Restoring Degraded Mine Land Using Native Species

Dr. Yadi Setiadi Land Rehabilitation Specialist

Faculty of Forestry, IPB Campus IPB, Darmaga, Bogor ysetiad55@gmail.com

Function of Tropical Rain Forest

Habitat for flora and fauna Genetic resources

Conserve soil and water Supporting biodiversity Natural resources Maintaining climatic conditions Water cycle processes Carbon sequestration

Factors Forest Destruction

Poor logging operations Illegal logging Forest fires Agriculture development Timber plantations Estate crops plantations Shifting cultivation Transmigration Mining Operations Oil and Gas operations

Potential Resources Under Forests

Nickel

Gold and Cupper Coal Tin Oil and Gas Others

§  Eliminates some part of vegetation; §  Disturbed some of the original ecosystem §  Increases the rate of soil erosion and run-off

(sedimentation, contamination) §  Reduces of native species biodiversity §  Damages to wildlife habitat §  Damages of watershed area §  Changes natural landscape

Impact of Mining Operations

Degraded mined land §  Exposed

§  Loss of root and crown function §  No vegetation

§  Loss of supporting biodiversity §  No top soil and sub-soil

§  Loss of land productivity §  Land stability

§  Land slides and erosion §  Poor soil

§  Low seedling survival and poor growth

Government Regulations Related to Forest Land Rehabilitation

§  UUD No 41, tahun 1999, Tentang Kehutanan. §  PP, No 24, tahun 2010, Tentang Penggunaan Kawasan

Hutan. §  PP, No 76, tahun 2008, Tentang Rehabilitasi dan

Reklamasi Hutan. §  PerMenHut (revisi) No 18, tahun 2011, Tentang

Pedoman Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan. §  PerMenHut (revisi) No 4, tahun 2011, Tentang Pedoman

Reklamasi. §  PerMenhut No 60, tahun 1999, Tentang Pedoman

Penilaian Keberhasilan Reklamasi Hutan. §  PerMenESDM no 18, tahun 2008, Tentang Rencana

Reklamasi dan Rencana Penutupan Tambang

Restoring degraded mined land

§  Protection •  Stabilized and cover the exposed

land •  Reduce erosion and improve land

stability §  Conservation

•  Enhancing native plant species (biodiversity)

•  Conserve potential native species •  Improve wild life habitat

conditions §  Production

•  Improved soil fertility (long term) •  Produce non woody products •  Benefit for local people

§  No change in the

structure and function of the forest

§  Repairing the structure and function of the forest , related to their function

Factors to be considered

§  Land conditions after mining (derelict)

§  Status of forest function (protected, production, conservation )

§  Government regulations (Revegetation Planning, successful criteria, follow guide line)

§  Post mining land use (multi stakeholder)

Revegetation Activities

§  Selection of native trees species §  Planting stock production §  Site preparation §  Soil amendments §  Planting techniques §  Maintenance §  Monitoring and Evaluation §  Training

Species selection

Select adapted local species which are: 1. Relatively fast growing 2. Light demanding and low nutrient demanding 3. Produces abundance and decomposed litter 4. Perform or function as a “catalytic” 5. Easy to propagate and to culture 6. Low cost for planting and maintenance 7. Easy to manage 8. Appropriate to land used (forestry planning)

Using Local Tree species

Advantages

§  Recommended by the government §  Adapted to local soil and climatic

conditions §  Resistant to pest and diseases §  Maintains local species diversity §  Reduces potential booming of

weeds §  Minimizes “genetic identity”

contamination §  Promotes conservation program

Disadvantages

§  Lack information of the utilization §  Lack information of their ecology

and silvicultural techniques §  The seeds or seedling are not

available in the market §  Relatively slow growing

Soil Physical Properties

}  Soil texture (grain size distribution) }  Porosity (aeration) }  Depth to hard-pad or impervious layer }  Soil compaction (water-logged, root inhibition) }  Soil moisture content, surface temperature

Soil Biology }  Vegetation cover and carbon content }  Microbial population and activities Soil Chemical }  Poor soil nutrients }  Soil reaction (pH) }  Low cation exchange capacity (CEC) }  Mineral toxicity

Soil problems

Soil Problems Constraints Oil/Gas Coal Mining Nickel Mining Sand Tailing

pH 3.4-5.6 2.8-5.5 4.2-7.3 5.8-6.4

Compaction Fair High High Low

WHC Low Low Low Very Low

Nutrients Low Very Low Very Low Deficient

CEC Low Low Low Very Low

Al High High High Low

Fe High Very High High Low

EC High Low Low Very Low

Others Hydrocarbon Pyrite Ca<Mg Drought

Soil improvements

Soil amendments

§  Top soil, Fertilizer, Compost, lime,

§  Humic acid, §  Bio-enzim, §  Bio-remedy, Mycorrhizae §  Active compost (TeraRemed) §  TeraBuster §  Tera-Brik (Soil breaker)

Functions

§  Improves root development §  Solubilizes fixed minerals

(phosphate) §  Increases cation exchange

capacity §  Increases water-holding-

capacity §  Improves chelation of heavy

metals §  Improves nutrient uptake §  Improves potential microbes §  Provides macro-nutrients

No

Species Coal

Nickel

Gold

Oil/ Gas

Tailing Remark

1. Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V

2. Paraserianthes falcataria V V V V V

3 Acacia mangium V V V V V

4 Acacia auriculiformis V V V

5 Acacia crassicarpa V

6 Sena siamea V V V

7 Casia turangensis V

8 Glyricidia sepium V V V V V

9 Leucaena leucocephala V V V V V

10 Erytrhina spp V V V V V

11 Hibiscus tiliacues V V V

12. Anthocephalus cadamba V V

13 Tectona grandis V V

14 Gmelina arborea V V V V V

15 Vitex pubecens V V

16 Macaranga hypoeleuca V V

17 Mallotus spp V V

18 Trema orientalis V V V V

19 Nauclea spp V V V

20 Cratoxylon spp V

21 Syzigium spp V V V

22 Tricospermum burretii V

23 Melalueca leucadendron V V V V

Species planted on mined sites

24 Ficus spp V V V V V 26 Alstonia scholaris V V V V 27 Enterolobium sp V V V V 28 Duabanga mollucana 29 Cananga odorata 30 Michelia champaka V 31 Octomeles sumatrana V V 32 Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V 33 Fragea fragrans V V 34 Peronema canesten V V V V V 35 Dyera constulata V 36 Shorea spp V V V 37 Eusideroxcylon swagerii V 38 Mangeris 39 Ficus benyamina V V V V 40 Eugenia spp V V V V 41 Melastoma spp V V 42 Antidesma bunius V V 43 Syzigum spp V V V 44 Aleurites mollucana V V V V V 45 Artocarpus V V V V 46 Arenga pinata V V 47 Parkia roxburgii V V V 48 Agathis spp V V 49 Hevea braziliensis V V V V 50 Fruit Tress V V V V

Revegetation approaches

} Minimize application of top soil } Minimize application of pesticides } Enhance native tree biodiversity } Create “closed nutrient cycle” system } Domesticate potential native tree species } Reused local and non toxic organic waste }  Involved and contribute for local people

§ 

Success Criteria for restored mined land

}  The rate of seedling survival is high }  Plant growth performance is normal and continuous }  Root extension can passed on mine soil }  Crown closure is fast, stratified and diverse }  The system produces abundant litter and

decomposition }  The system is diverse and naturally regenerates

through native tree colonization }  The system creates habitat suitable for wildlife }  Land form (safe, stable and with limited erosion)

Success criteria §  Adaptability

}  Survival >80% }  Growth performance (normal, and progressive) }  Root development (across mined land)

§  Sustainability }  Biodiversity (Shannon index , Species richness) }  Natural colonization (abundance) }  Nutrient retention (decomposed litter) }  Wild life status (species richness)

§  Stand structure }  Plant density (800-1000/ha) }  Crown structure (3-5 layers) }  Crown coverage (60-70%) }  Species composition (Pioneer (40 %),Primary (50%),

Wildlife (10%)

§  Land Form }  Slope (leveling <30o) }  Erosion status (below threshold level) }  Land stabilization (controlled)

THANK YOU

and LET’S KEEPS OUR PLANET GREEN

good for the planet, good for us