RETIREMENT HOME FOR BIG SPRING, TEXAS

Presented to

Assti Prof. Nelson

DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements of the

Bachelor of Architectiire Degree

by

Danny Smith

December 10, 1982

Preface

Architectural programming is very important in the quality of

an architecture project. This thesis program is for a retirement home

in Big Spring, Texas. A retirement home is a place where elderly

persons who are basically able to care for themselves can live without

the responsibilities of home ownership.

Knowledge of user needs is important in contributing to the quality

of the proposed architecture. One important social aspect in a retirement

home is the need to design a bioilding that allows for social contact

between the residents, while still ensuring the privacy of the apartments.

The building must also be carefully designed to allow easy access to

handicapped persons and elderly persons with limited mobility. The

retirement home should be safe, and easy to evacuate in case of a fire

or other emergency. The facility should also provide the residents with

a sense of security, because of rising rates of crimes against the elderly.

The limited income of most elderly persons is an important economic

factor which must be considered. The technical aspects to be considered

include special features such as handrails and emergency systems.

The nain goal of this thesis program is to determine the special

needs and wants of the retired person, so that they may be incorporated

into the design of a retirement home.

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the

following people for their assistance and support in making this

thesis program possible:

Dan Atcheson

Donald G. Bailey, AIA, Architect

Dewey Byers, Chief Inspector, The City of Big Spring

Dana HsLgler

Jerry Helfenstine, Administrator, Presbyterian Manor

Pat Johnston, Administrative Assistant, Canterbiory

Guilford L. Jones, III, Attorney for Canterbury

Mr. and Mrs. George S. Smith

Big Spring Chamber of Commerce

Big Spring Field Station staff

CRIM Engineering, Big Spring

HeritSLge Museum staff

Sue Walrauen, John Knox Village

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface i

Acknowledgements ii

Background 1

Goals and Objectives 12

Activity Analysis 14

Site Analysis 22

Space Summary • 46

Systems Performance 48

Cost Analysis 60

Detailed Space List 65

Case Studies 102

Appendices 145

111

Background

BACKGROUND

The issue of elderly housing has not been dealt with until

recently, because in the past the elderly lived with one of their

children. This was the era of the three generation household where

children, their parents, and grandparents lived under one roof.

Advances in medical technology are causing people to live

longer. This, along with declining birth rates, is causing the per­

centage of the population who are elderly to increase, (see Appendix

leible 1) These trends show that elderly housing will become even more

significant in the future.

With the change of times and technology, the three generation

household has given way to the two generation household, with the

grandparents living either in their own home, in a retirement home,

or in a nursing home.

This move to retirement homes was no small step, because the

image of the retirement home had to be humanized. It was perceived

as a storage place where the elderly were put to die. With this kind

of perceptions, the elderly were not only unreceptive to the idea, they

were a,fraid of growing old and being put in such a place. Today this

perception has changed and most elderly go voluntarily to live in

retirement homes. Now the emphasis is on living, not on waiting to die.

Who Are The Elderly?

"Elderly" by general agreement refers to people who are 65 years

of age or older. The majority of elderly persons are able to care for

themselves, much as they did in the past. The only major difference

is that they are no longer working, which seems to put them in a

different social category.

In 1900 the persons 65 and older constituted ^>fo of the population.

By 1950 it had doubled to 8%, based on United States statistics. This

trend has been accelerating since the 1790's, when the average age

of a whiite male was 16.

Nursing and retirement homes are a new phenomenon. They were

almost non-existent in the 1930's. There were county infirmaries,

convalescent homes, sanitariums, and work houses in the past. The

members of such facilities varied in age, sex, health, and dependency,

but had on thing in common: poverty.

Elderly in Greece in the Middle Ages

In comparison with today, a man of the Middle Ages had a short

life expectancy; therefore there were few elderly persons. It has been

estimated that in a family of 6 children, one would die at birth, the

second before he was twenty, the third between 35 and 40, the fourth

between 45 arxi 50, the fifth before 60, and the sixth might live a little

past 60. The Greek attitude toward aging was generally favorable.

Those who were elderly were considered to be the wisest of men, and were

called upon to make judgements. Therefore, the legislative and judicial

bodies were composed mostly of elderly men. The so-called retirement

age was about 70, but few ever reached this SLge. During this time

there were no care facilities for the aged because of their retirement

age, and death while in office. But if this age was reached and a person

was retired, it was the legal obligation of the legitimate son to

take care of his parents. Failure to do so would result in loss of

citizenship. Thus, caring for the aged was the responsibility of the

family, and the three generation household was not uncommon.

Old age was thought of as a disease during this period of history.

It was believed that good clean facilities, good food, and fresh water

could help the condition. For this purpose the Greeks developed

health resorts called asklepieions. These were located within a

days walking distance, and the site took advantage of the sun, wind,

and spring water, the elements of life.

Later these facilities were moved in to town, and were influenced

greater by the Romans. The elements incorporated in each resort were

a "stoa" for lodging, a treatment area, a theatre, a fountain house,

and latrines, (see Figure 1)

Figure 1: Details of the sleeping areas of the Asklepieion and perspective show the typical arrangement.

Elderly in Europe in the Middle Ages

In Europe in the Middle Ages the major soiorce of refuge for the

elderly was the monastaries imtil the 13th Century. At that time the

townships began to grow in stature and size so that many provided

homes and hospitals for the aged. By 13^0 there were 600 such facilities.

Elderly in Renaissance England

Life expectancy in England during this time was very short, so

only a few persons reached their elderly years. It has been estimated

that 4 5 of the population were over 60 and 1.7% were 70 or older.

These figxares changed as England repopiolated itself after the plagues.

Today more than 10% of the English population are elderly. ^

Most elderly care was provided in three generation households, but

there were a few who sovight out other places such as hospitals,

monastaries, and infirmaries. These facilities were able to handle

the needs of the dwindling population of the Middle Ages, but in the

l6th and 17th Centuries they were unable to do so.

Because the l6th and 17th Centuries were a rich, exploring age

of architecture, there began a new building for the elderly. The

first form was collegiate form. It was a cluster of small individual

4 rooms about a cloister. Then came the palatial form, an institution

of enormous size and capacity. Then came the cottage form, which was

bom out of the Romantic movement in England.

From here this lead to hospitals, and to special consideration in

design for the elderly who were ambulatory, and those who were bed­

ridden. Then came privacy for most of the elderly by means of

separation of church from the infirmaries. Privacy was also maintained

through the single unit, but still with a strong communal spirit.

In the 18th and 19th Centuries came the design of an even larger

elderly home for disabled seamen and soldiers, designed by Sir

Christopher Wren. By the middle of the 18th Century, the elderly

facilities were called work houses. Instead of catering to the elderly,

they also housed the poor and the ill in a single complex, (see Figure 2)

Then the complexes were changed to form a quadrangle with a

Figure 2. Chelsea Hospital, Plan. This palatial hospital was designed by Wren in 1.682 for disabled and veteran seamen and- soldiers. Note the enormous scale of this institution and composition.

church at one end, and a community open garden space. This lead to the

more open effect, with two rows of housing interfacing each other,

separated by a road, with a chapel at one end. (see Figure 3)

In summary, these were several forces that brought about the

changes in housing for the elderly: the growing population; the dissolution

of the monastic institutes; and the influence of the Italian Renaissance

architecture.

Elderly in the Modem USA

It was not until after the First World War that any significant

changes were made in the United States. With the wounded returning

home, there was a movement to update the care facilities of the poor

houses. This movement died with the passage of the Social Security

Act of 1935» which brought about today's type of nursing home.

The earliest nursing homes were full and served the elderly

population. Within the 10 year period from I963 to 1973 there was

a 20% increase in facilities. Simultaneous with the increase in

facilities was an increase in elderly population. Currently about

6% of the population is over 65 and 3% live in nursing homes or in

retirement homes, (see Appendix Tables 2, 3t ^>5t and 6)

Elderly in Big Spring. Texas

In recent years the population of the elderly as well as the

life expectancy of the elderly has been increasing. Today the pop­

ulation of the elderly in Big Spring, Texas is about 8.5% of the

total population, which is slightly greater than the national average.

(see Appendix Tkble 7 and 8)

This trend has helped to lead to a wider range of medical facilities

Figure 3« Cottage Almshouse. Trinity Ground, Mile End Road, London. Ahome for old seamen; designed by Wren, showing how Pallaxiian influences can be incorporated into a scheme of cottage almshouses, and yet remain delightfully humane in scale and detail. This was the product of a naster-architect at work.

Cotteige Almshouses. Trinity Ground, Mile End Road, London. A plan of a home for old seamen, designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1682. An adaptation of the cottage almshouse, but in a Renaissance layout.

and health care services in Big Spring. Today elderly and others are

serviced by three hospitals, four private clinics, two convalescent

homes, and one retirement village. These facilities, along with a

few others, provide Big Spring with quality preventive medicine,

emergency care, diagnostic and therapeutic services, and geriatric

care.

Characteristics of Big Spring, Texas

Characteristics such as the population of the city and county,

climate, location, transportation, circulation systems, utilities,

socioeconomic patterns and trends, resources, and government types

and services are shown in the Community Audit of the City of Big

Spring, compiled by the Big Spring Area Chamber of Commerce, (see

Appendix B: Community Audit of Big Spring, Texas)

These important chara.cteristies should be considered when programming

and designing because of their influence on people, places and activ­

ities, which will influence the project.

Attitudes Toward Retirement Homes

According to Ingraham, attitijdes toward retirement homes in

general are favorable. Most of the retirement home residents questioned

were disappointed about losing their status in society and the working

world, but still had a good outlook on life. Many referred to this

as "what little time I have." Others were high-spirited and eager to

get on with life and living. They thought that it was a time to get

better aquainted with family and friends. Still others had the

attitude that they could do what they wanted, when they wanted, whether

that meant staying at home or traveling. They also said that they

8

were satisfied with their conditions.

But there are a few who have very negative attitudes about

living in a retirement home, and they tend to give that kind of

advice to others. They were quoted as telling a friend to "Stay

where you are and get mad at school kids cutting accross your lawn,

don't hole up in a retirment home." So to these few skeptical people,

the retirement home may not be the answer to a happier life, which

is the main purpose of a retirment home. -

How Users Gom^^rehend Their Problem

The elderly know that they are growing older and have reduced

mobility, which reduces movement in the community and leaxis to less

social contact. They also find it increasingly difficult to carry

out daily chores in and around the house. Because they tire more

quickly, they would like to lessen their responsibilities. Also

many widows are burdened with loneliness as well as household respon­

sibilities.

Alternatives

One of the viable non-building alternatives to meet the user

needs is to return to the three-generation housing concept. Another

alternative, according to the Associated Press, might be an adult

foster home or boarding home. This new program, sponsored by the

Florida State Department of Health and Services, removes tcix-supported

patients from nursing homes and places them in adult foster homes and

boarding home type facilities. This type of program might be expanded

to the retired elderly, as well as nursing home patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, much of today's architecture and knowledge of

the needs of the elderly was learned from the past. Much can be

learned from studying past qualities of the medieval effects such

as qualities of dignity, privacy, social and spiritual balance,

overall size in scale with humans, the relentless attempts to reflect

the culture and attitudes of the time, sensitivities toward service,

sanitation, hygiene, medicine, and modem life. Insight can also

be gained into the sense of balance of buildings with respect to

other buildings, sim, and wind.

It can be said that housing forms for the elderly are but a

mirror reflection of the ever changing attitiiies of man. According

to Van Der Rohe, "Architecture is the will of the age conceived in

spatial terms.

10

BACKGROUND REFERENCES

1. Donahue, Wilma, Housing the Aging. 195^, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

2. Russel, J.C, "Late Ancient and Medieval Population," Transactions

of American Philosophical Society, 1958, No. 3, pp. 30-31.

3. Shanes, E. et al, Old People in Three Industrial Societies.

Altherton Press, 1968, New York, Chapter 1.

4. Ward, Hospitals, Colleges, and Almshouses, p. 13.

5. Ingraham, Mark H., My Purpose Holds: Reactions and Experiences in

Retirement of TIAA-CREF Annuitants, Educational Research Division,

197^, New York.

6. Van Der Rohe, Ludwig Mies, Programs and Manifestoes on 20th Century

Architecture, MIT Press, 1970, Cambridge, p. 7^.

11

Goals and Objectives

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Within this section the goals and objectives for the project

will be stated, in an attemp to guide the designer toward a better

solution to the problems involved in housing the elderly. They will

describe what the project is to accomplish and why, as well as to

describe factors which can be used to evaluate the design solutions.

Goals

* To create a facility which has an environment that will meet

the physical and mental needs of the elderly person, but will not

isolate the elderly from the rest of the community

* To create an environment that will cater to the social needs of

the elderly, in order to insure a vital, happy life.

* To offer the elderly a place of freedom, variety, choice, and

security, to create a desire to live and a zest for life.

* To offer the elderly a place that they can call their home and

where they can feel at home there as they were in their last

residence.

* To create a pleasing and harmonious facility with the surrounding

environment, which has functional and pleasing visual appearance

and is inviting to residents, visitors, neighbors, and the public.

* To create an environment for ease of cleaning, care, and service,

but not to the extent that it takes away from the comfort of the

elderly.

* To do all of this within a reasonable cost, because of the economic

factors involved with the limited income of elderly persons.

12

Objectives

* To create a sense of where you are from any point within the

facility.

* To design a smooth flow and circulation pattern within the

facility and outside, from space to space and activity to

activity.

13

9 Activity Analysis

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

Introduction

Within this section is a description of the activities which

will take place within the facility, as well as outside activities.

The primary objective is to create a semi-contained community envir­

onment, which still has a sociaJ. link to the outside community. The

environment within the complex must be special, because the residents

will have much less outside social contact as they become older and

less mobile.

Private Eating

Private eating is to take place^ within the unit or apartment.

The main persons that will be involved in this activity will be the

residents and occasional guests. The most that can comfortably dine

at one time will be four people, but usiially it will be only one or two.

The frequency of use will be- about once or twice a day, depending on

how many meals are eaten in the communal dining area. The dining will

be designed in close proximity to the kitchen or in the kitchen.

Private Sleeping

This activity will take place in a quiet zone of the apartment,

because many older persons take naps during the daytime. The frequency

of use is every night, and sometimes during the day. The number of

persons involved in this activity is one. Sleeping habits may vary in

time and length, so special consideration should be taken to limit or

restrict noise access to the sleeping activity. This is especially

important in cases where two people share one apartment.

14

Private Relaxation

Private relaxation consists of just resting, by possibly getting

away from the rest of the residents. It is usually performed within

the confines of one's apartment. It may consist of reading, watching

television, or just sitting around doing nothing. The frequency of

such an activity will vary.

Private Food Preparation

Private food preparation incorporates preparing food for one's

self and roommate, if any. It should have sufficient space to allow

for food storage, preparation, cleaning, cutting, and washing. This

activity is limited to just one person, once or twice a day.

Private Entertaining

Private entertaining will be contained within the apartment unit

of the resident. It will usually be restricted to three or four

people, because of the constraints of the apartment. The frequency

is varied, depending on the person doing the entertaining. It

occurs more frequently in the evening. Because of this time frame,

placement is of major consideration. Therefore, audio access from

one apartment to another must be restricted, if not eliminated completely.

The activity may consist of dining with a friend, talking, visiting, or

watching television.

Personal Hygiene

Personal hygiene includes body washing and waste removal. The

activity may be simply washing and drying of one's hands or taking a

shower. The frequency of this activity varies day and night, therefore

15

direct access from bedroom to bathroom is important. The activity

should take place away from circulation paths. The activity requires

that visual and audio access be minimized, if not eliminated. It is a

must that visual contact not be made from other parts of the apartment.

Natural lighting is not necessary, but if incorporated it should not

cause loss of privacy. This will pertain to all facilities.

Communal Entertainment

Communal entertainment will provide entertainment to all residents

of the building. The activity may vary from guest speakers, to dances,

to exhibitions, to Halloween and Christmas parties. This activity will

promote social contact between residents, with hope of enjoyment and

happiness. These activites are usually scheduled and require sufficient

space to take place. The activity is a passive one and may occur any

place in the building.

Communal Dining

Communal dining is to be placed in a centralized area of the

building, out of circulation pathways. It must not be necessary to

pass through this activity to reach another. This activity may be

visible from inside the building or from other areas, but audio access

is to be restricted.

Visual contact with outdoor views is a plus, and it is desirable

to receive morning sun in this activity area. This activity is also

to promote the physical and mental health of the residents and to

create a pleasing atmosphere for social contact and consumption of food.

This activity shall accommodate no more than four persons at

each dining table. It should be contained in an atmosphere that is

warm and bright in image. Depending on the maximum number of residents

16

involved in this activity, the ceiling height is of special importance.

Communal Food Preparation

Communal food preparation involves purchasing, transporting,

storing, and preparing food for the residents. It also includes

serving the food, washing dishes, and disposing of trash. The activity

must be in close relation to the food service activity and dining room.

The actions involved in food preparation from purchase to clean

up should have a smooth and direct circulation pattern, with as few

crossings of paths as possible. This activity shall have no direct

visual access to the dining or food service areas. Audio access from

the activity to the dining room is to be eliminated as much as possible.

Commtmal Relaxation

Communal relaxation occurs in public-oriented space, as opposed to

private relaxation, which occurs in private-oriented space. This

activity may include watching television, visiting, sitting and watching

other people, waiting, and reading. This activity usually occurs in

a neutral zone, with some seclusion. The activity need not be isolated,

but may have indirect audio access. This activity occurs frequently

in interior as well as exterior spaces. The activity is very impor­

tant and vital to the physical and social well being of the residents.

Exercise

Exercise is to promote a good attitude as well as good health

for the residents. The exercises will be very basic, so that residents

may do them without supervision or with supervision. Audio access is

to be limited when exercise is indoors.

17

Recreation

Recreation is to promote hand-eye coordination and social

interaction. The activities will usually involve one to four

players and will usually take place during the day. These activities

may create some noise, therefore they should be placed accordingly

with other noisy activities. These activities may take place

indoors or outside.

Walking

Walking usually takes place during the warmer months, but some

residents walk year-round. Walking is a very popular activity for

elderly persons. It is done alone or with others. It often occurs

in the morning after sunrise and in the evening around sunset. It

is desirable to make the exterior and grounds of the building

attractive, to increase enjoyment of walking.

Field Trips

Field trips are usually enjoyed by all residents, because they

are a chance to experience new areas of the outside world and to

revisit old ones. Destinations of these trips will include museums,

cultiiral events, special exhibits, and shopping facilities. The

activity is usually suggested by staff or a resident. Upon approval,

notice is posted of the activities. Participation in the activity

is voluntary.

Religious Services

Religious services are an important part of the lives of many

elderly people. To accomodate residents who are unable or unwilling

18

to attend local church services, religious services will be held in

the retirement home on Wednesday and Sunday.

This activity will be provided by volunteer ministers from

local churches. The activities will Include singing, preaching,

Bible study, and prayer. Resident participation in this activity

will be strictly voluntary. The activity requires limited audio

access, so it should be located in a quieter zone of the building.

Mail and Package Delivery

This activity will include delivery of mail and packages by the

U.S. Postal Service, sorting and placing in mailboxes by office

personnel, and pickup of mail by residents. The activity will be

monitored and controlled by management personnel. Therefore, visual

surveillance of this activity from the office is necessary.

The activity will require accessibility from the lobby, as well

as from horizontal and vertical circulation elements. The activity

of picking up mail is to have indirect visual accessibility to the

lounge, and visibility of adjacent areas will be determined by other

considerations. Care should be taken in the placement of the mailboxes

to avoid the appearance of a large bank of mailboxes, and to reduce

public or unwanted personal contact.

Health Care

This activity will mainly consist of a dietician providing

good nutritional care to the residents. It will be more of an office

than an examination/treatment room. It may involve frequent blood

pressure check-ups, and dispersal of supplimentary items such as

vitamins.

19

This activity needs to have close contact with the communal

kitchen operations, because of the nature of both activities. Also,

the dietician will aid in acquiring and preparing food for the residents.

The activity should have a semi-indirect access off of the main

circulation path. Audio access should be strictly limited.

Administration

Administration involves the control and operation of the entire

building. It is usually composed of three or four persons who's duties

range from directing to bookkeeping. These activities may also include

assisting prospective residents, and counselling with residents or their

families. Most of the activities are confined to paperwork and

financial affairs of running the retirement home. The various

activities involved in administration need to be divided, with limited

audio access between them.

Maintenance

Maintenance is the actions and activities involved in the upkeep

of the building and groionds. It includes conducting minor mechanical,

electrical, and plumbing repairs, and some carpentry work. This

activity will also include grounds maintenance such as mowing, edging,

raking, and hoeing. This activity will usually take place during the

day. It may also involve changing light bulbs, maintaining vehicles,

janitorial service, and trash collection and disposal.

Trash Disposal

Trash disposal shall have direct access to service areas of the

building. There will be no visual or audio accessibility between this

20

activity and others within the building or outside. (See service activity)

This activity will be divided into four steps including trash

disposal within the apartments, communal trash disposal, building

trash disposal, and service trash pickup. The activity shall be

conducted by a passage of control, to provide security and safety of

residents and visitors in the building.

This activity is to take place in a centralized location with

respect to units or floors of the building. Frequency of the activity

will vary from once to twice a week.

21

Site Analysis

SITE ANALYSIS

Introduction

Site Analysis is the study of a preselected site. The objective of

site analysis is to examine the existing condition of the site, its

sxirrounding areas, and the town where it is located. It is also to study

factors which will influence it in form of past, present, and future.

Some of the factors which should be analyzed are geology, climate,

ecology, man-made structures, utilities, sensuous qualities, cultural

data, past history and future of the site, and solar aspects of the site.

Prior to this analysis, the location of the site should be clearly

established in respect to the United States, adjacent states, sidjacent

coimties, location in county, and location in town. The location of the

proposed site is shown by the following maps:

22

MAP OF TEXAS AND SURROUNDING STATES

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-21

20 FORSAN 2 I A 2 5 I * I

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MAP OF HOWARD COUNTY, TEXAS

26

LOCATION OF SITE IN BIG SPRING, TEXAS

27

Geology and Soil

The general soil type of Big Spring is Potter-Mansker association

with gently sloping to steep soils that are very shallow and shallow

over caliche, (see Figure 4) The Potter soils mke up about 50^ of the

association, the Mansker soils about 20^, and the other 30% is composed

of Berthoud and Mobeetie soils. The Mansker soils are in the higher

areas, while the Potter soils are in the lower lying areas.^

The soil types for my site are composed mostly of Potter soil

as shown in Figure 5. These soils are usually located on sites that

are gently sloping to steep. Slopes range from 1 to 20%. The surface

layer texture is clay loam to fine sandy loam.

In a typical profile the surface is brown calcareous loam about 6

inches thick. It is underlain by white calcareous loamy materials that

are weakly cemented in the upper 3 or 4 inches and contain many

pebbles coated with caliche. This layer may extend for many feet into 3

the earth's crust,"^ This typical profile, white loam soil, may contain

80 to 90% of indurated fragments of caliche that are cemented together.

The strenth of this composition of soil as far as shrinkage and swell

is very low, and it is very poor as a topsoil. An illustration of such

a soil type (Potter soil) is found on the block south of my site.

(see Figure6 )

The site for my project is virtioally flat with a very little slope

from south to north. (see Figure 7) There are no places for the

rain to collect and form eddys of water on the site. With the com­

position of the soil and vegetation, drainage or runoff is moderate to

rapid, and soil erosion is likely.

The runoff will reach one of two main drainageways, Sulphur

28

DAWSON COUNTY,

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Figure 4

General S o i l Map Of Howard County, Texas

tt ysi^^tix S>5f)

101°40'

29

N

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

GENERAL SOIL MAP HOWARD COUNTY, TEXAS

SCALE

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LES • 4 1 i

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SOIL ASSOCIATIONS

SOILS OF THE HIGH PLAirJS

T i v o l i - B r o w n f i e l d assoc ia t i on : Deep, nearly ievei to

undula t ing, sondy so i l s

Amar i l l o -Spr inger assoc ia t ion ; Deep, nearly level to

gent ly s lop ing, sandy so i l s

A m o r i l l o - P o r t a l e s assoc ia t i on : Deep, neariy level to

qent ly s lop ing , loamy so i ls

- e a g o n - R e e v e s ossoc io t i on : Moderately deep and r.allow, nearly level to s lop ing , calcareous, loamy so i l s

A c u f f - O l t o n assoc ia t i on : Deep, nearly level to gent ly

s lop ing , d a r k - c o l o r e d , loamy so i l s

Pot te r -Monsker ossoc io t i on : Gently sloping to steep so i l s fKat are very sho l lcw and shol icw over ^gliche-

SOILS OF THE R O L L I N G PLAINS A m a n l l o - C o b b assoc ia t i on : Nearly level to moderately s lop ing , loamy so i l s that ore deep and moderoteiy deep over ca l i che and sandstone

Ol ton-Weymouth assoc ia t i on : Nearly level to gent ly

s lop ing , loamy so i l s that are deep and shallov- over

ca l i che and r e d - b e d c lay

S tomfo rd -Do lby -Vernon assoc ia t i on : Nearly level to

gent ly s lop ing, calcareous so i l s thot are deep and

sha l low over red beds

SOILS OF THE EDWARDS P L A T E A U ^

E c t o r - U v a l d e assoc ia t i on : Gently s loping to steep, colcareous, loamy so i ls that are very shal low and

moderately deep over l imestone and marl May •.968

Gl.A.-»SCOCK ;0I=4Q' 10!°30' © 10P20

COUNl-^ . STERLr>G CO i

ER 42 Figure 5 Soil Types of Big Spring, Texas

PENETRATION

CRSCRlFTlCfi OF STRATUM aRCW; SANCY CLAY

TAN SAriOY CLAY AND CAL.C-E

TAN SAND AND CALICHE GPA,£_

TAN SANC^ CLAY WITH CALICHE

BOTTOM CF HOL£ AT 25

Figure 6: Description of Stratum

31

Topographical Map of Big Spring

f igu re (7)

32

Spring Creek or Mustang Creek which merge west of Big Spring to form

Beal's Greek, which crosses the county from southwest to southeast.

These creeks eventually flow into the Colorado River, which is a few

miles east of Howard County.

The water table varies at depths ranging from 6 to 150 feet. The

water comes from the Ogathola formation. Wells dug of drilled into

this fromation can usually supply enough water for domestic use, but

7 irrigation wells are usually drilled deeper.

Climate

Big Spring's location in respect to the Gulf of Mexico brings sparse'

rainfall. The average annual rainfall is less than 19 inches. Most of

the rain falls occur during the months from May to October, when

prevailing southeasterly winds carry moistizre from the gulf. The

reason for lack of rain in the colder months, November through April,

is that cold fronts cut off the moisture from the gulf, limiting

rainfall and snowfall. The wettest month is September, with an average

of 9.7 inches of rainfall, (see Figures 8 and 9) Thunderstorms begin

in April and reach their peak in about July. These thunderstorms may

have winds of 40 or more miles per hour.

Frequent cold fronts are a characteristic of winter, with strong,

gusty, northerly winds. January, the coldest month, has an average

temperature of 44.9 degrees, with an average of 18 days of 32 degress

or below. Most snowfall is in December, Janiiary, and February, with

occassional snow in November or Iferch. The yearly average snowfall for

8 the years 1953-1964 was 2.75 inches per year.

Summer is characterized by occassional windy days and sand storms.

July, which is the hottest and driest month, has an average temperature

33

Month

-Precipitation at Big Spring, Texas [Elevation 2,400 feet]

J a n u a r y . . February. March April May June July Aiif^ust September October . . . November. l)ccf!iubcr.

Year.

Precipitation '

AverftKc rainfall

0. -)S .6il . 83

1. o;! 2. S3 2. 10 2. 06 1. 95 1. 06 2.03 .95 .77

IS. 38

Total in driest year

(1917)

liidirn 0. 2.S 0

.03

. '.)7

.61

.'JH

. 73

. 17

. 79

68

Total in W(;t(est

year (1!»32)

Inehn 1. 1-' 3.81 . 17

2. 21 .">. 17 4. 63 . 23

4. 68 8. 70

.50 (»)

3. 00 34. 25

Averauo snowfall

Inch ft

{•)

0.«» . 5 .4

0 0 0 0 (I 0 . .X .6

2-S

' Average precipitation baaed on a 60-ycar record throuijli lytjO. »Trace.

figure (8)

3 5

30

25-

CO bJ 1 2 0 o

15 '

Ii

/

AVERAGE-18.3

11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1900 1910 1 9 2 0 1930 1940 1950 I960 YEARS

Annual rainfall at Big Spring, Texas, 1900^. Reconls in do^vntown Big Spring, 1900-14; at Big Spring Field Station, 1915-60.

figure (9)

34

of 84 degrees, with average daily maximums of 94 degrees. There is an

average of 27 days in Jxily in which the temperature is over 90 degrees.

The annual average temperatiore for Howard County is 64 degrees.

The prevailing winds are from the southeast during the warmer months

and from the southwest in the colder months. Relative humidity is

between 69 and 73 percent at sunrise from May through September, and

9 10 drops to 30 or 40 percent in the aiftemoons. *

Ecology

The dominant plants are short and mid grasses and mesquite trees.

The grasses contribute large amounts o'f organic matter to the soil.

The mesquite bushes and trees are native to the plains area because

of their ability to live and grow in hot, dry climates. Mesquite is

a thorny, low shrub unless it has plenty of water, at which time it

may grow into a tree of 50 to 60 feet in height, with a trunk of up to

3 feet accross. Its' strong attachment to this region is its' ability

to obtain water as far as 60 feet undergroud with it's root system.

Some of the animal wildlife in the county include blue quail, doves,

and a few prairie chickens and turkeys. There are also migratory

ducks and sandhill cranes in the Fall and Winter. Some of the

ranchers have restocked the range areas around Big Spring with antelope

and deer.

Other dominant life forms are earthwoms, insects, and prairie dogs.

The prairie dog, a member of the ground squirrel family, is about a

foot long with short, coarse, grayish-brown fur. It has small eyes,

13 short legs, pouched cheeks, and a short flat tail. ^ The only praine

dogs left around Big Spring are on Senic Mountain in a fenced area.

35

Man Mstde Structures

There are not any existing buildings of the site now. The house

that was on the site has been moved, the foundation dug up, and the

land graded off level.

The streets that surround the site have all been paved by the

Big Spring Traffic Department except for the one located on the

western boundry of the site, which is still dirt and gravel. The street

traffic flow stirrounding the site is two-way on all streets. The

largest traffic flows are on Lancaster Street (east side of site).

The next largest volume of traffic is on 17th Street (south side), then

on l6th Street (north of site), and the least is on Bell Street, the

dirt road. ^^ ^^^^ ^^ure 10 and 11)

Utilities

See Appendix B, page 3«

36

CBD INSERT SCALE - l" • 1000 FIGURE 10

TRAFFIC VOLUME MAP

37

^

\ \

A •,»•*

LEGEND

9

a

PRETIMED INTERCONNECTED

PRETIMED ISOLATED

SEMIACTUATED

FULL-ACTUATED

INTERCONNECT ROUTE

FIGURE ' 1 1

TRAFFIC SIGNAL LOCATIONS

38

LEGEND

38

9

3

PRETIMED INTERCONNECTED

PRETIMED ISOLATED

SEMIACTUATED

FULL-ACTUATED

INTERCONNECT ROUTE

FIGURE?- 11

TRAFFIC SIGNAL LOCATIONS

P H ^ * . ^M"

CzD cDi ru ^^g-.JEg=g,^igipDl m Dd DP U

,CD cz: \0 E3 *! I

I N 3 i">-i«a-'l

=^-r^^-^-i 013 Dcri

S i c!D p ^ j=iy

Iczi]f^D 'p© gD[aD!OP ac>faD;ec j

..s:

DD a n irnD"aC

H'Sl •C3 | t l IC3 ICZ1C3 • C 3

^ p a IE DB ca -1 r-T 1

n L.

m IDiDl ODXS i f nn i nni E m m DD

h c^s! nni nn

40

z

w rti

Z

aCLL

rt

Q • (113 (IZ3 G § CUM C Z 3 ^ 3 CZJl ^ U I d (13 CD ^ ^ L.—-^V--

CZUJ. [ i—n 3 &&B-S-^8-Bi B-& r^-r^-j—[-r^-r=r rn

^L—jJCZD (ZD - ^

^i^-a'Q^-Lrr'trT zi! cz:

CZD

cz

- ^ 4 [=zi I : ; : L 4 ^ . S J . G S . nntciiJT7i= r-^ nvr-i f>^n n n n n n n n u ©z

i:n"*te"^:^'*t!fi K5.PJ nnzzD ZQ gnja'a' zs" 3D "CTTTJ "CTffrrr g •.-QS ^ C ! -C3D J~n cm I—I r n

JZ 1!°"=] I r "I r

Sensuous Qualities

The character of the site still reads as a family residential,

with its' small individual homes. The site is located in an older,

well established part of town.

Most of the homes around the site were probably built in the

40's and 50's, They are all of wood frame construction with wood

shingles roofs overlain with asphalt shingles. The majority of these

homes are stucco exterior walls, and they vary in color. A few have

been bricked and one house is made of stone. The condition of these

homes is run-down and in need of general repairs.

The two major view points from the sight are South Mountain to the

southeast and Scenic Mountain to the southwest. Both are well established

landmarks. While looking to the north one can see the vast amount of

farmland on the horizon.

The natural sunlight is not blocked from the site, therefore

allowing full penetration onto the site. It is a fairly quiet site,

in spite of the fact that Highway 87 is just one block east of the

site. Most of the noise is from the traffic flow north and south on

Greg Street and Lancaster Streets.

There are very few offensive smells that penetrate the site. The

only one that I coiild identify is the odor from the Cosden Petroleum

Plant, which is to the northeast of the site, when the wind blows from

the northeast.

Cultural Data

The following cultural data were collected by the Big Spring

Chamber of Commerce as of December 31. 1981:

41

Past and Future

The history of the site shows that it was zoned raulti-family,

then was changed to light retail. Therefore, to build on the site it

will have to be changed back to m\J.ti-family again. If any building

is bxiilt over 3 stories in height, there will also have to be a

permit issued to do so.

The site has no prospective clients looking at it except for

Saint Ifery's Retirement Home, who owns the lot south of my site.

Their proposed use is for axiditional housing for the elderly.

My hopes are to incorporate a bioilding or buildings on this

site that do not convey the message of being an old folks home.

Orientation

Orientation is examined in the following figures for the

region called the Hot-Arid Area. This area is characterized by

excessive heat and flaring sun, therefore requiring the facility

to be designed with the

following consideration

in mind.

bedrooms living dining

kitchen

library loundry ploy

drying yd

bathrooms utiliry garage

workshop 'erraces sun porch • • •40T H U M I D A I E A

126. Suggested sun orientation for rooms. 1 1 . Regional climate zones of the North American

continent.

42

iS Z<r-

\

n itj lii HI T 1

U)

o

u

J

. ^ " " ^ \ i ..ii:-:u:_]...

, • 1 • : : ' • 1 \ n ' •

^ j ; : : :

T^zzz':

, , \ r . . • • 1 • • •

I I V • ' 1 • • [ •

:~i:-/!\'^f-::-:ir

o c o at

43

BIG SPRING, TEXAS

LAT. 32 15 .0 ' N LONG. 101 28.4'W

Using 32 Sun Chart

SUN TIME AND BEARING

MONTH

DEC. 21

NOV. - JAN.

OCT. - FEB.

SEPT. - MAR.

AUG. - APR.

JUL. - MAY

JUNE

7; 00

6:50

6:30

6:00

5:30

5:10

4:55

62 E of S

66 E of S

77 E of S

Due East

104 E of S

114 E of S

118 E of S

5:00

5:10

5O0

6:00

6:30

6:50

7:05

62 W of S

66 W of S

77 W of S

Due West

104 W of S

114 W of S

118 W of S

44

SITE ANALYSIS REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Howard

County, Texas, March, I969, p.5.

2. IBID, p.23.

3. IBID, p.5.

4. Boring logs received from the architectinal firm of Donald G.

Bailey, AIA, from Canterbury Retirement Home project.

5. Topographical Ifep, The Department of the Interior Geological Survey,

Big Spring, South Quadrangle.

6. U.S. Department of Agriculture, p. 67.

7- IBID

8. The Big Spring Agricultural Experiment Field Station.

9. U.S. Department of Agriculture, p. 66.

10. Soils of Big Spring Field Station, annual rainfall, March 1962.

11. The World Book Encyclopedia; Volume 12, p. 346.

12. U.S. Department of Agriculture, p. 67.

13. The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 14, p. 657.

14. Traffic Report conducted by the City of Big Spring.

45

Space Summary

SPACE SUMMARY

Site

Site Entry/Exit

Arrival Court

Parking (350 SF per car, including drive)

Outdoor Recreation Surfaces

Service

3000 SF

1500 SF

32000 SF

Sidewalk: Design Solution

2000 SF-

Building

Building Entiry/Exit

Lobby

Main Lounge

Public Restrooms

Management (toilet included)

Ife.il Room

Mail Box Area

Communal Laundry

Janitors Closets (7 closets)

Communal Dining

Dining Room Storage

Communal Kitchen

Dietician's Office

Building Maintenance

Employee Toilet

Recreation and Social Space

150 SF

200 SF

320 SF

280 SF

1170 SF

100 SF

200 SF

400 SF

560 SF

1400 SF

300 SF

900 SF

120 SF

400 SF

140 SF

1100 SF

46

Apartments (120 units)

40 Small One-bedroom @ 650 SF

60 Large One-bedroom @ 800 SF

20 Two-bedroom @ 1000 SF

Total Apartment Square Footage

Total Net Square Footage

26000 SF

48000 SF

20000 SF

94000 SF

101590 SF

Total Net

Net to Gross Ratio

Total

Mechanical 7 %

Building Gross

101,590 SF

80 %

121,908 SF

8.533 SF

130,441 SF

47

Systems Performance

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE

The purpose of Systems Performance is to analyze the general

views and specific technical standards involved in maintaining the

environment of a retirement home. The systems that will be analyzed

are the major building component systems. All of these systems must

be sensitive to the needs of the elderly, physically and emotionally.

Foundation

Foundations represent approximately 3 to of the gross building

cost. This system is responsible for the stability of the building's

superstructure of apartments. The foundation is also responsible for

support of vertical and lateral loads imposed on it, and transmission

of building loads down to the ground. The system must also distribute

loads so that settlement of the building is negligible or uniform under

all parts of the building. It must also anchor the superstructure

against uplift and racking forces.

The size, placement, and type of foundation will be affected by the

soil's composition, climate, water table, and region of the world in

which the bioilding is designed.

Another consideration that will affect the foundation is the type

of building, its naterials of construction, and the height and weight

of those materials on the foiindation.

Due to the soil of Big Spring, the foundation will be considered

a design complication because of the soil's type and bearing capacity.

Floors on Grade

This system represents approximately Sfo of the gross building cost.

48

This system, like the foundation, is also affected by the soil's

composition, climate, water table, and region of the world. The main

purpose of floors in general is to support both live loads (a building's

occupants and/or contents) and dead loads (the weight of the floors

and its parts, plus loading from floors and walls above). The amoiont

of these loads will determine the floor systems composition and thickness.

It will also determine whether the transfer of these loads is to

beams and columns or to bearing walls, while at the same time providing

lateral support for adjacent walls. The type and depth of the floor

system is related to the size and proportion of the bay system and the

strength of the materials utilized. In addition to floor systems spans,

any desired openings in the floor plane and cantilevers must be considered

in determination of the floor system.

Structure

The structxire will represent approximately 21?5 of the total

construction cost. The structure should utilize durability, fire

resistance, flexibility of usage, maintenance cost over its life, and ease

of implementation. Cost and appearance miist also be considered.

Full spand construction shoiild be analyzed to aviod breaking

up the interior with support members. Noise transmission and vibrations

due to the mechanical systems should also be considered in determining

the type of structure. To limit some of this, insulation should be

used in walls, floors, and ceilings.

Other considerations will include live loads and dead loads applied

on the structure that will affect the type and size of the structure.

Some of the loads are as follows:

49

Apartments Live Loads 40 Ibs./SF

Dead Loads will vary with furnishings

Corridors Live Loads loo Ibs./SF

Dead Loads minimal if any

Snow, wind, and rain loads are minimal. For more information see

Site Analysis section.

Roofing

Roofing will make up approximately 3^ of the gross building cost.

The main purpose of the roofing system is to shield a building's interiors

from the natural elements. The system's responsibility is to drain off

water, to prevent water from going inside the building, and to insulate

from outside temperatures. Consideration of the roofing system depends

on roof structxire and deck and the desired appearance. Other consid­

erations such as thickness, color, insulation value and type will be

affected by the climate. The climate will also determine the slope or

pitch of the roof.

Another consideration of the roof is the solar aspect; whether it

is more desirable to keep the sun out or let the sun in. For Big Spring

there are more cooling degree days than heating degree days. The roof­

ing system might also be affected by the particular structioral system

used or building type used.

Exterior Walls

This system will make up approximately Q% of the gross building cost.

The system's main piorpose is to serve as a vertical plane which protects

interior spaces from penetration by exterior conditions. The exterior

50

walls may be either an applied or integral part of the structure. The

system must be durable to resist wear and elements of sun, wind, and

rain. The orientation of the building on the site and purpose of the

walls will affect the system. Heat transmission properties, reflect­

ivity, and absorptivity, and insulation value should also be important

factors in the choice of a i-iall system. These factors will also

determine the size and efficiency of HVAC systems, along with window

and door types and number of each.

Partitions

Interior walls and partitions will make up a little over 12^ of

the gross building cost. The main purpose of this system is to serve as

dividers and to define elements of space, visually and acoustically.

Accomodating the vertical and horizontal travel of mechanical and

electrical lines and their outlets will determine the thickness and

composition of a partition wall.

Finishes

Wall surfaces must be durable and wear-resistant. The desired

finish, color, and texture should be compatible with the wall system

used. Because of their use as a support for the elderly, the wall

finishes should be an additional consideration. Wall finishes will

make up about 8% of the gross building cost.

Floor surfaces must support traffic and continual sliding of feet,

therefore the surface must be durable, resistant to wear, and be easy to

maintain. These are critical factors that must be considered in the

selection of floor finishes, which will make up about ^% of the gross

building cost.

51

Ceiling finishes provide acoustical control from spaces to upper

level spaces, and hide electrical and HVAC duct works. Ceiling finishes

will make up approximately Jfo of the gross building cost.

Wall and floor finishes, along with ceiling finishes, should also

consider the visual properties of each system, and their joints and

edge conditions. They should also consider heating, plumbing, and

electrical lines within or between each finish, and access to these

systems.

Conveying Systems

Conveying systems represent approximately 2% of the gross building

cost. The purpose of this system is to provide a means of direct,

vertical transportation for a building and its occupants and supplies.

Some factors that must be considered and will help determine the

system are the following:

1. The type and number of traffic that will be served.

2. The distance traveled and the speed desired.

Other factors that also must be considered are the size, materials, and

structural requirements for each type of system. These considerations

will determine the number of conveying systems, electrical supply, and

control equipment required.

Specialties

Specialty systems to accomdate the elderly and handicapped will

represent about 1% of the gross biiilding cost. Some of these special

considerations are stair dimensions, ramps, corridor dimensions and

equipment, and door access and safety features.

52

stairs - Stairs are a special consideration because of the reduced

mobility of the elderly. The purpose of stairs is to provide a means

of egress in case of fire. Because of this purpose, stairs can be made

safer and more comfortable if necessary for residents. Stairs should

be designed with short, straight runs if possible, and with a maximum

of ten risers between landings. Steps should have plain faces with

non-skid siorfaces, to reduce chances of slipping.

All stairs should also provide handrails on both sides of the stairs

at a height of 2' 8". Other dimensions are shown in the following

diagram:

\0 iM^.

Ramps - Ramps, like stairs, are a special consideration due to the

elderly and handicapped residents of a retirement home. Ramps are not

substitutes for stairs, but are supplementary to them. Ramps should

conform to local codes and should be equipped with handrails to provide

support for those who walk with difficulty, and to assist those in wheel­

chairs. Dimensions are shown in the following diagram:

53

' f ' ^ ^ ^ _____

-juc r. ^

^ - ^ "

Corridors - Corridors and hallways are a special consideration

because of the elderly persons need of support while walking. This

need is met by providing handrails on both walls of the corridors. These

handrails should be set at a certain height and should be thick to

ensure a good grip. Dimensions are shown in the following diagrams:

MMi

''•4 (V\M.

9'-o" mm.

tp t-\(f

Door Access and Safety Features - All of the doors should be

designed so that limited muscular strength is required to open them.

When open, the doors should have enough clearance for a wheelchair. The

apartment doors should open to the inside, away from the corridor. The

doorways should be well lighted to make it easy for residents to find

the keyhole, and the doors should be equipped with a peep hole and a

lock. Due to the elderly residents, thresholds should be eliminated.

Some dimensions are shown in the following diagram:

'Cli-

EE

4-/I -^-6

• 7 ^ / •• I I , '

^ • l l ' l => : ii :l !\

¥\\ 1 1 ' . .' '

JllW !f:\':- I.

fi pMoU

4'-^"

rj^\^^\^ APT: "^^X^SX

I

_ ^ . « ^

Plumbing

The plumbing system will represent approximately 9^ of the gross

building cost. The purpose of this^ system is to supply hot and cold

water to the building. The plumbing system should be sized to eliminate

noises of vibrations in pipe work and to supply a sufficient amount of

water. Special consideration of pipe sizing should be made to eliminate

scalding in showers. Each apartment shoiild be provided with a shut-off

valve so that the piping can be isolated without affecting the supply

to other units.

55

Mechanical

The mechanical system represents approximately 7% of the total cost

of construction and approximately 7% of the gross square footage. This

system is responsible for the temperature control within the environment

of the building. This system is just a part of environmental control

of temperature within a space. The use of windows for ventilation and

natural lighting affects heat gain and loss.

The systems will be required to maintain a constant temperature

at 3 feet above the floor. Desirable temperature is about 68 degrees

for heating and 78 degrees for cooling. Slight variations may result

from person to person, so each apartment will require its own thermo­

static control. The thermostat should be placed away from heat sources

and out of direct sunlight.

There are to be individual heating and cooling unit coils located

within each apartment. The systems must deliver a minimum of .33 cfm

per square foot of floor space. The pressure provided in the apartments

must be positive to prevent infiltration of air from outside the building

or from the hallways.

Electrical

The total electrical system will make up about 10^ of the gross

biiilding cost. The use of electricity is an integral part of the

building system. Some of the typical household appliances are:

Refrigerator 300 to 400 watts Toaster 1000 to 1500 watts Range/oven 3000 to 12000 watts Dishwasher 1000 watts Air Conditioner 3000 to 12000 watts Television 300 to 500 watts

The power for these appliances can be supplied through regular

convenience outlets. The apartments shoiild be equipped with at least

56

3 watts of power per square foot, however 5 watts per square foot is

recommended by the National Electric Code. Minimum Property Standards

require two types of service supplies, llOv for small appliances and

220v for larger appliances.

Light switches should be located near a door opening adjacent to

a room. Convenience outlets should be provided every 12 feet of wall

length, and shoiild have 3-prong duplex grounding outlets, according to

FHA Minimum Standards.

All wiring should be placed in flexible conduit to eliminate breakage.

Natxiral lighting should be used as much as possible to reduce energy

costs. Also the use of fluorescent light will reduce energy and main­

tenance costs. For lighting requirements see the Detailed Space List.

Heights for electrical outlets are shown in the following diagram:

a-^iicii

y

Aft ^m\ rSAtPiti/fj

^ „ ^^iw\x.-f mM I

^

57

Acoustical Control

Although the elderly have a reduced audio range, they are still

sensitive to noise disturbance. Some of these disturbances may range

from conversation, to radios, televisions, and stereos being played

loudly. Because of this, acoustic control is highly recommended.

Sound transmission includes not only Inbome noises, but also airborne

noises. The purpose of acoustic control is to reduce, if not eliminate,

the noise transmission from one space to another.

Some of the rating of partitions, floors, and ceiling assemblies

for airborne (STC) and impact noises (INR) or (lIC) are shown for

typical construction assemblies:

FLOORS AND CEILINGS

Where a f loor or ce i l i ng is located;

Between l i v i ng units

Between l i v ing uni t and publ ic corr idors, lobbies, storoge rooms; where pub l ic spaces are above l i v i ng units

Where publ ic spaces are below l i v ing units

Between l i v ing uni t when it is above or below a high noise generation pub l ic or service area

STC 52 IMR - 2 lie 52

STC 50 INR - 5 lie 55

S i e 50 INR 0 lie 50

s i e 60 INR - 7 lie 58

PARTITIONS

Where a par t i t ion is located:

Between l i v ing units STC 52 Between l i v ing uni t and publ ic

corr idors, stairs, or lobbies STC 50 Between l i v ing unit and noisy

publ ic spaces such as e leva­tors, mechanical rooms, e t c . STC 55

Between bedrooms and other space in same l i v ing uni t (desirable but not required) STC 45

58

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE REFERENCES

1, Percentages used within this section were obtained from 198I

Dodge Construction Systems Costs by McGiraw Hill Information Systems

Company.

2. Acoustical standards were obtained from Housing for the Elderly, by

Isaac Green, Van Norstand Reinhold Company, 1975» New York, p. 58-

59

# Cost Analysis

COST ANALYSIS

The following cost analysis has been derived from the Space

Summary, and calculated using formulas and values from the 1981

Dodge Construction Systems Costs by McGraw-Hill Information Systems

Company. The following assumptions have been made:

1. an inflation rate of .71^ per month.

2. the scheduling of the project as follows:

a. programming August 1982-December 1982

b. design January 1983-May 1983

c. working drawings June 1983-November 1983

d. construction December 1983-December 1984

3. the final building cost is figured at the mid-point of

construction. (June 1984)

Cost Factors

Building Type: Homes for the aged (senior citizens)

Building System Average $/SF % Total

Foundations Floors on Grade Superstructure Roofing Exterior Walls Partitions Wall Finishes Floor finishes Ceiling Finishes Conveying Systems Specialties Fixed Equipment HVAC Plumbing Electrical

Gross Building Cost

$ 1.62 2.72 9.97 1.35 3.56 5.69 3.62 1.85 1.37 0.68 0.28 2.40 3.14 4.08 4.83

$46.48

3'5fo 5.9 21.4 2.9 7.7 12.2 7.8 4.0 2.9 2.1 0.6 5.2 6.8 8.8 10.3

100%

* Based on an annual inflation rate of 8 to 9%

60

Cost in Big Spring

The cost in Big Spring can be figured by multiplying the

Gross Building Cost by a locality adjustment factor for the

site or the closest town to the site. In this case the closest

town with an available adjustment factor is Abilene, Texas.

This cost will be in terms of cost as of January, 1981.

Gross Building Cost = $46.48/SF X Local Adjustment Factor = X .81 Total SF Cost in Big Spring $37.65/SF

Inflation Factor

The Inflation Factor can be figured by using assumed inflation

per month and converting it to a decimal number, then multiplying

it by the number of months from January 1981 to June 1984.

.71% inflation per month = .0071 X time span = X 22 Inflation Factor = .2059

Projected Cost

The Projected Cost to midpoint of construction can be figured

by multiplying the Total SF Cost in Big Spring by the Inflation

Factor.

Total SF Cost in Big Spring = $37.65/SF X Inflation Factor +1 = XI .2059 Project Cost in June, 1984 = $45.40/SF

Building Cost

The Building Cost can be calculated by multiplying the building's

total gross SF (from Space Summary) by Projected Cost for June 1984.

total gross square feet = 130,411 X Projected Cost/SF June '84 = 45.40 Building Cost = $5,922,022

61

Site Development Cost

Site Development Cost is figured at a percentage of the Total

Building Cost.

Building Cost = $5,922,022 X percentage = x .05 Site Development Cost = $296,101

Total Construction Cost

The Total Construction Cost may be calculated by adding the

Building Cost the the Site Development Cost.

Building Cost = $5,922,022 + Site Development Cost = 296.101 Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123

Site Cost

The site cost was determined from papers for application for

a Mviltifamily Housing Project in Big Spring.

Site Cost = $64,000

Professional Fees

The Professional Fees (Architectural, Engineering, and Consulting)

2 are figured as a percentage of the Total Construction Cost.

Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 X percentage = .06 Professional Fees $373,087

Contingencies

Contingencies are figured as a percentage of the Total Construction

Cost. ^

Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 X percentage = .05 Contingency Cost $310,906

62

Administrative Cost

The Administrative Cost are calculated as a percentage of the

4 Total Construction Cost.

Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 X percentage = .01 Administrative Cost = $62,181

Total Project Cost

The Total Project Cost is figured by adding the Total Construction

Cost to the Site Cost, Professional Fees, Contingencies, and

Administrative Cost.

Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 Site Cost = 64,000 Professional Fees = 373,087 Contingecies = 310,906 Administrative Cost = 62,181 Total Project Cost = $7,028,297

Cost Per Unit

Having calculated the Total Project Cost, the average cost

per unit m y be figured by dividing the Total Project Cost by

the number of units, as specified in the Space Summary.

Total Project Cost Cost Per Unit =

number of units

$7,028,297 Cost Per Unit = = $58,569

120

63

COST ANALYSIS REFERENCES

1. Pena, William, Problem Seeking, Wall Company Inc., 1977,

Houston, Texas, p.104-105.

2. IBID.

3. IBID.

4. IBID.

64

Detailed Space List

Site Entry/Exit

The main purpose of the site entry/exit is to provide access to

and from the site by a roadway in a vehicle. The access to the site is

to provide visual contact with direction to the entrance of the building.

It is to be sufficient in size to handle adequate traffic flow. It

should be well marked as "Entry and Exit." It should also be located on

a minor road to avoid heavier traffic on major roads, but not to the

point that it causes problems to enter and exit the site. Entry to the

site by right angle tumoff should be 25 feet wide with a curb radius of

30 feet. Entry and exit should also minimize traffic conflict points

and minimize turning movements necessary to enter and exit.

The space alloted is the be 1,500 SF per car, and with a maximum

of 2 cars entering and leaving at once, the total space required is

3,000 square feet.

1. Time Saver's Standard

65

Arrival Court

The arrival court is to provide a covered protected area for

pickup and dropoff of residents, with short term visitor parking

(see parking) and light service, such as mail, flowers, and package

delivery. It is to be located in close relation to the main entrance

to the facility, to permit easy access. The area should be well lighted

with possibly some plants that will not permit concealment. The arrival

court area should be a minimum length of 22 feet. When covered it

must have a minimum height of 7 feet. The width should be at least

12 feet, 6 Inches to accomodate the handicapped. The maximum number

of cars at one time will be two, with a total of 1,000 square feet alloted,

......J-SCJ

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, \

1 = = / . -AVN i^OUee, -AFAI^AlBKr

~,\0 £WV\rL£5 := ^RK\^^ CJTL'.' T I/V\AJE

1. Time Saver's Standards

66

Parking

Lighting requirement: 1 fc.

Parking will be provided in the following manner:

Resident 72 Employee 10 Visitor 10

Handicapped @ % of total 5

The number of parking spaces for residents is calculated as .6

spaces for each dwelling unit. Employee parking should be located

as close as possible to their work areas. Visitor parking is to be

located near the front or main entrance to the building.

Parking will consist of regular parking stalls (9' X 19') and

handicapped parking stalls (12'-6" X 19'). Parking in all situations

shoiold be provided within convenient proximity to enti^r/exit points.

The parking area should be well lighted, with plant covering of such

a nature that concealment is avoided.

Parking areas should minimize conflict between vehicles entering

and ones leaving the parking area. Parking should be divided into

smaller increments if possible to avoid a "sea of parking." It should

also eliminate backing onto primary streets and should be located

away from intersections.

Dimensions: 87 parking spaces 9'-0" X 19' or 171 SF

5 handicapped 12'-6" X 19' or 238 SF

See typical parking for rental housing in Figure 12of the Appendix.

1. Based on case study statistics of parking space/dwelling unit.

67

Outdoor Recreation Surfaces

Outdoor recreation surfaces are to provide an array of activities

or areas in which they might take place. The accessibility to such

areas shovild be of major consideration. They should be separate from

the building, but with easy access. These areas should be oriented

with respect to the sun, but not to the extent that it becomes uncomfort­

ably warm on hot days. These areas should be provided with fixed

and portable light-weight furnishings. The activities involved can be

divided into separate areas for active and passive activities.

Shuffle Board dimensions are 10'-0" wide and 57'-0" long, for a

totaJ. of 570 SF. The actual game board and walking area for the game

of shuffle board is shown in the following dia,gram:

e* *

/-l-^v^tJ_.^L f^, ^-^

-^.i^- - ><^ I ' I'l 1

E AMEBlCAM SHUFTUEBOARD

Sidewalks are usually 3 or 4 feet in width and provide short, direct

access routes to the building from all parking areas. They will also

act as a form of outdoor recreation for residents who like to walk for

fun or exercise. Natural settings are most desirable for walks. This

area should be stimulating and intertwine in an attractive way with

other elements of the site.

68

Service

The service system should function so it does not disrupt any

of the resident's daily activities or other movement systems. The

major function of this area is shipping and receiving of food products.

It may also serve as a place of pickup and drop-off of large items

and provide access for trash pickup. The service area may provide access

to mechanical and electrical systems by service trucks for occasional

servicing. The service area should be located away from major entry

and exit points to the building, and out of sight of outdoor recreation­

al facilities. The image of such an area should be of great consideration.

It will also need to provide sufficient area for 2 service vehicles.

Two hundred square feet of open covered space is required with

access to the kitchen. Trucks should have direct paved access to this

area. According to Graphic Standards, the trucks will have the

following dimensions:

Delivery Truck 14' to 18' in length and 5' to 5'4" in width Trash Truck 17' to 35' in length and 6' to 6'8" in width

A service area is shown in the following diagram:

< : ^

•M-.-OK'T:'' \ 1 ^ Q

-^^ ^>, -—--w^w

<icrjmta\

69

Building Entry/Exit

Because first impressions tend to be lasting ones, it is important

that this area be very pleasing for residents and visitors entering and

leaving the building. The main entry/exit should consist of the following;

1. Front Porch - This is an outdoor sitting, viewing, and waiting

area.

2. Foyer - This is to serve as an airlock against the weather,

and as a security point where visitors are identified.

3. Lobby - The primary function is a circulation mode to provide

access to vertical circulation and public functions.

4. Lounge - This area should be flexible space to accomadate

observation, waiting, visiting, chance meetings and communal

activities.

This area will preform as a transitional space between inside

and outside with a dire et access to the vehicular arrival court.

It should have a weather protective covering frcm tujlcirg to driveway,

(see arrival court)

v'jt

^£A* "ry.

1. Green, Isaac, Housing for the Elderly. Van Norstand Reinhold Co., 1975, New York, N.Y., p. 58.

70

101 Lobby 200 SF

The lobby is the focal point of the building and traffic flow.

The lobby should provide direct physical and visual contact with the

administrative offices, mail and package delivery, and the Main Lounge.

The lobby is to serve as a transitional space from outside to inside

the building and as a meeting place to receive guests. Scale and height

of the lobby area play a big part as a transition factor. The lobby

should have a visual connection to the outdoors. This is usually accompl­

ished by means of large glass windows, that may be operable to allow for

fresh air.

The lobby should have indirect access to the public restrooms

and direct access to the Main Lounge. The lobby should also provide

visual contact with the vertical circulation (elevators). It should be

well lighted, easy to maintain, and have a warm, welcoming feeling.

Finishes should be of durable qxiality. Schematic relationships of a

lobby are shown in the following diagram:

' ' 11........— (i^i^

Ulo\aA

vrj^U ^ - i ^ Vw t 'r^'iMTl -v' f /JCy)\

71

102 Main Lounge 320 SF

The main lounge is to be adjacent to the lobby with visual access

to it. The lounge should provide a comfortable place for residents and

visitors alike to sit and talk or serve as a waiting area. The space

should be furnished and arranged in a manner that provides both private

conversation areas and viewing or waiting areas. Space considerations

should be close to those of a resident, as far as ceiling height. The

lounge should also provide a view to the outdoors, (see Lobby)

Occupants: 10 maximum, including residents and visitors.

Lighting: 30 fc

Furnishings: chairs

2 end tables

sofa

coffee table

electrical outlets (llOv)

carpeted floor

A schematic drawing of a lounge is shown in the following diagram:

\ /..\7.H

72

103 Public Restrooms 280 SF Total

The restrooms will be divided into two separate and equal sections,

one for men and one for women. Both will provide an indirect access off

of the main lobby or entrance area, for convenience of visitors. Each

restroom will have 140 SF.

Occupants: 3 each

Lighting: 30 fc each

Air Requirements: exhaust 2 cfm per SF of floor

Furnishings: 1 wc for men and 3 wc for women

2 urinals (men only)

2 sinks each

20 SF of counter each

facing mirror for each

73

Administration 1120 SF Total

"The management offices should be located with direct physical,

visual, and auditory accessibility to the main building entrance and

lobby, to common facilities when they are on the main floor, and to

the mail/package room."

The purpose and placement of such offices is to provide security

to the residents by screening guests. This in turn discourages unwanted

guests,> Willie providing security.

The offices should have natural lighting through side windows,

which will also provide visibility of critical areas of the entrance to

the building and the parking lots if possible. The offices should convey

the message of offices with a welcoming quality. The schematic relation­

ships of an office are shown in the following diagram:

^ _t3

0^ awu ,jwai i-

•M

1. Issac Green, p. 60.

74

104 Administrator's Office 400 SF subtotal

The job of the administrator is directed toward overseeing the

operations of the retirement home and promoting the safety and welfare

of the residents. He makes the final decisions of all matters of

concern to the retirement home and directs the other employees.

Occupants: 3 visitors plus administrator maocimum.

Lighting: 70 to 100 fc

Furnishings: desk and chair

book shelves

2 visitor chairs

sofa

cardensa

wall to exterior with window

vault

105 Assistant Administrator's Office 250 SF subtotal

The assistant administrator's job is to help the administrator in

the day to day operations of the retirement home. He may also be respon­

sible for coordinating social activities such as parties and field

trips.

Occupants; 3 naximum

Lighting: 70 to 100 fc

Furnishings: desk and chair

file cabinets

book shelves

2 visitor chairs

storage closet

75

106 Secreatary to the Administrator I70 SF subtotal

The secretary to the administrator handles all paperwork and

correspondence for the retirement home. Other duties include answer­

ing the phone, typing, and filing.

Occupants: 3 nvaximum

Lighting: 100 fc

Furnishings: desk and chair

file cabinets

2 visitors chaiirs

wall to lobby with sliding window

storage closet

107 Bookkeeping Office 300 SF subtotal

The bookkeeper's job is to keep financial records such as

accounts receivable and accounts payable. The bookkeeper will also

take care of financial transactions such as depositing and paying bills.

Occupants: 4 maximum

Lighting: 100 fc

Furnishings: desk and chair

file cabinets

book shelves

2 chairs

76

108 Administration Toilet 50 SF

This area will be provided within the office area spaces. The

space is for just one toilet with use by both male and female. The

toilet will be located centrally in the office area to provide

convenience to all administration personnel. The door to the toilet

should be provided with a locking door knob.

Occupants: 1 maximum

Lighting: 30 fc

Air Requirements; 2 cfm per SF of floor area or 120 cfm.

Furnishings: 1 wc

1 sink

10 SF of counter

1 mirror

11

109 Mail Room 100 SF

The mail room i s a place f o r r ece iv ing , s o r t i n g , and de l iver ing

mail and packages to the r e s i d e n t s . I t s h a l l have a c c e s s i b i l i t y from

the entrance ajid from hor izonta l and v e r t i c a l c i r c u l a t i o n elements. The

mail room i s usua l ly p a r t of or incorporated in to the adminis t ra t ive

o f f i c e s .

Occupants; 1 maximum

Light ing ; 100 fc

Furnishings ; t ab l e and cha i r

A schematic drawing of a mail room i s shown in the following di6Lgram:

/WAlU M P A C ^ ^ ^

78

110 Mailbox Area 200 SF

This space will contain the residents mailboxes. The mailboxes

should be large enough to receive magazines, newspapers and packages,

and should conform to all United States Postal Service standards.

Mailboxes should not be lower that 30 inches or higher than 56 inches

above the walking surface. Each mailbox must be clearly identifiable

by sight and touch for the visually impaired.

Occupants; 5 to 10 maximum

Lighting: 30 fc

Furnishings; one mailbox for each apartment or 120

A schematic drawing of a mailbox area is shown in the following diagram;

V

V.

nn

mnr

/*d

z.^tCmi-rz: '-^

I ' . , I ,V

79

Ill Communal Laundry Room 400 SF

The laundry room will be provided in a central location in the

building, convenient to all residents. The purpose of this area is

to provide for mechanical washing and drying of resident's clothing.

It will also provide soaking, sorting, and folding areas.

The area should not allow audio access to other areas of the

building. The entry to the laudry room should have a door with a

see-through panel of glass to allow visibility without entering.

The room furnishings should be arranged so concealment is not possible

from the hall or entry door. The arrangement should also be designed

with adequate clearance around the equipment for use and maintenance.

The laundry room whould have natural lighting and views of the outside

if possible.

Occupants; 6 maximum

Lighting; 30 fc

Furnishings: 4 washers

4 dryers

1 folding table

1 soap vending machine

6 chairs

Miscellaneous; Heavy duty outlets (220v)

Convenient outlets (llOv)

Durable surface with little noise transmission

80

112 Janitor's Closets 80 SF each

The janitor's closets are to handle storage of all equipment and

products necessary for upkeep, maintenance, and cleaning of the building.

The size of the janitor's closets may vary depending on the cleaning

area alloted to each closet. It shall have shelves along the wall for

placement of cleaning products. It shall also be equipped with a slop

sink. This area does not need to have outside lighting by way of a

window. It is necessary that the area be vented because of the toxic

fumes of cleaners stored and used there.

Occupants; 1 maximum

Lighting: 15 fc

Furnishings: laxge commercial sink

shelves

81

113 Communal Dining Room 1,400 SF

This area is to handle the activities of eating for residents

of the building. The area must be large enough to accomodate all of the

residents at one time. The number of residents that will use the facility

will vary from meal to meal and from day to day.

Passive activities, such as card games, reading, and visiting,

will occur in the space from time to time. During other usages, it

must be possible to store chairs and tables out of sight in adjacent

storage closets.

This area is to have easy to clean and durable surfaces on walls,

floors, chairs, and tables, due to wear from continual cleaning. Carpet

would not be appropriate in this area.

This area may be usable as a large group meeting and multi-purpose

activity room. Ceiling heights will be 8 feet or higher.

Occupants: 140

Frequency of Use: normally 3 times a day

Lighting: 30 fc

Air Requirements: 15 cfm pe^ person

Furnishings; 35 tables

140 chairs

Schematic drawings of dining rooms are shown in the following diagrams:

OIOIOIO o •

82

114 Dining Room Storage 300 SF

This space is to provide for storage of dining tables and chairs

when it is necessary to use the dining room as a multi-use space.

This space must be adjacent to the dining room by double doors to allow

ease of moving and storing furniture.

Occupants; none

Lighting; 20 fc

Furnishings: none

Will Contain; dining chairs 140 @ 2 cf per chair

dining tables 35 @ 4 cf per table

83

115 Communal Kitchen 900 SF

The communal kitchen is for the purpose of preparing food for

residents who do not wish to cook. The space should be designed by

and with a professional food service consultant. The kitchen should

also be designed for easy cleaning with durable and long-lasting surfaces,

The kitchen should provide direct access to delivery dock areas for

food deliveries. This space must also have an access to the exterior

for removal of trash and food waste. This may also be an employee

entrance to the kitchen.

Occupants: 6 employees

Lighting: 70 fc

Furnishings; 2 preparation tables

walk-in refrigerator and freezer •

commercial booktop/oven

tray washing machine

pot washing machine

pantry (dry food storage)

2 commercial size sinks

30 LF of counter space

30 LF of steam tables

Air change; 4 cfm per SF of floor area

84

116 Dietician's Office 120 SF

The dietician's office will provide an area for the dietician to

conduct the business of ordering foods and surveying food preparation.

The area will have two entrances, one from the kitchen and one from

a circulation path within the building. The office will have direct

visual access to the kitchen, while restricting audio access.

Occupants: 3 Majcimum

Lighting; 50 fc

Air Changes; 6 to 8 changes per hour

Furnishings: desk and chair

2 visitors chairs

book shelves

file cabinets

storage

window to kitchen area

85

117 Building Maintenance Room 400 SF

The maintenance room will handle any equipment that needs to be

stored, such as lawn mowers, edgers, rakes, and hoes. It will be the place

where minor mechanical repairs are made on equipment. Some carpentry

and plumbing work will be done here also. This area will have a

direct access to the loading dock for deliveries of supplies. This

area must be located on an exterior wall to provide access to the

exterior. The area will also provide work tables and benches, (see

services this section)

Occupants: 2 maintenance personnel

Lighting 50 fc

Furnishings; shelves

work counter

heavy duty and convenience outlets

water outlet

sink

86

118 Employee's Toilets 140 SF total

The employee's toilets should be located in close relation to

the commxmal kitchen and maintenance room. This area will provide a

mens and a womens toilet. The toilets should be located away from the

kitchen area. Each toilet will have its own entrance and each will

be 70 SF.

Occupants: 1 each

Lighting: 30'fc

Air Requirement: 2 cfm per SF of floor area

Furnishings: 1 wc for men and 2 wc for women

1 urinal (men only)

1 sink each

10 SF of counter each

1 mirror for each

87

119 Recreation and Social Spaces 1100 SF

Recreation and Social Spaces are areas in which recreational

games, hobbies, and meetings will take place. These areas should

be centrally located in respect to horizontal and vertical circulation

paths. These areas should be positioned to receive sunlight for

at least a portion of each day. It is necessary to design flexibility

of use into the areas.

88

120 Exercise Room 500 SF

This room will be used for Individual and/or group exercises.

Natural lighting for this area is not a must, but is conducive to

the activities. The lighting should not allow surveillance of

residents from people outside. This should also be close to water

fountains and public restrooms.

Occupants: 20 maximum

Lighting: 30 fc

Furnishing; padded floor mats

2 fixed riding bicycles

a few weights

A schenatic drawing of an exercise room is shown in the following diagram:

i

1

89

121 Game Room 600 SF

This axea is for recreational use of the residents. The area

should be carpeted and well insulated to restrict audio access. It

will be equipped with a billiards table and a ping pong table. This

area should be located close to public restrooms and water fountains.

Occupants: will vary

Lighting: 20 to 30 fc

Furnishings: billiards table

ping pong table

15 folding chairs

1 sofa

The following diagram shows the dimensions for ping pong tables:

A- ' - i v S ^ ,

—!—^

J ,

- r . j / i C E . - . ' I

^ 1 e T _ ^ : / —1 f.

f • / - I ~<

— , - - n\f—I J n E G U U A T l O N T A B U e S M A U L TABCE

TASLE T E N N I S

90

DWELLING UNIIS

Entry/Exit 24 SF

The entry/exit is a critical transition space form the lobby or

hallway to the private area of the apartment. The entry/exit should

also provide access to the kitchen, living room and hall closet.

The entry/exit area should have direct visual and audio contact with

visitors outside of the entry/exit door.

Occupants: allow for at least 2 persons wide

Lighting; 5 fc

Closet dimensions; minimum of 3'-0" X 2'-2"

Entry/exit: minimum of 14 SF

Closet: minimum of 7 SF

21 SF plus round = 24 SF

Schematic drawings for entry/exits are shown in the following diagram;

dm

( lra i l

AtiiP)^

:!5e>r

•rt^ ^^^

iWfT ^Tf^/''^iT

91

122 Living Room

The living room is used for entertaining, conversation, reading,

lounging, relaxing, and watching television. The area should have

indirect access to the entry/exit and the dining room. The living

room should be designed to limit audio access to other apartments and

to other rooms within the apartment. There should be no visual or

audio access of bedrooms and bathroom. The living room should also have

views of the outdoors.

Occupants: 3 to 5 maximum

Lighting: 20 to 50 fc

Furnishings; will vary depending on the resident's posssssions

A schematic drawing of a living room is shown in the following diagram;

4 ^ ' +*-. (2;vU r ii ** c«^<V^

i}m^ wwk- aJ HA

'iittwct

92

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TO

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'ii\ia.<^^ n

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j[i\r/i\>ic2/

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93

123 Kitchen

The kitchen is the area where food preparation, cooking, food

and utensil storage, trash disposal, and dish washing will take place.

It should have a direct access to entry/exit and dining areas for

carrying in groceries and serving of meals. The kitchen should have

indirect access to the living room, sleeping and personal hygiene

areas of the apartment. The kitchen should if possible receive

morning or some sun during the day.

Occupants: 1 or 2

Lighting: 50 to 70 fc

Air Requirements: 2 cfm per SF and exhausted

Fumi shing s: sink

10 linear feet of counter

cabinet storage

range with hood

dishwasher

refrigerator/freezer combonation

garbage disposal

A schenatic drawing of a kitchen is shown in the following diagram:

'iJiJ^i\'J.

94

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iViit^iMuM f:V^*TA(>^ flwl f K ? ^

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95

124 Dining Room

The dining room area is a semi-formal dining area for the comsumption

of food and for passive activities such as table games, letter writing,

and hobbies. The dining room should have direct access to the kitchen.

The dining room should have no visi;ial access of the bedroom or bathroom.

The dining area may have visual and physical contact with the living

room, and should be designed to receive morning sun if possible.

Occupants: 4 maocimum

Lighting: 30 fc

Furnishings: 1 table

4 chairs

A schematic drawing of a dining area i s shown in the following diagram:

96

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n 46" h ^A of| cJh\u^

-t

1 intn

plwfi- Wr^*tt

' J

125 Bedroom

The bedroom is where the activities of sleeping and changing

clothes takes place. The bedroom is the most private area of the

apartment, therefore audio access should be eliminated if possible from

either entering of leaving this space. The bedroom should be oriented

to receive morning sun if possible, and should have visual contact

with only the closet and possibly the bathroom (semi-indirect).

Occupants: 1

Lighting: 10 to 30 fc

Furnishings: will vary with the possessions of the resident

The schematic relationships of a bedroom are shown in the following diagrams;

^m

^ ^ ,^xy.^ ^uAs.

^ ^ • H A '^ < ° ffil' '\ "^i^m

TYPICAL i'Tf'f^CACn TO 5f?«C£ OKlBhi^AVOt-i •vprln thhfwjh«vt fin. -U/Ti M 1 e ^ f j ^

97

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98