“restructuring finance to better serve society "
DESCRIPTION
“Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society " . Gerald Epstein Professor of Economics and Co-Director PERI Transatlantic Agenda for Shared Prosperity Berlin, March 11, 2013 Thanks to Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) for Financial Support. Thanks to:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
“Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society"
Gerald EpsteinProfessor of Economics and Co-Director PERI
Transatlantic Agenda for Shared ProsperityBerlin, March 11, 2013
Thanks to Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) forFinancial Support
![Page 2: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Thanks to:
Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) who funded this research
James Crotty, Arjun Jayadev, Iren Levina, Joao Paulo de Souza, Juan Montecino, and Leila Davis who have made important contributions to this research.
![Page 3: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Question to be Addressed:
What is the relationship between the financial sector and the real
sector?
![Page 4: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
One simple Answer:
![Page 5: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Andrew Haldane of Bank Of England Estimates:
Cost of Current Crisis: $60 – 200 TRILLION
Andrew Haldane “ The 100 Billion Dollar Question”March, 2010
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2010/speech433.pdf
![Page 6: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Financialized Capitalism:
Locked in A Devastating Dynamic of De-regulation, Financial Innovation,
Explosion, and Bail-out
![Page 7: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
This cycle of de-regulation, boom, bust and bail-out has also lead to an enormous growth in the financial sector in the U.S., U.K., and, indeed in many parts of the world.
![Page 8: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
US: TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS AS % OF GDP
1945 20071981
1945 1981 2007
1000%
400%
![Page 9: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Financial profit as a share of total domestic profit (USA, 1934-2010)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1934
1937
1940
1943
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
Source: calculated from NIPA, Table 6.16, Profits are with IVA and CCAdj
%Financial Sector Profits as Share of Total Profits, USA
1934 2009
40%
1960
15%20%
![Page 10: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pre-tax profits of financial corporations as a share of total domestic pre-tax profits: UK, 1987-2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Source: ONS, UK Economic Accounts, Income and Capital Accounts. Pre-tax profits are calculated as a sum of gross disposable income and taxes on income. Domestic sectors include fin corporations, public corporations, non-fin private
corporations.
%Financial Sector Profit Share in UK, 1987 - 2010
30%
10%
2000 20091987
![Page 11: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ONE Additional clear cost:
Massive growth in financial incomes contribute to inequality
![Page 12: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
195201 195504 195903 196302 196701 197004 197403 197802 198201 198504 198903 199302 199701 200004 200403 2008020
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Rentier Income Index Labor Income Index
Rentier
Labor
1980
2007
The United States1952 - 2010
Source: Jayadev and Epstein
Rentier Income Vs.Labor Income
![Page 13: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
After 1980, positive relation between rentier share and income of top 1% in US
19521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968
1969197019711972
1973197419751976
197719781979
19801981 19821983198419851986 1987 1988198919901991 199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003 2004
2005200620072008
20092010
46
810
logr
inde
x2
.5 1 1.5 2log01
Rentier Share Index
Share ofIncometo Top 1%
1952
1980
2007
Source: Jayadev andEpstein
![Page 14: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Regulators in US and Europe now try to regulate the financial sector ostensibly to reduce the likelihood of a crash and another tax payer bail-out
![Page 15: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bankers and Politicians Fight Back
• Rules will harm banks and reduce their competitiveness
• Banks will move abroad• Intermediation will become more expensive• Banker Brain Drain• Stifle Financial Innovation• Jamie Diamon of JP Morgan: “We can manage our
own risk just fine.”
![Page 16: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
But if Financial Sector Is Highly Bloated
Good bye and Good Riddance?
![Page 17: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The questions we ask:
• How Socially productive are these massive financial sectors?
• Can and Should they be Cut Down to Size? By how much?
• What should be kept? How Should the Financial Sector be Reoriented to play a more socially productive role?
![Page 18: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Has this growth in the financial sector contributed positively to the economy commensurate with its size?
A simple picture gives an initial hint
![Page 19: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Source: Philippon
In US: No Obvious relation between share of financeand Economic Growth, 1860 - 2010
10 YearChangein theFinanceshare
Ten Year Growth of GDP Per Capita
![Page 20: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Increasing Evidence of U – shaped relationship between size of financial sector and economic growth
![Page 21: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Some References to this literature:
• Thomas Phillipon “Has the Financial Sector Become Less Efficient”? http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/7376
• Arcand, J-L, E Berkes, U Panizza (2011), "Too much Finance?", VoxEU.org, 7 April. http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/6328
• Haldane, AG and V Madouros (2011), "What is the Contribution of the Financial Sector, VoxEU.org, 22 November. http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/7314
![Page 22: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
But this does not tell us what type of financial activities contribute to socially useful real sector outcomes like job creation, risk reduction, retirement protection and the financing of socially useful investment.
![Page 23: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Channel finance to productive investment
![Page 24: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Channel finance to productive investment• Provide mechanisms for households to
transfer income over time
![Page 25: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Channel finance to productive investment• Provide mechanisms for households to
transfer income over time• Help households and businesses reduce
risk (risk sharing)
![Page 26: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Channel finance to productive investment• Provide mechanisms for households to
transfer income over time• Help households and businesses reduce
risk (risk sharing)• Help provide stable and elastic
LIQUIDITY
![Page 27: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Channel finance to productive investment• Provide mechanisms for households to
transfer income over time• Help households and businesses reduce
risk (risk sharing)• Help provide stable and elastic
LIQUIDITY• Financial innovation
![Page 28: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Private roles of finance:
1) Make profit for shareholders
2) Make incomes and bonuses for management and “rain-makers”.
![Page 29: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Claim: Finance has done much better at furthering private roles than social roles (greater private efficiency than social efficiency) (to put it mildly)
![Page 30: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Estimates of the Contribution of the Financial Sector
![Page 31: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Channel Finance to Productive Investment?
![Page 32: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
High share of lending in US and UK going to households and property development, and to support trading in financial assets. True in other countries as well.
![Page 33: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Epstein/Crotty/Levina
• Finance Gap measured as Investment minus saving so looks at how much finance is needed to finance investment.
• Source: Epstein and Crotty (with Levina) “How Big is Too Big? On the Social Efficiency of the Financial Sector in the United States”
![Page 34: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Financing Gap Relative To capital expenditures: Non-financial Corporations, US
![Page 35: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Financing gap as a share of capital expenditures, in percent (non-financial corporations, UK, 1987-2010)
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: ONS, Blue Book, Calculatins by author
%
Financing gap, net saving Financing gap, gross saving
Financing Gap, UK Non-Financial Corporations, 1987 - 2010
Source: Epstein, Crotty and Levina, 2012
![Page 36: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Key Results from Epstein, Crotty, and Levina:
Income extraction by the financial sector relative to its filling the financing gaps has dramatically increased.
![Page 37: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gross value added of the financial corporate business as a share of financing gap
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Source: calculations based on the Flow of Funds and NIPA, Table 1.14
mul
tiple
s of
fina
ncin
g ga
p
Income of the Financial Sector Relative to The Financing Gap in The US, 1946 - 2010
.4
.8
Source: Epstein, Crotty and Levina
![Page 38: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Income Extraction by the Financial Sector in The US Relative to Financing Gap
(Including the Federal Government Financing Gap)
Financial Sector might be as much as two times too big
![Page 39: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
From Point of View Of Financial Sector
• So what has finance been doing?
• For one thing: lending to itself to finance proprietary trading.
![Page 40: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
MFI net lending to other financial corporations as a share of total MFI net lending (UK, 1Q1963 - 1Q2012)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mar
-63
Mar
-65
Mar
-67
Mar
-69
Mar
-71
Mar
-73
Mar
-75
Mar
-77
Mar
-79
Mar
-81
Mar
-83
Mar
-85
Mar
-87
Mar
-89
Mar
-91
Mar
-93
Mar
-95
Mar
-97
Mar
-99
Mar
-01
Mar
-03
Mar
-05
Mar
-07
Mar
-09
Mar
-11
Source: calculations based on data from Bank of England, Bankstats, Table A4.1. Data are not seasonally adjusted and include only sterling lending. Lending in foreign currencies is excluded
perc
ent
Net Lending of the Financial Sector to Itself,
UK, 1963 – 2012 (from 5% to 35% of lending)
Source: Epstein and Levina
![Page 41: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
1960s 4.64
1970s 5.84
1980s 9.85
1990s 17.13
2000s 26.48
2010s 33.38
Decadal Average of UK financial sector lending to itself as share of total lending, 1960 - 2012
![Page 42: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
US: Inter-Financial Lending: Narrow vs. extended measures in flows (percent of total lending)
Source: Epstein and Montecino calculations based on the Flow of Funds.
![Page 43: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Trading
![Page 44: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Trading: US Stock Market Trading Relative To Corporate Investment
Source: Pollin, 2011
![Page 45: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Channel finance to productive investment• Provide mechanisms for households to
transfer income over time• Help households and businesses reduce
risk (risk sharing)• Help provide stable and elastic
LIQUIDITY• Financial Innovation
![Page 46: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Provide mechanisms for households to transfer income over time
• Help households and businesses reduce risk (risk sharing)???
Simple Answer:Haldane Estimates of Cost of
Crisis: $60 – 200 Trillion;Bailouts: Privatize Benefits Socialize Costs
![Page 47: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Help provide stable and elastic LIQUIDITY
![Page 48: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Help provide stable and elastic LIQUIDITY
Liquidity Defense: Last refuge of scoundrels: Bankers claim: “Financial regulation will reduce liquidity and raise transactions costs”
![Page 49: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Roles of the Financial Sector
• Help provide stable and elastic LIQUIDITY
But: Financial Sector has generated liquidity cycles: excess liquidity driving asset bubbles, and private liquidity drying up in Crisis.
![Page 50: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Financial Innovation
Surveys of financial innovation cannot find any link between “financial innovation” and economic growth
(White and Fame 2004 JEL survey article)
![Page 51: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Study Total Number of Security
Innovations(1)
Number motivated at
least partly be tax or regulatory
reasons(2)
Percentage of total
innovations motivated by tax or
regulatory reasons
(2)/(1) x 100(%)
Finnerty, 1988103 45 44
Finnerty, 199265 21 34
Finnerty and Emery, 2002 80 25 31
Fin. Innovation: Tax and Regulatory Arbitrage(Epstein and Crotty)
Source: Epstein and Crotty
![Page 52: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
What is to be Done?
Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society
![Page 53: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Reduce Size of Financial Sector
Current Policy:
• Capital Requirements
• leverage requirements
Useful: but problems with evasion; also, capital requirements can be pro-cyclical
![Page 54: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Reduce the Size of Financial Sector
• Financial Transactions Tax• Bank Profit Tax• Tax Surcharge or Clawbacks on
Financial Salaries and Bonuses
![Page 55: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Make Sure Financial Innovation is Safe and Effective
• A Financial Products Safety Commission (Financial Precautionary Principle)
Source: Epstein and Crotty, Controlling Dangerous Financial Products through a Financial Precautionary Principle
![Page 56: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Limit destructive risk taking by large financial firms
Splitting large financial conglomerates through mandatory separation of commercial and investment banking activities
![Page 57: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Limit destructive risk taking by large financial firms
Phase out crisis-driven government guarantees and limit bailouts
![Page 58: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Limit destructive risk taking by large financial firms
Reform rating agencies, reducing reliance and shifting their business model back to an investor-pay model
![Page 59: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Re-orientate financial institutions and markets and reverse the balance of power between democratically governments and the financial marketsFINANCE WITHOUT FINANCIERSDiversifying the financial sector
through a larger array of public and cooperative financial institutions
![Page 60: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Re-orientate financial institutions and markets and reverse the balance of power between democratically governments and the financial marketsRE-DEMOCRATIZE THE STATEGET MONEY (FINANCE) OUT OF
POLITICS
![Page 61: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Re-orientate financial institutions and markets and reverse the balance of power between democratically governments and the financial marketsProtecting financial reforms
processes from regulatory capture by bankers, including through stronger regulation of political parties’ financing
![Page 62: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Bankers are Now Blocking Reform on Both Sides of Atlantic
We need to continue trans-Atlantic Cooperation on Financial Reform to fight back.
![Page 63: “Restructuring Finance to Better Serve Society "](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011717/56816886550346895ddf06fe/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
THANK YOU VERY MUCH