue,Sahara Hotel, Las Vegas.

McNeal Morris, James: 1992: "Ozone depletion and the automobile aircon industry". Paperpresented at the Asia-Singapore Conference on the Phasing Out of Ozone DepletingSubstances, 5-7 October 1992, Singapore.Affiliation: Sanden International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Roke, Lindsey, 1992: " Report from the Technical Options Committee on Refrigeration".Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Conference on the Phasing Out of Ozone DepletingSubstances, 5-7 October 1992, SingaporeAffiliation: Fisher and Paykel Ltd (New Zealand)

Rolotti, Gustavo; Brubaker, Michael, 1993: " Experience in retrofitting CFC-12 auto airconditioning systems with Forane HFC-134a: a system performance perspective.". Paper


46

presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 275-284Affiliation: Elf Atochem North America

Centrifugal ChillersArnaud, D., 1993: "An example of successful retrofit with HFC-134a in the industrial field."Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 193-202Affiliation: Elf Atochem SA, Centre D'Application de Levallois

Elf Atochem North America

Dean Smith, N. et al., 1993: "HFC-236ea: a potential alternative for CFC-114." Paperpresented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 150-157Affiliation: USEPA

Acurex Environmental Corporation

Kazachki, Georgi S.; Gage, Cynthia L., 1993: "Thermodynamic evaluation and compressorcharacteristics of HFC-236ea and HFC-245ca as CFC-114 and CFC-11 replacements inchillers." Paper presented at the 1993 International CFC and Halon AlternativesConference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. pp. 167-176Affiliation: Acurex Environmental Corporation

March Consulting Group, 1992: CFCs in the UK refrigeration and air conditioning indus-tries: usage and the scope for substitution: a study for the Department of the Environmentcarried out by March Consulting Group. United Kingdom.

Siebert, Bruce, 1992: "Factors in converting centrifugal chillers to HCFC-123." Paperpresented at the 1992 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, Sept 29-Oct 1,1992, Washington, USA. pp. 271-275Affiliation: The Trane Company, US

Smithart, Eugene L., 1993: " Choosing a building chiller". Paper presented at the 1993International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 20-22 October 1993, Washington,D.C., U.S.A. pp.250-258Affiliation: The Trane Company, USA

Yan Zu Qing, 1993: "Research on the application of HCFC-123 as an alternative CFC-11in centrifugal chillers." Paper presented at the International Conference on CFC and HalonAlternatives, 20-23 April, 1993, Beijing, China. pp. 382-387Affiliation: Shanghai Hezhong-Carrier Air-Conditioning Equipment Co., China

Cold Storage


47

Chadderton, T., R. Kemp: Drop-In Alternatives for CFC Refrigeration Systems. MeatIndustry Research Institute of New Zealand. 1993.

Corr, S., Gregson, R. D., Tompsett, G., ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd.: Retrofitting largerefrigeration systems with R-134a. Paper presented at the 1992 International RefrigerationConference - Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants. 14 - 17 July 1992, Purdue University,USA.

Davey, J.P.; Mulliss, C.C., undated: "Field experience in retrofitting Isceon 134a andIsceons 69-S and 69-L". Rhône-Poulenc, UK

Malek, A., CETIM, 1994: Preliminary considerations on retrofitting a cold storage to non-CFC fluids. Paper presented at the 1994 IIR International Conference for New Applicationsof Natural Working Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, May 10-13, 1994,Hannover, Germany. The study has been prepared on consultation with UNEP IE/PACOzonAction Programme.

Rhône-Poulenc chemicals, March 1992: Isceons 69-S and Isceons 69-L - Case Studies.

Shaw, D. A, T. Chadderton, R. M. Kemp, Meat Industry Research Institute of New Zealand:Retrofitting R12 and R502 Refrigeration Systems with Non-CFC Refrigerants. Paperpresented in proceedings from commissions B1, B2, D1, D2/3, Cold Chain RefrigerationEquipment by design, 15 - 18 November 1993.

Commercial RefrigerationAllied Signals Chemicals. Refrigeration Report, An Update from Allied Signal on theProgress of Environmentally Acceptable Fluorocarbon Alternatives, page 2 & 3: TexasSupermarket Preparing for Future with Allied Signal's Genetron AZ-50. January 1994.

Chadderton, T. & Kemp, R.: Drop-In Alternatives for CFC Refrigeration Systems. MeatIndustry Research Institute of New Zealand. 1993.

Davey, J.P, et al, Rhône-Poulenc, 1992: Field experience in retrofitting Isceon 134a andIsceons 69-S and 69-L.

Lawson, C. Curtis, DuPont Fluorochemicals: Alternative Refrigerants for Retrofit ofExisting CFC-12 and R-502 Commercial Refrigeration Systems. Presented at theInternational Conference on CFC and Halon Alternatives, Beijing, P.R.C, April 20-23,1993.

Rhône-Poulenc chemicals, March 1992: Isceon 69-S and Isceon 69-L - Case Studies.

The CFC File, (New Zealand) Issue 1, July 1993


48

APPENDIX B

SOME OF THE ORGANISATIONS UNDERTAKING WORK ON RETROFITTING AND IN CONTACT WITH OAIC

Acurex Environmental Corporation Fisher and Paykel Refrigeration DivisionPO Box 13109 P.O. Box 58046 Research NC 27709 Greenmount, Auckland USA New ZealandTel: (1) 919 541-0480 Tel: (64) 9 273 0523Fax: (1) 919 541-7885 Fax: (64) 9 273 0689Contact: Georgi Kazachki Contact: Mr Lindsey Roke

Beijing Snow Flake Electrical Appliance Four SeasonsGroup Corporation 500 Industrial Park Dr.Beijing, 100075, Grapevine TX 76051P.R. China USATel: (86) 01 5073631-379 Tel: (1) 214 471-8000Contacts: Bin Lu, Lian Yang Fax: (1) 214 393-4416

DuPont Chemicals1007 Market St HitachiWilmington, DE 19898 7-1-1, Ohmika-choUSA Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319-12Fax: (1) 302 774 6765 JapanContacts: Mr Terry Vogelsberg Tel: (1) 81 294-52-5111

Electrolux Contact: Shigeki KomatsuzakiS-105 45 Stockholm Sweden ICI AmericasContact: Mr Rolf Segerström Klea BusinessDirector of R&D Cold Products CEL Site, Bldg L-21Tel: (46) 8 738 7005 (Direct) New Castle DE 19720Tel: (46) 8 738 6000 (Operator) USAFax: (46) 8 873 6653 Tel: (1) 302 427-1008

Elf Atochem North America Contact: Mr Tom Dekleva900 First AveKing of Prussia PA 19406USATel: (1) 215 337-6000Contacts: G.D. Rolotti (Didier Arnaud, c/- Dick Crooker)

Contact: Art Hobbs

Fax: (1) 81 294 52-7601

Fax: (1) 302 427-1076


49

ICI Chemicals and Plastics in Australia REFAC Consultants1 Nicholson St 134 Killiney RoadMelbourne, Victoria 3000 Devonshire Court 03-134Australia Singapore 0923Contact: John Bresnahan Tel: (65) 235 3991(10th floor, Head Office) Fax: (65) 235 3991Tel: (61) 3 665 7927 Contact: Stuart KellyFax: (61) 3 665 7889

Indian Institute of Technology PO Box 46Dept of Chemical Engineering St Andrews RoadIndian Institute of Technology, Delhi Avonmouth Bristol BS11 9YFHauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016 United KingdomIndia Tel: (44 )272 823631Tel: (91) 11 666 979 Contact: Mr J Davey, B JoynerFax: (91) 11 686 2037Contact: Dr R.S. Agarwal Sanden Intern. (Singapore) Pte Ltd

National Research Council Canada (NRC) 25 Ang Mo Kio, Street 65Cold Region Engineering (Build. M 17) Singapore 2056Montreal Road Tel: (65) 4825500Ottawa, Canada Fax: (65) 4825500K1A OR6 Contact: James McNeal MorrisFax: (613) 954-1235Tel: (613) 991-1252 Sanden International (USA) Inc.Contact: Zhai Yumin 601 S Sanden Blvd

Massey University USADepartment of Process and Environmental Contact: John CalhounTechnology,Palmerston North Shanghai Research Institute of GeneralNew Zealand Machinery 200042Contact: Associate Professor Andrew Shanghai Changning Road 113Cleland ChinaTel: (64) 6 350 5247 Contact: Hua Xiao-LongFax: (64) 6 350 5654

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Alfaset 3, Industriv. 6PO Box 2008 Bldg 3147 0668 Oslo 6Oak Ridge TN 37831-6070 NorwayUSA Tel: (47) 22 32 12 60Tel: (1) 615 574-0576 Fax: (47) 22 30 63 64Fax: (1) 615 574-9338Contact: Ed Vineyard

Rhone-Poulenc Chemicals

Sanden House,

Wylie TX 75098

Thermo King Norge


50

Trane Company Xi'an Jiantong University3600 Pammel Creek Rd Department of Power MachineryLa Crosse WI 54601-7599 EngineeringUSA No.28, Xi'an West RoadTel: (1) 608 787-2251 Xi'an 710049Contact: Eugene Smithart, Mr Bruce ChinaSiebert Contacts: Yezheng Zu, Guozhen Xie,

Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084,P.R. ChinaTel: (86) 01 2594530Fax: (86) 01 2562765Contacts: Li-Zhong Han, Ming-Shan Zhu

University of OtagoDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew ZealandContact: Gerry Carrington - AssociateProfessorTel: (64) 3 479 7794 (Direct)Tel: (64) 3 479 1100 (Operator)Fax: (64) 3 479 0964 University of WaikatoCenter for Technology,HamiltonNew ZealandContact: Dr Nigel SammesTel: (64) 7 856 2289Fax: (64) 7 856 0115Wynn's Climate Systems1900 SE Loop 820Ft. Worth TX 76140USATel: (1) 817 293-4600Fax: (1) 817 293-8559Contact: Anthony Abraham

Runxiang Wang, Ziaolin Cao


52

APPENDIX C

GUIDELINES FOR AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING RETROFIT

MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING SOCIETY

MACS 1994

CONVENTION ISSUE,SAHARA HOTEL LAS VEGAS, USA

retrofitting with non-cfc substitutesunep.fr/ozonaction/information/mmcfiles/3143-e.pdfretrofitting...

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