results of exploratory drilling for water in …area includes kalaupapa peninsula and the valleys of...
TRANSCRIPT
RESULTS OF EXPLORATORY DRILLING FOR WATER
IN WAIHANAU VALLEY, MOLOKAI, HAWAII
By Kiyoshi J. Takasaki
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-^332
Prepared in cooperation with the
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Honolulu, Hawa i i
1986
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Dallas L. Peck, Director
For additional information
write to:
District Chief, Hawaii District
U.S. Geological Survey, WRD
Rm. 6110, 300 Ala Moana Blvd.
Honolulu, Hawaii 96850
Copies of this report
can be purchased from:
Open-File Services Section
Western Distribution Branch
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25425, Federal Center
Lakewood, Colorado 80225
(Telephone: [303] 236-7^76)
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract -- ------------ ____-_____»_____»_____»__ _»_____.___ .____ 1
Intreduction ----------------------------------------------------------- 3
Description and geologic framework of the study area ----------------- 1+
Hydrologic reconnaissance of stream valleys ---------------------------- 8
Electrical resistivity survey ------------------------------------------ 10
Exploratory wells -------------------------------------------------- -- 10
Driller's logs and their interpretation --------------------------- 12
Yield tests -- -- - 17
Well construction ------------------------------------------------- 22
Water quality ----------------------------------------------------- 2k
Summary and conclusions ------------------------------------------------ 26
References ------------------------------------------------------------- 26
i i i
LLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. Map of the Kalaupapa area showing location of wellsand lines of geologic sections ------- _____________ _ 5
2. Generalized geologic map of Kalaupapa area - - - 6
3. Generalized geologic section across Kalaupapa Peninsula
showing distribution of rocks and occurrence of ground water along line A - A 1 in figure 1 ------------- 7
A. Projected depth of stream channels and water levels alongline B - B 1 in figure 1 - -- - -- - 9
5. Graphic log of well 1058-01 13
6. Graphic log of well 1058-02 14
7. Graphic log of well 1058-03 15
8. Graph of yield test, well 1058-01 20
9. Graph of yield test, well 1058-03 21
TABLES
Table
1. Interpretation of driller's log, well 1058-01 12
2. Interpretation of driller's log, well 1058-02 16
3. Interpretation of driller's log, well 1058-03 16 A. Yield test, well 1058-01 17
5. Yield observations, well 1058-02 18
6. Yield test, well 1058-03 19
7. Well construction 22
8. Chemical analyses of water from well 1058-01, Waihanau Valley,Molokai, Hawaii ~ -- ---- 25
iv
CONVERSION TABLE
The following table may be used to convert measurements in the inch-pound
system to the International System of Units (SI).
Multiply inch-pound units To obta in SI un its
Length
foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)
mile, (mi) _____________ 1.609 -- kilometer (km)
Area7 2
square foot (ft ) ---- - 0.0929 ---- square meter (m )2 2 square mile (mi ) -------- __ 2.590 -- square kilometer (km )
Vo1ume
cubic foot (ftvs) -- -- 0.02832 cubic meter (nr) gallon (gal) 3-785 liter (L)
million gallons (Mgal) ----- 3,785 -- cubic meter (m )
Volume Per Unit Time (includes Flow)
cubic foot per second (ft /s) -- 0.02832 ---- cubic meter per second (m /s)
cubic foot per second-day(ftVs-d) 2,447 cubic meter (m3 )
gallon per minute (gal/min) ---- 0.06308 ---- liter per second (L/s)
million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 0.04381 -- cubic meter per second (m /s)
Mi seellaneous
foot per mile (ft/mi) ------ 0.1894 -- meter per kilometer (m/km)
foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day (m/d)
gallon per minute per foot liter per second per meter(gal/min)/ft 0.207 (L/s)/m.
2 2 foot squared per day (ft /d) - 0.0929 -- meter squared per day (m /d)
degree Fahrenheit (°F) °C = 5/9 (°F - 32) degree Celsius (°C)
micromho per centimeter at 1.000 ---- microsiemens per centimeter at
25° Celsius (ymho/cm at 25°C). 25° Celsius (yS/cm at 25°C).
Results of Exploratory Drilling for
Water in Waihanau Valley, Hoi okai, Hawai
By Kiyoshi J. Takasaki
ABSTRACT
Three exploratory wells, located in lower Waihanau Valley on Molokai, were
drilled and tested for their yields during the period May to October 1983. The
first well, 582 feet deep, tapped the main water body in a basaltic aquifer
intruded by scattered near-parallel volcanic dikes. Water in this water body is
impounded by the dikes and has a head of about nine feet above sea level.
A 48-hour pumping test was conducted on this well. The well was pumped at
various rates ranging from 144 to 455 gallons per minute for nine hours.
Thereafter, the well was pumped for 39 hours at a rate of 156 gallons per minute
approximating the planned operational rate of 150 gallons per minute. The
specific capacities of the well at the rates pumped averaged about 30 gallons per
minute per foot of drawdown. The temperature of the pumped water remained nearly
constant at 69° F (20.5°C). The chloride concentration ranged from 19 to 22
milligrams per liter during the test. Analyses of the chemical constituents and
trace metals of the water pumped indicated that it was of excellent quality.
Based on these results, the well was finished as a production well.
A shallow water body perched about 30 feet below ground surface and more
than 400 feet above the main water body was discovered during the drilling of the
first well when about 50 gallons per minute of water cascaded down the well. Two
wells were drilled to depths of 200 and 150 feet, respectively, to explore this
perched water.
Drilling logs and yield tests indicated that the perched aquifer is a thin,
shallow partly confined deposit of poorly consolidated talus debris that
underlies a more consolidated and less permeable deposit of alluvial and talus
debris. The poorly permeable rocks that overlie the perched-water body act as
the confining member. The underlying perching formation consists of highly
weathered and poorly permeable basaltic lava flows that extend to a depth of
about 200 feet. With depth, the basaltic lava flows become progressively less
weathered, more permeable, and finally cease to be a perching layer. Due to the
generally poor yield of the wells, no further attempt was made to develop the
perched-water body.
Graphic logs of the wells and graphs of the yield tests conducted are
included in this report.
INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes the results of a drilling program to explore ground-
water conditions in lower Waihanau Valley on Molokai. The purpose of the
drilling program, initiated by the National Park Service early in 1982, was to
determine the feasibility of replacing the existing distant streamflow source
with a closer ground-water source to supply domestic water for the Kalaupapa
Hansen's Disease Settlement. Even though the streamflow source is developed
nearly energy free, the replacement with a ground-water source was deemed
desirable because of recurring breaks in the old pipeline and the need for
maintaining filtration and other treatment equipment.
The U.S. Geological Survey was asked by the National Park Service to head
the exploratory phase of this program, which consisted of the following
act iv i t ies:
1. The reconnaissance of three deep valleys near Kalaupapa Peninsula to
determine if the geologic framework is favorable for the occurrence
of developable groundwater reservoirs, and to investigate the pos
sible surface discharge of ground water.
2. An electrical resistivity survey to determine the thickness of fresh
ground water in Kalaupapa Peninsula.
3. The recommendation of possible test well sites based on the results of
the above activities.
k. Performance of test drilling and aquifer tests at the recommended
s ites.
DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY AREA
The study area lies on the north coast of the island of Molokai. The
area includes Kalaupapa Peninsula and the valleys of Waikolu Stream,
Waialeia Stream and Waihanau Stream (fig. 1).
Waihanau Valley is cut into the northeast rift zone of the East Molokai
dome. The bulk of the volcanic dome is composed of thin-bedded basaltic
lava flows of the Lower Member of the East Molokai Volcanics. The basaltic
flows are capped with a crust of massive andesitic lava flows of the Upper
Member. Because Waihanau Valley has cut deep into the volcanic dome, the
andesite cap has been eroded away and is absent in the valley and occurs
only on the little-eroded facets and spurs high above the valley walls.
Huge boulders of andesite make up much of the channel debris of Waihanau
Stream.
The basaltic lava flows in the rift zone are intruded by many scattered
northwest striking dikes. The dikes, mostly vertical and nearly parallel,
crop out prominently along the cliffs and valley walls. Waihanau, Waialeia
and Waikolu Valleys are traversed by these dikes.
Kalaupapa Peninsula, about 2-1/2 miles long and 2-1/2 miles wide, was
formed long after the initial mountain-building stage of the East Molokai
volcano. The peninsula was built by basaltic lavas from renewed volcanic
activity following a long post-erosional period. The lavas extruded from an
eruptive center located more than 1,000 feet offshore and at a depth of more
than 200 feet. Kauhako Crater on the peninsula is probably the site of the
original offshore eruptive center. The southern rim of the crater, its
highest point, reaches an elevation of A05 feet above sea level.
Figure 2 shows the areal distribution and figure 3 shows the vertical
distribution of the rocks in the Kalaupapa area.
0 .5 1 KILOMETER
CONTOUR INTERVAL. IN FEET. IS VARIABLE
Line of geologic section
Figure 1. Kalaupapa area showing location of wells and lines of geologicsections.
2 MILES
Kalaupapa
12 KILOMETERS
EXPLANATION
Talus and Alluvium
Kalaupapa Basalt
Cone Upper Member
Lower Member
East Molokai Volcanics
Drainage
Figure 2 Generalized geologic map of Kalaupapa area (after Stearns and MacDonald, 1947) .
ELEVATION, IN FEET ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL
Talus debris
Waihanau Stream
/\
o ro o o
14k Oo
1a> o0
1CD O O
I Oo0
Iro o o
J^o0
o> o o
I00o o
110o o0
1ro ro o o
HYDROLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF STREAM VALLEYS
The basaltic lava flows are highly permeable and contain most of the ground
water, which is generally fresh in the mountainous area and brackish in the
peninsula. The capping andesitic lava flows, the talus, and alluvium are
generally less permeable than the basalts and contain little water. Dikes,
except for fractures in them, are nearly impermeable. The regional permeability
of lavas, whether high or low initially, is significantly reduced when they are
intruded by dikes. The reduction in permeability is a function of the number and
volume of the dike intrusions and the geometry of the dikes. Because the
basaltic lava flows in the rift zone in lower Waihanau Valley are sparsely
intruded, the permeability of the lavas has not been significantly reduced.
Ground water in the mountainous area occurs principally in impounded water
bodies between dikes and less abundantly in perched bodies lying above the
impounded water. Valleys, where they are cut deep enough to tap these water
bodies, act as drains or sinks. Waikolu Valley, lying to the east of the
peninsula drains many large, near-parallel dike-impounded water bodies and
several perched-water bodies, the combined drainage of which composes the large
perennial flow of Waikolu Stream. Waialeia Stream, located in Waialeia valley,
west of Waikolu, has a small dry-weather flow because its channel cuts much less
deeply into the water bodies. Waihanau Stream, in Waihanau valley, the next
valley to the west, is dry in dry weather because its channel does not cut deep
enough to tap the underlying ground-water bodies.
Figure 4 is a cross-section across Waihanau, Waialeia and Waikolu Streams
along line B - B 1 in figure 1 and shows probable depths to water in these valleys.
The cross-section was drawn parallel to coincide with the dike located about 50
feet seaward of well 1058-01. The dike trends about N. 70° W. and is
representative of the general trend of the dikes in lower Waihanau Valley. The
high water-level is at Waikolu Valley, and the low water level is probably at or
near the edge of the sea cliffs south of the settlement. The cliffs there
truncate the northwest extensions of the dikes.
As a result of the hydrologic reconnaissance, possible exploratory well
sites were recommended in the lower parts of Waialeia and Waihanau Valleys. The
rationale for recommendation was submitted to the National Park Service by
correspondence dated March 2 and July 16, 1982.
VE
RT
ICA
L
EX
AG
GE
RA
TIO
N
7X
LJJ
LJJ u_
1000
Ba
sal
wate
r le
vel
Gro
und w
ate
r u
nd
erla
in
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e w
ate
r
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nd w
ate
r
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2400
-2200
-20
00
-1800
-16
00
-14
00
-1200
1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
HO
RIZ
ON
TA
L
SC
AL
E:
1 in
ch =
0
.5
mile
Figu
re 4.
Proj
ecte
d depth
of stream ch
anne
ls and
water
leve
lsal
ong
line B
- B
f in figure 1.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY
Ground-water levels are markedly lower in the dike-free Kalaupapa basalts
that underlie the peninsula than in the dike-intruded East Molokai Volcanics.
Ground water underlying the peninsula occurs as basal water in a thin lens of
fresh water that floats on saline ground water. In order to estimate the
thickness of this lens, 5 vertical electrical-resistivity soundings (VES) were
made (Kauahikaua, 1983). All of the soundings, except for one near the mouth of
Waihanau Valley at an elevation of about 375 feet above sea level, indicated that
the lens was thin. The excepted sounding was made in an area underlain by talus
and probably overlying dike-intruded basaltic lavas of the East Molokai
Volcanics. This sounding indicated a lens thickness of about 290 feet, the top
of which is about 370 feet below ground surface or about seven feet above sea
level. The sounding was about 800 feet seaward of the selected well site.
EXPLORATORY WELLS
The first exploratory well was drilled in the lower part of Waihanau Valley
at a distance of about two miles southeast of the settlement. This site was
chosen by the National Park Service in preference to a site in Waialeia Valley
because it is closer to the storage tanks near the mouth of Waihanau Valley.
Ground-water conditions in the lower part of Waihanau Valley were
determined from the drilling of three exploratory wells between May and October
in 1983. The top of the main water body stood nine feet above sea level or about
two feet higher than the elevation calculated for the electrical resistivity
sounding site, 800 feet seaward. This difference in water levels indicates a
gradient of about 13 feet per mile, which is too high for aquifers consisting of
dike-free flank lava flows. The gradient is, however, consistent with that found
in dike-intruded volcanic aquifers elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands.
10
A shallow water body perched about 30 feet below the ground surface and more
than 400 feet above the main water table was discovered during the drilling of
the first well which was drilled to a depth of 582 feet. Two additional wells
were drilled to depths of 200 and 150 feet, respectively, to explore the
feasibility of developing this perched water body. Development of the perched
water body was advantageous because it would act as a standby source and it would
not require as much lift as the deeper water body.
The first well has been designated as well 1058-01; the second as well
1058-02; and the third as well 1058-03. Well 1058-02 is 15 feet southeast of
well 1058-01. Well 1058-03 is 10 feet northwest of well 1058-01.
The wells were drilled on the eastern side of the valley at an elevation of
approximately 472 feet above sea level. A bench mark has been established by the
National Park Service about 50 feet northeast of the wells and is set in a large
15-foot wide volcanic dike.
The ground-water bodies tapped by the three wells drilled are described as
fol1ows:
Wel 1 Description of occurrence
1058-01 Main ground-water body. Ground water occurs
in basaltic lava flow intruded by dikes.
Ground water reservoir is dike-impounded.
1058-02 Perched ground-water body. Ground-water
occurs in volcanic debris overlying highly
weathered basaltic lava flows. Weathered
basalt is perching layer. Perched body
leaks with depth as degree of weathering
decreases.
1058-03 Same as well 1058-02.
11
Driller's Logs and Their Interpretation
The driller's logs are summarized in graphic form in figures 5? 6 and 7.
The graph shows how the drilling progressed and how the water levels reacted
to the drilling. The bottom of the hole as shown was recorded after the end of
each day of drilling and the corresponding water level was recorded at the start
of the next drilling day. The time between the end and the start of drilling was
usually about 12 hours. Water levels were also measured at the end of each
drilling day and were noted in the graphs whenever they were of significance.
The interpretation of the driller's log for each well follows the graphic
log of each well, respectively, in tables 1, 2 and 3«
Table 1. Interpretation of driller's log, well .105.8-01
FeetDepth Altitude Material Water
Water level, feet Depth Altitude
0 472
0 to 58 472 to
58 to 75? 414 to 397?
582
75 to 195 397 to 277
195 to 483 277 to -11
483 to 510 -11 to -38
510 to 582 -38 to -110
-110
Ground surface
Talus debris
Talus debris overlying highly weathered surface of basaltic flows.
Highly weathered basaltic flows. Principal perching member.
Weathered basaltic flows. Act as leaky perching member above water table.
Slightly weathered basaltic flows. Poorly permeable.
Slightly weathered basaltic flows. Permeable.
Bottom of hole.
Unsaturated
Saturated 32 Perched body
Probably 36 saturated.
Unsaturated 90to
390
Unsaturated440
Saturated. 463 Level of main water body.
440
436
382 to 82
32
9
A graph of the drilling logs is shown in figure 5«
12
10 15
MAY 1983
20
JUNE
25 31 10 15
Bould Bould<
First water CI" 12 mg/L
Top water Cl~ 20 mg/L
100
KALAUPAPA WELL 1058-01
200
300
400
500
172 188 Broken gray basalt, red cinders little b
100
200
300
400
500
600 6008 10 15 20 25 31 10 15
MAY JUNE
Figure 5 e Graphic log of well 1058-01.
13
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»(Hole caving badly > Cement 40 to 70 feet?Cement at 33 feet. Drill -) (cement to 70 feet r ' t \
>.)
_
1 1
*L^ - """" j/\No water-level measurements \
j No water-level measurements ^
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1 Develoc
Drawc
______! J? -with 7 ft drawdcwn 4
3P, 2 bailers per minute (Bailer s 45 gallons). Aft h,:,
fma from bottom. Bailina at about 4T3 oal/jnin ATierown 5 to 6 ft, bailing at 45 to 90 gal/min After baii-
, Setting casing
1 Gravel packingGravelsurged
pack to 81, fine gravel to 77, coarse sand to 75, cement to 35'immediately after cementing. . -*- ~~
, Railed hole drv. Drilled oTit 7 ft sands.. ¥
t . (-
h- »
-
10'.' Used 9 sacks of cement 3toi;~\
fine grave 1\ ^X
.Shot with shane charges: 73-76% ft, 15 charges^
,
?C ' 86-88 ft, I) 71-73 ft,
I 155-157 ft/No change in flow or water level\Well No. 1 water level 463 feet below
i i i i , i i , , i
6 charges 6 charges, 5 charges
ground
, ,, ,
p v rt^ O N 4
H- 'O
oH- >
1 1 1
DEPTH
FROM
TO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
w
70w UH
80
H a 90
Q
100
110
120
130
140
150
II
1 1
I I
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
FROM
TO
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LER'
S LO
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0 31
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ders
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d Q
o
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iS
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ter
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en gray
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® '^
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- 41
43
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d br
oken
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ay basalt\
_
43
51
Boul
ders
and br
oken
gray basalt
<MCavi
ng 46-51
~~
51
57
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e boulders an
d br
oken
gr
aybasalt
r-<
57
90
Boul
ders
an
d broken gr
ay bas
alt
'g~
Smal
l am
ount
of brown se
dime
nts
j "^
XA]
. '
'/"
C >
03-
90
95
Boul
ders
an
d broken gr
ay b
asalt
/ \
w
_
95
104
Some boulders an
d br
oken
gr
ay ba
saat
jf
^
104
110
Some
re
d la
va sediments
and
/v
\ 1°
- br
oken
gray basalt
_ 4A /
. .
. \( °
* 6
7 Bo
ttom
of
hole
aj,^
_ 11
8 12
3 Some re
d ci
nder
, re
d lava
\ u1^
sedi
ment
s, gray b
asalt
\
I'^J
~
123
140
Partially
broken gr
ay bas
alt
J
d
140
150
Broken uray basalt
^"--- _\^
3
leve
l ^ M
r^
i CD o
V N
-HO
*
^X
-H Tf
w
\ o3
«
C
\
CQ
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O
O TH
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H
CO
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m
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rH O s CO 1 1
H
F r-H
CO to/ O rH O s CO 03 to CD CD
i I
H 03 g OS
>
_ - _ -
)
KALA
UPAP
A WELL 1058-03
II
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
15
20
25
30
5 10
15SEPTEMBER
1983
OCTOBER
Figu
re 7.
Gr
aphi
c log
of we
ll 1058
-03.
Table 2. Interpretation of driller's log, well 1058-02
FeetDepth
0
0 to 40
40 to 100?
100? to 194
194
Water level, feetAltitude
472
472 to 432
432 to 372?
372? to 278
278
Material
Ground level
Talus debris
Talus debris overlying highly weathered surface of basaltic lava flows.
Highly weathered basaltic lava flows. Principal perching member. Leaky member near bottom.
Bottom of hole.
Water
Unsaturated
Saturated Perched body
Unsaturated Leaky
Depth
19 to 25
19 to 25
Altitude
453 to
447
453 to
447
A graph of the drilling logs is shown in figure 6.
Table 3. Interpretation of driller's log, well 1058-03
FeetDepth
0
0 to 51
51 to 60
60 to 150
150
Altitude
472
472 to 421
421 to 412
412 to 322
322
Material
Ground level
Talus debris
Talus debris overlying highly weathered surface of basaltic lava flows.
Highly weathered basaltic lava flows. Principal perching member. Leaky near bottom.
Bottom of hole.
Water
Unsaturated
Saturated Perched body
Unsaturated Leaky
Water level, feetDepth
34 to 38
39 to 62
Altitude
438 to
434
433 to
410
A graph of the drilling logs is shown in figure 7.
16
Yield Tests
The yield test of well 1058-01 is summarized in table 4, yield observations
for well 1058-02 are presented in table 5, and the yield test of well 1058-03 is
summarized in table 5. Well 1058-02 was not tested for yield because there was a
significant decrease in yield after the well was gravel packed and grout sealed.
The yield tests for well 1058-01 and 1058-03 are shown graphically in
figures 8 and 9.
Table 4. Yield test, well 1058-01
Test results:Static water level
Depth to water: 463 feetAltitude of water: 9 feet above sea level
Specific capacity: (Rate in gallon per minute/Drawdown in feet)31 at 156 gal/min with drawdown of 5 feet (planned operational rate, 150 gal/min)
Chloride concentration:Ranged from 19 to 22 mg/L during test
Water temperature: 69°F (20.5°C)
Total water pumped:506,000 gallons in 48 hours
Date of test:July 12 to 14, 1983
Test conducted by:U.S. Geological Survey
Synopsis: Yield of well is adequate for planned operational rate of 150 gal/min. Specific capacity of well will probably increase significantly with deepening of well.
17
Table 5- Yield observations, well 1058-02
Test results: No yield test conducted Static water level During dri11 ing
Depth to water: About 25 feet Altitude of water: About 4^7 feet above sea level
After setting gravel pack and grout seal Depth to water: About 175 feet Altitude of water: About 297 feet above sea level
Specific capacity: (Rate in gallon per minute/Drawdown in feet) About 10 as determined from bailer tests during drilling. Less than 1 after setting gravel pack and grout seal.
Chloride concentration:About 20 mg/L during drilling
Water temperature: 69°F (20.5°C)
Synopsis: Test shows significant decrease in yield after setting gravel pack and grout seal. Well is not feasible for development because of 1ow y i e1d.
18
Table 6. Yield test, well 1058-03
Test results:Static water levelInitially about 35 feet below ground surface
Specific capacity: (Rate in gallon per minute/Drawdown in feet) Less than 1
Chloride concentration: About 20 mg/L
Water temperature: 69°F (20.5°C)
Total water pumped:1,395 gallons in 124 minutes
Date of test:October 7-8, 1983
Test conducted by:U.S. Geological Survey
Synopsis: Well is not feasible for development because of low yield,
19
DRAWDOWN PUMPING RATE SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (Feet) (Gallon per minute) (Microsiemens per centimeter at 25
-i ro GO *> en o -« ro GO *>
o ,.,ro -i -i ro o o o o o o ro oooo 3 "~O 01 O 01 o j±O O 0 O O O O jsO OOOO
DRAWDOWN
(Feet) ^ ro GO -£> cnovioxoo o c
_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _
(^""Chloride Concentration -= X A A I
- <^ - Specific Conductance
1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 i
D -± ro GO 0 0 0 o
CHLORIDE
CONCENTRATION (Milligrams per liter)
00 0600 1200 1800 2400 0600 1200 1800 2400 0600 1200 180^0
I I I I I I I I I
- <p<>455
- 395 J__ O-OtJ
I 2500-©J:> -
- | ^ ^ 156gal/min ^ ^ ^_ 144 .. _
I (, I I I i I i i /, I00 0600 1200 1800 2400 0600 1200 1800 2400 0600' 1200 1800
_ i ^ I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I ^ - c-®.
~~ ^^kfta / ©00®© "
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~
100 0600 1200 1800 2400 0600 1200 1800 2400 0600 1200 1800
July 12, 1983 July 13, 1983 July 14, 1983
1 "'I'''"' ' PHYSICAL DATA
* Ground Elevation: 472 feet above sea level f Size of Casing: 10 inches
/* _ Depth of Casing (solid]: 495.2 feet I / ~ Depth of Casing [screened): 575.7 feet ~ A> ~ Depth of Hole: 582 feet
§/ _ Water Temperature: 69° F _ *f - Latitude: 21° 10'44" _ _ Longitude: 156°58'07"
KALAUPAPA WELL 1058-01 MOLOKAI, HAWAII
Test Conducted By: U.S. Geological Survey i i I i i i i i i2 3456 78910 20 30
PUMPING RATE (Gallon per minute x 100)
Figure 8. Graph of yield test, well 1058-01,
20
CJ3
Z
I I
in <
u cu
o E-
O CtS PH o g
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
140
150
Bailed at
rate of about
11 gal
/min
To
tal
gallons, 1,3
95 gallons in
124
minu
tes
Recovery ra
te about
7 fe
et pe
r ho
ur
BAILER TEST
KALAUPAPA WELL 1058-03
__I
I I_
I I
I I
I10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
October
7, 1983
21
22
HOURS
23
24
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
October
8, 19
83
Figu
re 9.
Graph
of yie
ld te
st,
well
10
58-0
3.
Wel1 Construction
The construction of wells 1058-01, 1058-02, and 1058-03 are summarized in
table 7-
Table 7- Wel1 construct ion
Contractor
M-W Dr i11i ng Company- (formerly Big Island Drilling) Anchorage, Alaska
Dr i11i ng Equipment
Cable Tool
Dr.il ler
Wi11i am Tunn icli ffe
Mpbi1i zat i on began
May 5, 1983? on Kalaupapa Peninsula
Const r uct i on T i me
Well
1058-01 May 7, 1983 to July 18, 19831058-02 July 19, 1983 to September 10, 19831058-03 September 12, 1983 to October 12, 1983
Use of firm name in this report is for identification purposes only and does
not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.
22
Table 7. Well construction--Continued
Di ameter, i nches
Well Hoie Casing
Depth, feet below ground
Solid Hole casing Screen Remarks
Depth and casing
1058-01 16 1610
582 74.5495.2
575.7
Perforation
Top of 10-inch casing, above ground.
about 3 feet
1058-02
1058-03
16 0
10
16 161010
Gravel pack,feet
194
184
150 17 5662.3
144.
Sanitary
Top of 10- inch casing about 3 feetabove ground.16- inch hole cemented 75 to 40feet depth and redrilled.
Annular space between 10 and16-inch casings welded at top.
8 Top is about 3 feet above ground.
grout seal ,feet
Well Material Bottom Top Casing Bottom Top Remarks
Gravel pack and sanitary grout seal
1058-01 Cement 582 575No. 3 gravel 575 250Fine gravel 250 242
1058-02 Cement 194 184No. 3 gravel 184 81Fine gravel 81 77Sand 77 75
1058-03 None
10-inch 142 Ground 16-inch 6 Ground
10-inch
10-inch 16-inch
75 Ground
Ground
74.5 feet of 16-inch casing left in hole. Circular cement plug outside of 16-inch cas i ng.
16-inch casing was pulled.
Annular space between 10 and 16-inch casing welded at top. Cir cular cement plug out side of 16-inch casing,
23
Water Quali ty
The perched water tapped by well 1058-01 was sampled with a bailer at depths
of 90 and 250 feet. The main ground-water reservoir of dike-impounded water was
sampled after the well was completed at 582 feet. Samples were taken near the
start and near the end of a 48-hour pumping test.
The well water is of excellent chemical quality and is a great improvement
over the quality of the existing stream supply.
Analyses of the chemical constituents and of the trace metals are given in
table 8.
Table 8. Chemical analyses of water from well 1058-01, Uaihanau Valley, Molokai, Hawaii
DATE
MAY20...20...
JUL12...12...12...12...13...14...14...
DATE
MAY20...20...
JUL12...12...12...12...13...14...14...
TIME
15001515
0955130015301620200004000800
SULFATEDISSOLVED(MG/L
AS S04)
3.03.0
--.-----..-
3.9
SAMPLINGDEPTH(FEET)
90.0250
--.-..-.---.* *
CHLORIDE,DISSOLVED(MG/LAS CL)
2118
20191919222222
SPE CIFICCONDUCTANCE(UMHOS)
..--
175145145150180160180
FLUO-RIDE,
DISSOLVED(MG/LAS F)
<.10<.10
--......
..<.10
PH(STANDARD
UNITS)
.---
..
..
..
..
.-
..8.2
SILICA,DISSOLVED(MG/LAS
SI02)
1618
--..........30
TEMPERATURE(DEC C)
..--
20.520.520.520.520.520.520.5
NITROGEN,
N02+N03TOTAL(MG/LAS N)
..--
.-
..
..
..
...20
CALCIUMDISSOLVED(MG/LAS CA)
7.68.7
..
..
..-..-..
8.7
NITROGEN,
N02+N03DISSOLVED(MG/LAS N)
.16
.14
-...........
.60
MAGNE SIUM,DISSOLVED(MG/LAS MG)
5.25.5
..-.--...-..
5.2
NITROGEN, AMMONIA +ORGANICTOTAL(MG/LAS N)
----
--..........
.40
SODIUM,DISSOLVED(MG/LAS NA)
1513
.---....--..17
PHOSPHORUS,TOTAL(MG/LAS P)
-- -
--...--.---.
.030
POTAS SIUM,DISSOLVED(MG/LAS K)
2.21.6
------------
1.8
ALUMINUM,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/LAS AL)
----
--..----..--60
ALKA LINITY
LAB(MG/LASCAC03)
4451
------ -----52
ARSENICTOTAL(UG/LAS AS)
----
--.-----.---<1
BARIUM,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS BA)
m --
BERYLLIUM,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS BE)
..-
CADMIUMTOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS CD)
..--
CHROMIUM,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS CR)
..-.
COBALT,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS CO)
..--
COPPER,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS CU)
^ _--
.IRON,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS FE)
m m
IRON,DISSOLVED(UG/L
AS FE)
1320
LEAD,TOTALRECOVERABLE(UG/L
AS PB)
-
TIME DATE
MAY20... 150020... 1515 JUL14... 0800 .00 <10.0 <1.0 <10 6.0 2.0 70 53 <0
MANGA- MOLYB-LITHIUM NESE, MANGA- MERCURY DENUM, NICKEL, SILVER, ZINC, TOTAL TOTAL NESE, TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL SELE- TOTAL TOTAL RECOV- RECOV- DIS- RECOV- RECOV- RECOV- NIUM, RECOV- RECOV ERABLE ERABLE SOLVED ERABLE ERABLE ERABLE TOTAL ERABLE ERABLE (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L
DATE AS LI) AS MN) AS MN) AS HG) AS MO) AS NI) AS SE) AS AG) AS ZN)
MAY20... -- -- 6120... -- -- 94
JUL14... <10 <10 2 <-0 <1 <1.0 <1 <1.0 30
< Actual value is known to be less than the value shown.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Geologic and hydrologic observations in the field indicated the likelihood
that ground water underlying the valleys above Kalaupapa Peninsula was
dike-impounded. The results from exploratory drilling in the lower Waihanau
Valley confirm that a ground-water reservoir exists at a depth that is feasible
for development. A test well was pumped at various rates for 48 hours with
results indicating that it was capable of yielding water at a planned operational
pumping rate of 150 gal/min. Based on these results, the test well was finished
as a production wel1.
A shallow water body at a depth of 30 feet and perched more than 400 feet
above the main water table was discovered during the exploratory drilling. The
yields obtained from two test wells drilled to explore the perched-water body
were low and indicated that its development was not feasible.
Dike-impounded water occurs at shallower depths in the valleys lying to the
east of Waihanau Valley. The prospects of additional ground-water development
appear favorable in these valleys.
Ground water underlying Kalaupapa Peninsula occurs as basal water in a thin
lens of fresh-water floating on saline ground water. The prospects for
developing this water are not favorable.
REFERENCES
Kauahikaua, James, 1S83, Estimation of fresh water abundances by electrical
resistivity sounding on the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Island of Moloka'i,
Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-65.
Stearns, H. T. and Macdonald, G. A., 19^7 > Geology and ground-water resources of
the island of Molokai, Hawaii: Hawaii Division of Hydrography Bulletin 11,
113 p.
26