Presentation on

Renewable Energy Technology and Green Economy

Presented By:

Dr Rhiddi Bir Singh

Professor & Head

Natural Resources & Products Development,

Research Centre for Applied Science & Technology,

Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

Organized By

Asia Pacific Graduates Youth Forum on Green Energy

The Small Earth Nepal (SEN)

Wednesday 26 September 2012 (10 Bhadra 2069)

Renewable Energy Resources

and Technology

The Renewable Energy Resources are not

well defined.

Renewable Energy Technologies are still

to be defined with reference to the Bio-

mass energy technology.

Current Energy Situation In Nepal

Energy sector is next to the food commodity in the general

public life.

Energy Resources Consumption in Nepal – 2009.

Total Energy Consumed 400.5064 million GJ 100.00 %

Traditional Fuel 348.8694 million GJ 87.09 %

Commercial Fuel 48.9023 million GJ 12.18 %

Renewable Fuel 2.7347 million GJ 0.68 %

Total Energy Generated from the

Renewable Resources 2009 Nepal is survived by the renewable energy resources-

mostly by biomass fuels.

Traditional Biomass Fuels 348.8694 million GJ 84.98 %

Electricity 8.1372 million GJ 2.03 %

Renewable Fuels 2.7347 million GJ 0.68 %

359.7413 million GJ 87.69 %

Total Energy Generated from the

Non-renewable Resources 2009

Petroleum Products 33.0136 M GJ 9.82 %

Coal 7.7515 M GJ 2.53 %

40.7651 M GJ 11.35 %

Necessity of Energy demand supply is

round the clock.

Major Energy Issue in Nepal is :

Biomass Fuels vs. Rest of the Fuels

Contribution of Biomass Based

Fuels in Nepal

Wood Fuels and Forest Residues 311.1673 million GJ 77.69 %

Agricultural Residues 14.4847 million TOE 3.66 %

Cattle Dung 23.0174 million GJ 5.74 %

Biogas 2.5931 million GJ 0.64 % 351.4525 million GJ 87.73 %

Contribution of non Bio-mass

based fuels in Nepal

Petroleum Products 33.0136 million GJ 8.21 %

Coal 7.7515 million GJ 1.93 %

Electricity 8.1372 million GJ 2.03 %

Micro-hydro & Solar 0.1416 million GJ 0.03 %

49.0439 million GJ 12.20 %

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RESIDENTIAL SECTOR—2008 / 09

Fuel Type Energy Consumed Residential National

Million GJ % Share % Share

Traditional 344.9562 96.69 86.13

Wood fuel 308.6043 86.51 77.05

Animal dung 23.017 6.45 5.74

Agri. Residue 13.3345 3.73 3.34

Commercial 9.0613 2.53 2.25

Petroleum Products 0.1638 0.04 0.03

LPG 3.2014 0.89 0.79

SKO 2.1266 0.59 0.53

COAL 0.0351 0.009 0.008

ELECTRICITY 3.5343 0.99 0.88

Renewables 2.7347 0.77 0.68

Gobar gas 2.5931 0.72 0.64

Microhydro 0.1360 0.04 0.03

Solar 0.0056 0.001 0.001

GRAND TOTAL 356.7522 100.00 89.07

Energy System in Nepal

The energy generation / consumption

system cannot be distinguished into

The Urban Energy System

The Rural Energy System

The national energy consumption figure are

grossly classified under

Residential

Transportation

Industrial

Commercial

Agricultural Sectors

Energy Data Base

Rational energy data base consideration

under the rural / urban energy system is still

to be worked out for

- Rural / Urban Energy Supply

- Renewable Energy System

- Energy Economics

Rural – Urban Status of the

Nation

About 83 % of the Nation’s total Population Reside under the Rural Infrastructure spread over the 3915 Village Development Committees.

Only 17 % of the Population are Distributed Under the Urban Area. With in 58 Municipalties.

Rural Renewable Energy

Technologies in Nepal

Recognized, Developed and Implemented RETs

are Limited Under

# The Physical Energy Resources

Micro Hydro Power

Solar Power

# The Biomass Energy Resources

Biogas (Dung Gas)

Energy Resources Harnessed,

Developed and Utilized in Nepal

Biomass Resources (Traditional fuels )

Wood fuel

Cattle dung

Agricultural residues

Commercial fuels

Petroleum products

Coal

Electricity

The current status of renewable

energy in Nepal

Renewable fuels

Bio gas

Micro hydro

Solar PV

Energy Resources Still to be

Developed and Utilized

Wind power

Geothermal power

Liquid Bio-fuels

Other Non Dung Based Biogas

Renewable biofuel resources processed

out of selective biomass type

Biobriquette ( Solid fuel )

Densified biomass briquette ( Non carbonized )

Carbonized biomass briquette.

Biofuels ( Liquid fuel )

Bio-hydrocarbon oil: to be promoted for the substitution of Kerosene oil.

Bio-ethanol: to be promoted for the substitution of Motor Spirit ( Petrol )

Bio-diesel: to be promoted for the substitution of High Speed Diesel.

Biogas Generation Required

Biogas ( Gaseous fuel )

Residential waste biogas

Night Soil based biogas

Agro-forestry waste biogas

Land fill biogas

Rural waste / Sewerage biogas

Industrial Biogas

Green Energy Technology

Biomass fed power plant for electricity

generation.

Biomass gasification: Thermo-chemical

conversion for electricity as well as for

thermal applications.

Biomass gasification: Bio-chemical

Conversion for thermal as well as the

electricity generation.

Limitations of Current Movement of Renewable

Energy Technologies under the Alternative Energy

Development and Promotion. There is no separate identified government

institution devoted to research, development and innovation regarding the renewable energy technologies.

Only dung gas plant, micro-hydro power and solar power system are in the implementation phase.

The primary motivational theme of these RETs is basically meant for residential supply of the energy generated.

Insignificantly minor enterprise may have entered into the income generation activity very limitedly within the scarce surplus energy resource in the rural arena.

It is still largely unattended to assess, evaluate and provide rationally conclusive remarks on and about the income generation scheme through the medium of Appropriate Renewable Rural Energy Technologies, which assist in Poverty Alleviation through the lively hood development in Nepal.

The existing status of the Rural Energy Technologies do not permit the User’s to earn enough economic achievement on sustainable basis.

Renewable Rural Energy Technologies that are in

Popular Demand Under the Non-domestic Sector.

Off grid access to the Electricity Required for Lighting Cooking / Heating

Beating Spinning

Dyeing Weaving

Cutting Stitching

Processing Drying

Motor / Wheel Operation

Grinding / Expelling

Cooling / Refrigerating

Pressuring / Calendaring

And Others

Renewable Rural Energy Technology to Generate Electricity is

Available for Development Through the Application of

1.Solid Biomass fuel / Liquid Bio-fuels / Gaseous Bio-fuels.

2.Hydro Power Plant

3.Solar Power Plant

4 Wind Power Plant

5. Geothermal Power Plant

Whatever the choice of Energy Resource if

Appropriate Renewable Rural Energy

Technology is Developed and Implemented

Beyond the Sphere of Residential Energy

Generation / Consumption Platform it will

definitely provide Economic incentive to the

Professional Rural Employee provided that it is

Efficiently and Sustainably run and managed.

Basic Requirement of Rural

Development for Poverty Alleviation Rural Poverty Alleviation

Rural Tourism

Appropriate Renewable

Energy Technology

Rural / Traditional

Technology

Rural Resource/ Skill

System

Rural Energy System

Renewable Energy Technologies and their

Linkages to Poverty Alleviation in Nepal

Prevailing Infrastructure Background in the Energy Sector .

• Nepal is one among the lowest energy-consuming nation (15 GJ).

• About 87 % of the total energy share come from the traditional biomass resources.

• Traditional fuel resources are renewable energy resources that do not generate renewable energy in Nepal.

• Traditional energy system are almost totally non-monetized energy resources in Nepal .

• Commercial fossil fuel resources are cent

percent monetized energy system in Nepal.

• Fossil fuels are 100 % imported, costly, dirty and

environmentally unfriendly.

• Current generation of renewable energy is

lesser than 1 % (0.6 %).

• Renewable energy is about 50 % subsidized

and 50 % monetized in Nepal.

The Inexhaustible Resource Potential,

Development Opportunity, and on

Demand Business Prospects Provide the

Attractive Future for the Development of

Renewable Energy Resources by

Applying Appropriate Technology in

Nepal.

In case these locally available primary as

well as processed energy resources could

be well developed and appropriately used

under the RETs in the rural energy system

in Nepal, the following linkages could be

established to promote the poverty

Alleviation through the Lively hood

Development in Nepal.

Abundant locally available natural energy resources will be assessed, developed and consumed periodically for better and improved life style.

Traditional fuel resources as well as traditional energy will be phased out from the national energy data bank.

Moneytization of the biomass based energy resources will be chanallized for further energy and economic development in Nepal.

Rural people will have a rational awareness on and about the endogenous energy development, environmental safety, health benefit and economic incentive.

Dependable and reliable energy security system will be developed.

Unsustainable traditional energy system can be turned to sustainable energy only by applying the RETs.

Negative economic, health and environmental impacts persisted in the use of fossil fuels can be mitigated only through the mobilization of the appropriate RETs.

Selection, development and implementation of the specified location based appropriate RETs is the basic need of sustainable energy development in Nepal.

Rural employment generation opportunity will be created through the implementation of the RETs.

The development and implementation of RETs

can provide a series of value added chain right

from the source of origin up to the end use

device / appliances.

Besides, the energy resource the health and

environmental impacts assessment of the RET

in operation could provide additional benefits out

of the CER based CDM project.

EMERGING ISSUES OF BIO-MASS RELATED

RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

The only government organization devoted to the renewable energy development program in Nepal is the Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC), under the Ministry of Environment, which undertake current developmental activities on

-Micro-hydro power generation

-Solar power generation

Among the physical energy resources and of all the bio-energy resources only

-Bio-gas energy generation (domestic)

-Improved cooking stoves promotion.

Energy Application in Higher

Educational Institutions

Energy used are Average Energy Efficiency

- Electricity > 80 %

- LPG 50-60 %

- Kerosene / Petrol / Diesel 30-40 %

- Wood fuel / Other Biomass 6-10 %

(TCS)

The Alternative Substitution Available

Biogas fuel 50-60 %

Liquid Bio-fuels 40-45 %

NICS 20-32 %

*Renewable Energy Resources

-Electricity : Solar / Micro-hydro / Wind & Biomass fuels.

-Resources available and accessible.

-Major Constraints: Instrument Set, Economic Scale, High Initial Investment, Financial Subsidy Inappropriate.

Lighting / Cooking / Heating / Generators System

Use of CFL

Application of WLEDs / LEDs

Biomass Fuel System

- Discard the TCS and Mud based ICS.

- Application of NICS.

The Load shedding Generator Operation.

Replaced by Suitable RETs System.

Switch of Feedstock Fuels to Biomass / Bio-fuels / Biogas Fuel System.

Energy Efficiency Fuel Resources.

End Use Appliances.

Operational System.

Increase of Energy Efficiency Induce the Energy, Environmental and Economic Impacts Positively.

-Less quantity of fuel use generate more useful energy delivery.

-Carbon based fuel reduces the net emission factor by minimizing the flue gas components.

- Carbon Particles

- Carbon Monoxides

- Unburnt Hydrocarbons

- Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons

- Particulate Matters PM 10-2.5.

Energy Efficiency

- Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbons.

- Particulate Matters PM 10-2.5

And Increase the Net Carbon Dioxide Emission.

But still the Energy Saver, Environmental friendly and Economically beneficial.

Green Economic Development can only be achieved by promoting the Green Energy Technologies.

Oleoresin tapping from Pine forest

Oleoresin Tapping from the Pine Tree

Oleoresin Distillation Unit

Distillation Unit for Bio-hydrocarbon Oil

Lab.Processing of Oleoresin

Raw Oleoresin

Pine Oleoresin

Lab Process Setup

Processed Oleoresin to Rosin

Rs 50 per Kg

Rosin

Bio-fuel in Stove

Institutional Stove

Domestic Stove showing the flame

POTENTIAL OF LIQUID BIO-FUELS

- Nepal is rich in Natural Resources with about 40 % of

the total land area occupied by the Forest & Shrub land.

Forest Resource Survey Data States that

27 Districts possess 345557 Hectare Pine Forest Area

with 51.86 million Pine Population

This Pine Population can yield 59000 Metric Tons of

oleoresin

10620 Metric Tons of Turpentine Oil / Hydrocarbon Oil

can be distilled out.

This is equivalent to about 12349 KL of oil.

POTENTIAL OF BIOHYDROCARBON OIL

Industrial Production of Turpentine Oil

12 Private & Government Production Units are Tapping 59000 Metric Tons of Oleoresin every year from 345557 hectares of Pine Forest Area.

Yield of Hydrocarbon Oil is 61800 KL

Many other Pine Forest areas are still to be assessed for the Oleoresin Production.

Current resources in the 27 districts of Nepal

Pine forest area 345557 hectares

No of pine stems 51.86 million

Annual production 59000 MT

Biohydrocarbon oil 12349 KL which is 3.2% of SKO volume Consumption of kerosene oil in 2003

386533 KL

Financial Analysis of the

Biohydrocarbon Oil production

Cost of production of hydrocarbon oil

47.55

38.64

0

10

20

30

40

50

Koteshwor unit Tamagadhi unit

Factories

Cost of production, N

Rs/litre

Cost of

production

of bio-

hydrocarbon

oil per liter

from

Tamagadhi

unit is less

than

Koteshwor

unit.

Comparision of fuel efficiency in Common Stove

Stove Efficiency

38.40%

41.95%

36.00%37.00%38.00%39.00%40.00%41.00%42.00%43.00%

Kerosene oil Hydrocarbon oil

Samlpe

Eff

icie

ncy

, %

Comparision of benefit per batch

The gross

benefit of

Tamagadhi

unit is

higher than

Koteshwor

unit for the

production

of

hydrocarbon

oil.

Benefit per batch

5496

12710

0

5000

10000

15000

Koteshwor unit Tamagadhi unit

Factories

Be

ne

fit p

er b

atch

,

Nrs

Comparision of benefit per year

Every Year the benefit

1582272

3660480

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

Koteshwor unit Tamagadhi unit

Factories

Ben

efi

t, N

rs/y

ear

PROSPECTS OF LIQUID BIO-FUELS- SUBSTITUTION OF

COMMERCIAL FUELS

Since the worldwide petroleum crisis of 1973 many developed & developing countries have adopted the generation and application of the renewable fuels.

Production and application of the bio-diesel was initiated from early 80s.

Fuel application of bio-hydrocarbon oil may be suitable only for a country like Nepal, where the cost of cooking / lighting oil can be as high as US $ 2 per liter.in remote rural area.

Digester of Biogas Plant- 1800

Cubic Meter

Kerosene oil, diesel and motor spirit altogether makes

over 85 % of the total petroleum products that is

imported. If can be worked out practically even the

partial substitution of 5-10 % of their volume can result a

significant economic and environmental impact.

Prospects of liquid bio-fuel development are strategically

important to the country, which is rich in bio-resources

and extremely poor in fossil fuel resources.

Distillery Industry

Head of Biogas Plant- Dr. R.B.Singh

Shree Ram Sugar Mills Pvt. Ltd.

It was established in 2049/4/15. It is situated in

Mahammadpur, Garuda VDC-6 of Rautahat district.

The factory is 200 meters east of the highway linking

with Chandranigahpur, the point of E-W highway. The

factory has been currently producing sugar and rectified

spirit as main products. The major by-products are

organic fertilizer from Effluent Treatment Plant,

Molasses and Bagasses. The size of the ETP plant is

2160m3 in this industry.

TRADITIONAL COOK STOVE

Disadvantages:

Low efficiency (6-

10 %)

Produced smoke

stays in the kitchen

Utensils and

clothes are

blackened by soot

Risk of fire

hazards to children

Stoves needs

blowing regularly

Traditional clay mud wood stove for cooking food

Traditional clay mud wood stove for animal feeding

Iron tripod stove (6-10 %)

Dr. R.B.Singh

EXAMPLES OF OTHER APPLICATION OF BIOMASS FUEL

Dr. R. B. Singh

Potteries (Dr. R.B.Singh) Rakshi making

IMPROVED COOK STOVES Advantages:

Higher efficiency (12-20%)

No smoke in the kitchen

Utensils are comparatively less darkened by soot

Normally no need to blow the fire

Minimum risk of fire and burning of children

Health condition of users is improved

Water can be heated by attaching the boiler around the chimney

Disadvantages:

• The baffle inside ICS has to be repaired frequently to maintain shape

and size to make ICS operate efficiently

• The chimney should be cleaned off soot every 2 - 3 months

• ICS have low space heating efficiency

• Demands frequent repair and maintenance works. (Dr. R. B. Singh)

ROCKET STOVE

(EE 18-21 %)

RICE HUSK STOVE

BAYUPANKHI CHULO

( EE 24-32 %) SOURCE: DR. R.B.Singh (3 JULY 2005)

INSTITUTIONAL ICS Advantages:

Constructed from local materials

Efficiency: 15-20%

Saves up to 30-35% of fuel wood

Operation is easy and convenient

Normally no need to blow air into it

Work place is smoke free and neat

Use of institutional ICS:

• Hospitals, hostel, barracks, tea shop and restaurants

• Wool dyeing, oil seed roasting for oil extraction,

confectionaries, Lapsi candy processing, Khuwa processing

Source: AEPC/CRT-N

INSTITUTIONAL METALL IC STOVES AT

NAMCHE BAZAR

Space Heating

and Cooking in

Hotel. (Dr. R. B.

Singh)_

COMPRESSION BRIQUETTING - BEEHIVE OR HONEY COMB BRIQUETTE

FUEL

Carbonized material (from biomass residue) mixed with some binder (normally clay) is compressed in a die which is like a beehive or honey comb.

This technology is introduced by RECAST, being promoted in the rural areas by NGOs and Research Centers.

The technology consists of carbonizing unit, die for compression briquetting and the stoves for burning these briquettes.

Uses: cooking, space heating (limited use)

Cost: Rs 20-25/kg

Heat Value: 18 MJ/kg

SCREW PRESS BRIQUETTING

Source: Rice husk Briquetting – Mhaipi Briquette Udyog P. Ltd Nawalparasi

Feeder

Briquetting materials

Electric motor

Screw extruder

Muff with heater

Uses: Households, Institutions,

Industries.

Cost: Rs 15/kg

Net Heating Value : 16-18 MJ/kg

Source: Biobriquetting –

KMTNC/IHC/NESS project Dhapasi,

2000-2003 (not working)

ROLLER PRESS DENSIFICATION/BRIQUETTING

Donor Supported Pilot Project.

Uses: Barbeque, Space

Heating, and Cooking.

Not Yet Marketed.

VSBK

VSBK

DIRTY AND CLEAN FUELS

Energy Effeciency

Cattle

Dung

Agri-

biomass Wood,

briquette Kerosene,

biofuels Biogas,

LPG

Electricity

Non-commercial fuels Commercial fuels

E

M

I

S

S

I

O

N

S

C

O

M

F

O

R

T

GASIFIER STOVES: AIT Model

Institutional Gasifier Stove IGS2 developed at AIT

(5.5 kW; 25% efficiency with woodchips) –

adapted by RONAST Tested by Dr. R.B.Singh

Commercial Gasifier Stove CGS3 developed at

AIT (11.5 kW; 31% efficiency with woodchips)

Major problem faced in the Energy

Efficient Devices

- Limited Choice of Energy Resources Harnessing System.

- Very limited RDI and Implementation activities on the RETs utilizing the locally available RE resources in the country.

- Very limited planned program implemented by the only govt. organization working on the Alternative/Renewable Energy &

Technology (AEPC).

- - AEPC is about 90 % funded by donor countries.

- The primary concern of the AEPC is the rural energy sector of the nation that is strictly segregated within the premise of the

residential requirement service.

Thank You