REALISING RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: human rights and personal realities

Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

Restorative justice & radicalization: Interpellating

youth engagement with human rights by

restorative memory

Gema Varona Martínez (Basque Institute of Criminology, University of the Basque Country,

IVAC/KREI, UPV/EHU)

gemmamaria.varona@ehu.eus

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Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

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PROLEGOMENA: RESISTANCE AND DISENGAGEMENT AND IN A CONTINUUM

• Is it bad to be radical? Fundamentalism, radicalism, extremism, terrorism in today’s European milieu (Zagajewski, 2016)

• Violence in (digital) society, radicalization and ideology (Wright, 2016)

• Deradicalization and restorative justice:

• Is the question when, where (EP Res. 2015/2063(INI)) or how: restorative justice

• with offenders and prisoners punished for terrorism. What has prison organizational culture that favours radicalization? (Horgan & Braddock, 2010; Özsöz 2015; Danish Ministry of Integration, 2010; Chapman, 2016; Bossong, 2012, p. 8-10; Kruglanski et al., 2014; RAN, 2016; Mullins, 2010; Meah and Mellis)

• with general and at risk population (youth –general prisoners; with mental problems) (Feddes et al., 2014; Cragin et al., 2015: the relevance of family in resistance; UK Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2008; Weine, 2015)

• which role for direct and indirect victims?

Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

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My personal reality?

Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN CONTRASTING APPARENT BEAUTY (1968-2010):

http://mapadelterror.com/en/

http://www.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/retratos

_victimas_paz/es_def/adjuntos/Retrato%20Donostia%20CAS.pdf

http://www.arovite.com/

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Some figures since 1968: 1304 victims of terrorism

in Spain: 623 of them in the Basque Country (only

including deaths)

829/837 killed by ETA (572 in the Basque

Country)

191 by (Al Qaeda) jihadist terrorism (M-11)

84 by GRAPO

73 killed by parapolice (state) and extreme right

terrorist groups (aprox. 51 in the Basque Country)

Sources: Basque Government, COVITE, Alonso & Serrano (2013)

Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

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Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

How can we explain the long history of terrorism in the Basque Country, one of the

most advanced Autonomous Communities in Spain?

From a “causal loop diagram” on sustainable peace to a concrete question

interpellating us, including young people.

But are young people interested in the past or only historians and victims?

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Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

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T.6 Which is the best contribution of victims in the end of terrorism? (1st option) (Source: 2013 IVAC/KREI study) Aprox. 43% selected “our testimonies” (directly at schools and through digital archives) 17.5% Participation in public debates 16.2% Participation in memorialization

Some conclusions of the 2016 encounter of the Basque Country Youth Council in relation to the peace challenges vs. study in three Basque Universities (2016)

RJ AND TERRORISM IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY: DIVERSE INITIATIVES

• Restorative encounters, social interest, political will and other restorative practices

• The interest of victims and students for restorative justice (2013 IVAC/KREI survey)

• Intergenerational prevention at University and restorative memory as a form of justice: repairing through prevention (PAR)

• Basic agreement (in democracy): any kind of killing is bad and not justified • Some initiatives with students (film)

• “Without goodbye program”

• A proposal of restorative labs

“¿Por qué nosotros vamos a pedir perdón? ¿Porque hemos matado a unos enemigos de nuestro pueblo? Porque ellos nos han obligado a ello.

¿Quién ha dicho que utilizar la violencia no es humano? No crea que nos alegramos o que matamos porque sí, o porque nos gusta matar o lo que sea. Eso no hay … lo hacen como deber patriótico” (SAN 3032/2009).

A simple question? When is violence justified? How do we respond to it?

Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

“THE FIGHT FOR MEMORY”: Politics, ethics, human suffering and victim policies

MEMORY AS DUTY/RIGHT OR JUSTICE (experience, Ptacek 2009, p. 282)

(anamnetic justice)

MEMORY AS PHARMAKON (Díaz 2013, 49; Rieff 2016: ethical imperative of forgetting?)

What do we mean by restorative memory? Taking into account, paying attention (Bilbeny 2015),

inclusion, moral engagement (Bandura), participation (individual/collective memory), encounter,

reparation

Conditions for perpetrators’ good narratives (Ibáñez de Opacua 2013):

-conceiving the possibility of change

-compromise with truth --- contextualization of history as documented narrative

-allowing the encounter with the other (his/her voice)

-acknowledging responsibility

-will to repair

But we are also interested in analysing “bad” narratives to identify the mechanisms of moral

disengagement.

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Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

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Restorative memory

through collaborative art?

Musical and literary memory

Working with University students in our

external evaluation of a “2016 cultural

capital of Europe” memorialization project

(previous project in January 2016: painting

a mural)

A MORE AMBITIOUS PROPOSAL -- RESTORATIVE LABORATORIES: LABORATORIUM

• A PUBLIC PLACE: WHERE?

• WITH EQUIPMENT/RESOURCES: WHO?

• FOR PRACTICE AND ANALYSIS: WHAT FOR AND HOW? • Consciousness of the immanent risk of intrumentalization

• WHEN? About time and restorative justice

Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

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Testimony, empathy and interpellation/engagement –as reflecting judgment

(Arendt)- (Reyes Mate 2015), without neglecting the political dimension of

terrorist victimisation: standing for pluralistic democracy and human dignity (a

common ethics for a high enough democratic roof)

Albert Camus The Just Assassins (1949)

Walter Benjamin The narrator (1936): conditions for actively listening

Be aware of intellectuals and the imposition of utopias: “Is it possible to control man’s mental evolution so as to make him proof against the psychosis of hate

and destructiveness? Here I am thinking by no means only of the so-called uncultured masses.

Experience proves that it is rather the so-called “intelligentsia” that is most apt to yield to these

disastrous collective suggestions, since the intellectual has no direct contact with life in the raw but

encounters it in its easiest, synthetic form — upon the printed page” (Albert Einstein 1932).

KEY IDEAS TO DISCUSS, REFORMULATE

• The need of true radical thinking and acting to prevent violence

• The potential of restorative practices: • Restorative justice and democracy vs. the attraction for the monologue of violence: reshaping

Braithwaite’s pyramid

• Interpellating communication: offenders, bystanders and victims: when is violence justified? (Reyes Mate, 2015; responsibility and agency, Duggns, 2011; Laclau, Mouffe, Barboza, 2011). Testimonies beyond narratives and counternarratives (Kessels, w. d.; EFUS, 2016)

• Transversality (Schanzer et al., 2016), intersectionality and universal restorative justice (collectivism vs. individualism): breaking the script of violence through humane justice. Enough space for different interventions (reactive/proactive; police/judicial and sociocultural)

• What I find missing in the Basque case (rehabilitation and RJ)

Bianchi Restorative Foundation

(BHS)

9th International Conference of the European Foum for Restorative Justice 22 | 23 | 24 June

2016

LEIDEN

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Thank you

Eskerrik asko

-Ten years of victimological research with victims of terrorism in the Basque

Country, http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/2015-

wsv/wsv_2015_presentations/Varona.pdf

-Capturing invisible dimensions of terrorist victimisation through photography

and video: Theoretical background for a research in progress in the Basque

country, Temida, 2015 18(3-4):53-80. DOI:10.2298/TEM1504053V

-Varona, de la Cuesta and Echeburúa (forthcoming), Journal of Victimology.

Exploring togeher: The PRACMEM project