Restoration and the Restoration and the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century

1660-18001660-1800

The Age of ReasonThe Age of ReasonThe Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment

The Growth of the United The Growth of the United StatesStates

People poured from England and People poured from England and Europe to North AmericaEurope to North America

Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion Ambition—money to be made in Ambition—money to be made in

furs, tobacco, logging for the furs, tobacco, logging for the building of shipsbuilding of ships

Transporting Africans for use as Transporting Africans for use as slave labor. slave labor.

Defeated and ExhaustedDefeated and Exhausted▪ By 1660 England was utterly By 1660 England was utterly

exhausted by 20 years of civil war.exhausted by 20 years of civil war.

Great Plague—1665Great Plague—1665 Last major outbreak of bubonic Last major outbreak of bubonic

plagueplague Killed an estimated 100,000 Killed an estimated 100,000

people (20% of London’s people (20% of London’s population)population)

▪ Great Fire of London—1666 Great Fire of London—1666 Uncontrolled fire that lasted for Uncontrolled fire that lasted for

3 days in central London3 days in central London Destroyed over 13,000 homes Destroyed over 13,000 homes

and numerous government and numerous government buildingsbuildings

Few deaths recordedFew deaths recorded

What is meant by What is meant by Restoration?Restoration?

In 1660 the Anglican Church was In 1660 the Anglican Church was restored as the official Church of restored as the official Church of England and King Charles II was England and King Charles II was restored to power (after having been restored to power (after having been exiled to France, restoring the exiled to France, restoring the monarchy.)monarchy.)

The monarchy was restored without The monarchy was restored without shedding a drop of blood. shedding a drop of blood.

The Age of Reason and The Age of Reason and EnlightenmentEnlightenment

People began to use scientific reasoning to People began to use scientific reasoning to understand the worldunderstand the world Apply reason so people could understand the Apply reason so people could understand the

natural causes of eventsnatural causes of events Scientific MethodScientific Method

Developed by Sir Isaac NewtonDeveloped by Sir Isaac Newton Still used todayStill used today

Analyze factsAnalyze facts Develop a hypothesisDevelop a hypothesis Test the hypothesis with experimentationTest the hypothesis with experimentation

Enlightenment PhilosophiesEnlightenment Philosophies

Inspired by Newton’s discoveriesInspired by Newton’s discoveries John LockeJohn Locke

Encouraged people to use their Encouraged people to use their intelligence to rid themselves of unjust intelligence to rid themselves of unjust authoritiesauthorities

Rejected divine right of kingsRejected divine right of kings Asserted the rights of citizens to revolt Asserted the rights of citizens to revolt

against unfair governmentagainst unfair government

Living WellLiving Well

Development of smallpox vaccineDevelopment of smallpox vaccine Improvement in living conditionsImprovement in living conditions Wealthy aristocrats built lavish estates Wealthy aristocrats built lavish estates

with beautiful lawns & gardenswith beautiful lawns & gardens Spacious new streets & squares in Spacious new streets & squares in

LondonLondon CoffeehousesCoffeehouses

Gathering places for writers, artists, Gathering places for writers, artists, politicians & other members of societypoliticians & other members of society

The Seven Groups of English The Seven Groups of English Society during this timeSociety during this time

1.1. The Great, who live profuselyThe Great, who live profusely2.2. The Rich, who live very plentifullyThe Rich, who live very plentifully3.3. The Middle Sort, who live wellThe Middle Sort, who live well4.4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but The Working Trades, who labor hard, but

feel no wantfeel no want5.5. The Country People, farmers, etc., who The Country People, farmers, etc., who

fare indefferentlyfare indefferently6.6. The Poor, that fare hardThe Poor, that fare hard7.7. The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer

want. want. ---Daniel Defoe---Daniel Defoe

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Period of major changes in Period of major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technologytransport, and technology

Affected almost every aspect of daily Affected almost every aspect of daily lifelife Income and population grewIncome and population grew Living conditions differed greatlyLiving conditions differed greatly

Improvements in IndustryImprovements in Industry

Machine OperationsMachine Operations Iron making techniquesIron making techniques Introduction of canals along with Introduction of canals along with

improved roads and railwaysimproved roads and railways Steam power fueled by coalSteam power fueled by coal Gas lightingGas lighting PrintingPrinting ChemicalsChemicals

Changes in ReligionChanges in Religion

The new science influenced religion: The new science influenced religion: A movement called Deism viewed A movement called Deism viewed the universe as a perfect the universe as a perfect mechanism, which God had build and mechanism, which God had build and left to run on its own. left to run on its own.

Christianity, but asking more and Christianity, but asking more and more scientific questionsmore scientific questions

Religion and PoliticsReligion and Politics

Religion determined Religion determined people’s politics. people’s politics.

King Charles II King Charles II outlawed and outlawed and persecuted all the persecuted all the various Puritan and various Puritan and Independent sects—Independent sects—dozens of them who dozens of them who all disagreed among all disagreed among themselves.themselves.

After the RestorationAfter the Restoration

Writers drew on “New Classical” style Writers drew on “New Classical” style of Roman, Greek, and Latin modelsof Roman, Greek, and Latin models

Thinkers of this Age of Reason Thinkers of this Age of Reason emphasized logic, scientific emphasized logic, scientific observation, factual explanation. observation, factual explanation. These rational explanations affected These rational explanations affected some people’s religious views. some people’s religious views.

Literary tastes turned to wit and satire Literary tastes turned to wit and satire to expose excesses and moral to expose excesses and moral corruption.corruption.

After the RestorationAfter the Restoration

In journalism, the periodical essay In journalism, the periodical essay developed, commenting on public manners developed, commenting on public manners and values.and values.

To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing middle class, writers began to experiment middle class, writers began to experiment with long fictional narratives called novels. with long fictional narratives called novels.

Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, and female actors were now included on the and female actors were now included on the stage; drama during the Restoration period stage; drama during the Restoration period was witty, bawdy, and cynical.was witty, bawdy, and cynical.

The Age of The Age of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Origins in the scientific and Origins in the scientific and intellectual revolutions of the intellectual revolutions of the seventeenth century.seventeenth century.

Change and reason were both Change and reason were both possible and desirable for the sake of possible and desirable for the sake of human liberty.human liberty.

Provided a major source of ideas that Provided a major source of ideas that could be used to undermine existing could be used to undermine existing political and social patterns.political and social patterns.

Literature of the TimesLiterature of the Times

Social ObserversSocial Observers Middle class grew and prosperedMiddle class grew and prospered Ordinary men & women had more Ordinary men & women had more

money, leisure activities, and money, leisure activities, and educational opportunitieseducational opportunities

New audience willing to read and pay for New audience willing to read and pay for literature who wanted literature to be literature who wanted literature to be written in a clear language that they written in a clear language that they could understandcould understand

Literature EvolvingLiterature Evolving

Types of literature that evolvedTypes of literature that evolved BiographiesBiographies HistoryHistory PhilosophyPhilosophy PoliticsPolitics EconomicsEconomics Natural HistoryNatural History

Poets began writing simpler, freer lyrics on Poets began writing simpler, freer lyrics on subjects close to the human heart which subjects close to the human heart which led to the Romantic periodled to the Romantic period

Satirical VoicesSatirical Voices

Satire was used to point out aspects of Satire was used to point out aspects of society that others felt needed to be society that others felt needed to be changedchanged

Aimed at the elite classAimed at the elite class NeoclassicismNeoclassicism

Modeled on the works of Ancient Greece & RomeModeled on the works of Ancient Greece & Rome Stressed balance, order, logic, and emotional Stressed balance, order, logic, and emotional

restraintrestraint Focused on society and human intellectFocused on society and human intellect Avoided personal feelingsAvoided personal feelings

The Age of SatireThe Age of Satire

Alexander Pope—wrote poetry that Alexander Pope—wrote poetry that poked fun at ladies of high societypoked fun at ladies of high society ““The Rape of the Lock”—mock epicThe Rape of the Lock”—mock epic

Jonathan Swift—savagely attacked Jonathan Swift—savagely attacked educators, politicians, churchmen & educators, politicians, churchmen & others that he saw as corruptothers that he saw as corrupt ““A Modest Proposal”A Modest Proposal”

Popular TastePopular Taste

Like journalists of the day, writers Like journalists of the day, writers like Pope and Swift aimed at like Pope and Swift aimed at reforming and educating their reforming and educating their readers. readers.

Pope in particular, however, was Pope in particular, however, was much too formal and classical in his much too formal and classical in his style to draw a wide readership. style to draw a wide readership. These readers instead flocked to the These readers instead flocked to the novel. novel.

Public PoetryPublic Poetry

Poetry of the period was not private, Poetry of the period was not private, intimate, or spontaneous; rather it intimate, or spontaneous; rather it was highly artificial and carefully was highly artificial and carefully crafted for public occasions. crafted for public occasions.

Forms included: elegies for grand Forms included: elegies for grand people, satire, odes. people, satire, odes.

The End of the AgeThe End of the Age

At the end of the century, as At the end of the century, as industrialization mushroomed, industrialization mushroomed, writers returned to nature and folk writers returned to nature and folk themes for inspiration. themes for inspiration.

The Romantic The Romantic

era was bornera was born