RESULTS & ANALYSIS

Table 1: Tabulated Results

HEATERBRASS

SAMPLE REGION COOLERx (mm) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80x (m) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08Test

#Q̇

(W )T 1

(℃)T 2

(℃)T 3

(℃)T 4

(℃)T 5

(℃)T 6

(℃)T 7

(℃)T 8

(℃)T 9

(℃)A 10 45 .0 43.0 39.3 38 .1 36.8 35.1 30.7 29.6 29.6B 20 78.0 76.2 65 .0 49.6 48 .0 46.2 32.5 30.6 30.5C 30 108.3 104.6 92.5 66.7 58.5 57 .0 34 .0 31 .0 30 .0

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.080

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature Profile

Test ALinear (Test A)Linear (Test A)Test BLinear (Test B)Test CLinear (Test C)

Length, m

Tem

pera

ture

, T

Figure 1: Temperature profile

Based on the linear lines plotted, the slopes of the lines are ∆T/∆x.

Sample Calculations

Conversion of temperature unit from Celsius to Kelvin

T (K )=T (℃ )+273. 15

For Test A For Test B For Test C

T 4=3 8 .1+273.15=3 11.25

T 5=36.8+273.15=309.95

T 6=35.1+273.15=308.25

T 4=49.6+273.15=322.75

T 5=48.0+273.15=321.15

T 6=46.2+273.15=331.65

T 4=66.7+273.15=339.85

T 5=58.5+273.15=331.65

T 6=57.0+273.15=330.15

Calculation of cross-sectional area

Given diameter, d=25mm=0.025m

A=π4d2=π

4(0.025)2=4.909×10−4m2

Calculation of thermal conductivity of the brass

k= Q̇A∆ x∆T

For Test A, Q̇A=10W

k A=10(0.05−0.03)

4.909×10−4(38.1−35.1)=135.805W /m ∙K

For Test B, Q̇B=20W

k B=20(0.05−0.03)

4.909×10−4(49.6−46.2)=239.656W /m∙ K

For Test C, Q̇C=30W

kC=30(0.05−0.03)

4.909×10−4(66.7−57)=126.005W /m∙K

From the Appendix,

The thermal conductivity of

a) Red brass, k red brass=151.0W /m∙ Kb) Yellow brass, k yellowbrass=119 .0W /m∙ K

Taking the average thermal conductivity of the experimental values,

k exp=k A+kB+kC

3=135.805+239.656+126.005

3=167.155 W

m∙ K

Comparing the values of experimental thermal conductivity and values from the appendix

Comparing with red brass,

Percentageerror=|kred brass−kexp

kred brass |×100 %

¿|151.0−167.155151.0 |×100 %

¿10.70 %

Comparing with yellow brass,

Percentageerror=|k yellow brass−kexp

k yellowbrass |×100 %

¿|119 .0−167.15511 9 .0 |×100 %

¿40.47 %

APPENDIX

Material ConductivityW/m-C

Densitykg/m3

Specific HeatJ/kg-C

Aluminum, 2024, Temper-T351 143.0 2.8E+3 795.0Aluminum, 2024, Temper-T4 121.0 2.8E+3 795.0Aluminum, 5052, Temper-H32 138.0 2.68E+3 963.0Aluminum, 5052, Temper-O 144.0 2.69E+3 963.0Aluminum, 6061, Temper-O 180.0 2.71E+3 1.256E+3Aluminum, 6061, Temper-T4 154.0 2.71E+3 1.256E+3Aluminum, 6061, Temper-T6 167.0 2.71E+3 1.256E+3Aluminum, 7075, Temper-T6 130.0 2.8E+3 1.047E+3Aluminum, A356, Temper-T6 128.0 2.76E+3 900.0Aluminum, Pure 220.0 2.707E+3 896.0Beryllium, Pure 175.0 1.85E+3 1.885E+3Brass, Red, 85%Cu-15%Zn 151.0 8.8E+3 380.0Brass, Yellow, 65%Cu-35%Zn 119.0 8.8E+3 380.0Copper, Alloy, 11000 388.0 8.933E+3 385.0Copper, Aluminum bronze, 95%Cu-5%Al 83.0 8.666E+3 410.0Copper, Brass, 70%Cu-30%Zn 111.0 8.522E+3 385.0Copper, Bronze, 75%Cu-25%Sn 26.0 8.666E+3 343.0Copper, Constantan, 60%Cu-40%Ni 22.7 8.922E+3 410.0Copper, Drawn Wire 287.0 8.8E+3 376.0Copper, German silver, 62%Cu-15%Ni-22%Zn 24.9 8.618E+3 394.0Copper, Pure 386.0 8.954E+3 380.0Copper, Red brass, 85%Cu-9%Sn-6%Zn 61.0 8.714E+3 385.0Gold, Pure 318.0 18.9E+3 130.0Invar, 64%Fe-35%Ni 13.8 8.13E+3 480.0Iron, Cast 55.0 7.92E+3 456.0Iron, Pure 71.8 7.897E+3 452.0Iron, Wrought, 0.5%C 59.0 7.849E+3 460.0Kovar, 54%Fe-29%Ni-17%Co 16.3 8.36E+3 432.0Lead, Pure 35.0 11.373E+3 130.0Magnesium, Mg-Al, Electrolytic, 8%Al-2%Zn 66.0 1.81E+3 1.0E+3Magnesium, Pure 171.0 1.746E+3 1.013E+3Molybdenum 130.0 10.22E+3 251.0Nichrome, 80%Ni-20%Cr 12.0 8.4E+3 420.0Nickel, Ni-Cr, 80%Ni-20%Cr 12.6 8.314E+3 444.0

Nickel, Ni-Cr, 90%Ni-10%Cr 17.0 8.666E+3 444.0Nickel, Pure 99.0 8.906E+3 445.9Silver, Pure 418.0 10.51E+3 230.0Solder, Hard, 80%Au-20%Sn 57.0 15.0E+3 15.0Solder, Hard, 88%Au-12%Ge 88.0 15.0E+3 No DataSolder, Hard, 95%Au-3%Si 94.0 15.7E+3 147.0Solder, Soft, 60%Sn-40%Pb 50.0 9.29E+3 180.0Solder, Soft, 63%Sn-37%Pb 51.0 9.25E+3 180.0Solder, Soft, 92.5%Pb-2.5%Ag-5%In 39.0 12.0E+3 No DataSolder, Soft, 95%Pb-5%Sn 32.3 11.0E+3 134.0Steel, Carbon, 0.5%C 54.0 7.833E+3 465.0Steel, Carbon, 1.0%C 43.0 7.801E+3 473.0Steel, Carbon, 1.5%C 36.0 7.753E+3 486.0Steel, Chrome, Cr0% 73.0 7.897E+3 452.0Steel, Chrome, Cr1% 61.0 7.865E+3 460.0Steel, Chrome, Cr20% 22.0 7.689E+3 460.0Steel, Chrome, Cr5% 40.0 7.833E+3 460.0Steel, Chrome-Nickel, 18%Cr-8%Ni 16.3 7.817E+3 460.0Steel, Invar, 36%Ni 10.7 8.137E+3 460.0Steel, Nickel, Ni0% 73.0 7.897E+3 452.0Steel, Nickel, Ni20% 19.0 7.933E+3 460.0Steel, Nickel, Ni40% 10.0 8.169E+3 460.0Steel, Nickel, Ni80% 35.0 8.618E+3 460.0Steel, SAE 1010 59.0 7.832E+3 434.0Steel, SAE 1010, Sheet 63.9 7.832E+3 434.0Steel, Stainless, 316 16.26 8.0272E+3 502.1Steel, Tungsten, W0% 73.0 7.897E+3 452.0Steel, Tungsten, W1% 66.0 7.913E+3 448.0Steel, Tungsten, W10% 48.0 8.314E+3 419.0Steel, Tungsten, W5% 54.0 8.073E+3 435.0Tin, Cast, Hammered 62.5 7.352E+3 226.0Tin, Pure 64.0 7.304E+3 226.5Titanium 15.6 4.51E+3 544.0Tungsten 180.0 19.35E+3 134.4Zinc, Pure 112.2 7.144E+3 384.3REFERENCE

BIBLIOGRAPHY Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat. (n.d.). Retrieved from Engineers Edge: http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm