responses of beans (phaseolus) and other legumes...

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU or STANDARDS-1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-I963-A

Teril1lilt1l 1l1l11etil No 867 April 19middotJj Stao1rJ

uNitj STATES

B~AIlTJl~N(AGBICIl~TiJR~ WASBIiGTON~DCmiddot

Responses of Beans (Phaseolus) and Other Le~ulues to Length of Day I

By H A AIbull Hn wmiddotniol phllsiologist DilJision 0 Tob(lcco 11Icqtifl(1lion~ alld J ZAr~IEnJlt polhoOflist Dilsioll oj Pruit IIwl ICflloble (rol~ nnd Di~ eases BlireliU oJ 10Ilt [nllllslry Soils (Il1d JfllicIIUuJa Fltflilllllinfl AgriClII IUI(l Research lrlminisiration

COyrEYIS PHge I Fage

11lfongth oC dn Ull illl)lOttul11 dimllt i( [mtor I H(middotspnl1~r~ of Ph(lf(nfs ni1gflrif + M ~ __ ~ __ 1) L()ogth oC dny in rtjntion to tht~ g-rmnh htmiddot HCspon( of l)hflltll)lll~tluJfm ~~_ _~~~ Uj

h8middotiorufJlmiddotJmnt~ ~ ___ _____ _~~_ a HlSJlOJl~($ of 1JIi~((lIHI1((Jll lIHlMOiu slWtips 1lJ PryiutJs llhololwrio(ji( slwiifs of hlmllws __ ~ nrSJlon~p~ or mis(lllnrwou 1t)1JOlino1J5 J(Il(trIL 20 )rnlpriill~lIld JJlNIHICis ~ __ ~_ _~W~ LtttruuJf( (ltl1tL _ __ ~ __ _~ __ _ __ 23

LEGTH OF DAY AS 13JPOHTAXr GLLlATIC lTACTQR

To rlndeIs lIot fnmilnr with ((ellt llndings of plnnt seilntists who hn -( st udird the glowth Ilsponsps of plnnts the tlrm length of dny 01 pliotop(1iod may St(111 a little st1IlI1ge in rlll1tion to 1(gllIllC brhtlyiol Ym this 1(nson 11 hripf lxplnnntion Se(Il1S npplopliatl

The pIIldi()1 growe1 knows Ill thnt kml)(lI1imu soil moistml and sUlIsltilH nre nlwnysimpoltnnt fnCtols nfl(middot(ting tltt glowfl of his (TOpS Tf( kno- tll1t thts itll fuuctio1ls of the stnsoll nnd climate of his pHrtielllur loenlity nnd he lenlizls flllly thM hc must plnnt illtdlig(lltl~7 at the right time and maintnin th( propel f(ltility and moistml (ondiLions to obtllin the lwst rCsults

111( ~1OW(l is Itss fnmilillr ith hng-th of tiny ns n frdol glpnthshynfru~il1g plnnt behnmiddotiol lwcfllIse this faetor hnd 1gtt(n I1lmost (onishyPltmiddotfElly onr1ook(d un til (OI11I)nl tinh- lecCnt nHIS Ht Inows thn t

~ ligli4is n(((sSlIlY nnd thnt shnde nnd too much doudilHsS ar( dCtlishyl11ea11 to pllwt grmdhH( is wll nwnrt thnt th(l( nlP mlrktd

~gtsCn~l1nl ehnng(s in t1H Irngth of dn~ flom sunlis( to sunset Yhn t ]hp ~(gti not l(nliz( is til tletunl efflet of til( Itngth of liny upon growth Io~ing unci fruiting OJ ~is now nmiddot11 lstablislwd thnt plnnts mny hr most profoundly OJ afitceted b~~ difltrIlH(S i11 1tllgtlr of dn~ throughouf thl s(nsons nnd in gt- dif~tll t lntitud(s TIll dnys n 1( nhnlYs short nt till e(junior (Inhlt 1)lt nndUlOsr of Hit growing s(l)son nr( always 10ngPl i1t higher Intitudes ~un~ (ontinuous daylight j)llmiddotY(tils nt the poles It would ind((d be

strlB)ge if tlHse b1(nt ehnllges in length of dny did not somehow affect th(~xpltssions of plnnts

en I SuGiftted (or publication Jan 19 1943

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[jj04Jl-H---l 1

rUIIE 1-- 1]JJruxillll1ie lengh of dct on V(LriOll~ dales al different ll1lilllde~ north of the eqllator I ----- -- i --

Latjmiddot Dec 21 1 1rnr21 I funl 21 BPllL 21 tu~ (wjnll i (stlrin~ Apr 21 Ifn 21 bull (sulJIr July 21 Aug 21 (liutulJlnI

(north) QIsli(~) ([uillox) solstl(t) N(uinoXi

IIrIfr Afin bull Ifr bullllin Itf bull 1 till bull Ifrbull Ifr lIill Iin ~1~ll1in bull 12 12 ll) i 7 1 11l~ 3~ l~ 7 12 ~middoti 12 12 i lS 1~ 2-1bull 1~ I ~

10 im 12 9 12 4 13 ta f II 12 la 12) 1010 31i 12 10 12 11 13 11 ~~J 12 fj 12 HI

HI 11 12 IJ 13 -t ll 1 -IS 1 Ii 12 12-I 9 middotIS 12 12 I I 14 JI 121 ll IS 12 1~

D 2() 12 12 13 ~I 14 Hi 31i 1 32 12 I)fs middotHi 12 t 14 11 middotIS 1s1 151 0 I 13 In 12 15

9 J1 H 14 1 9 12 17i ~ 16 [~ I Iii I JI I[Ii I17 lmiddot1 at 1ft I jl II 5 12 Hi 5 52 12 IS I Ii 17 Ii I middot11 u 9 12 21

__~I_- I i _J_

Tll(r( is IlnotlHr shiking thilIg alJolIlllngth of day Inti thal is its i(lYorilhl( schpdlll(s of oppIntion fWIll ~rlllr to Ytnr in dif((pnt Intishytildes Enr fnlll](r knows thnt telllIWInturt sunshillf rnillfnll nnd othlr (l1mntle fnetors nrt VlIT lll(onstanl for nnv giYl1l tiny from V(Hr to nnI ]11 is is not tnit of t1H hngth of dinlt It is till only fnlttor of tilmiddot ciimati( (omplCx hich (peu(s with llimost exn(ti tlil snll1l nllmhtr of bolls milllltN and s((onds for thl SHnl( doh from vPHr to yCnr 1nd this mH) hnvl hnpP(gtlled for thousands 01 hundl(ds of thollsnnds of PHIS This is tnj(gt b((nus( tltI sensonnl I(ngth of th(1 ltlnv n1l 0(1 the Hlth is Jegulnttd by tlw I(volltioll of tlw (Hrth nrollnci the sln it is a fixed lstlOnO(lIicni ((nt n r(slritunt of (osll1k lll(ellllllies of mntwfl1o ti(I1I lelU(I1(T The sun mnv dpliy(( IlIOJf or I(s e(wr~y to till (adh from Y(Hr to yNlr nnd thus (hnn~( tlH pntshytNIlS of tllllptratulc Illoistu(( and rainfall from SNLSOII to SP1son hut th( length-of-day schedulc is exactly the SI](]H~ year aft(middot Tear

Tlll latitudinal mtl~lS in IClIgth of day are of ~lcat significanct in dptlIminin~ the suc((ssful nl)Itlntrd limits of 11 plUtieulnJ strnill or Tnri(t~T of beon in whieh Ilngth of dlW IS it (ontrolling factor If tlH plant is n ddinitl sho(-t-dny tyP( with n eritienl limit fol f1oT(ring 1](01 13 hOlllS its distribution (ould lxt(nd nOlthwnld to n Intitu(jp solt1ewlwll betw((11 25deg nnd 30deg N If til( clitical Ipngth of ltlny for f1ow(ling lips llnt ] 3~ bouls its limits of distribution olJld o(eur neflllntitllde40deg A (Iiticnl kngth of clay for f1ow(ling nlill 15 hours ould pl1(( tilt nOltlwrn limits of till plant ntl1J 50deg Howpvl( at the hi~l](r latitudes the I1I(nn SllnlllH( ttlI1plIntlll(s llnd til( (xtrcnw minimum tempellltuf(S lrt low(( illlposing ndditionHl llnfnvornblc fneLors limiting SU((pssful fruiting h(forp illltumn frosts pnYni1

It h1 blpn showl thlt sonw of thl tropical 01 equntOlinl South Ameri(nn beans (Plwseolus) 11n( such Iigid Ilqui(emlnts 101 el short dnys thnt tllpy ennnot flow(( in summtl in the YushingtoJ1 D C 1Ll(1L 11el1J hltitllde 39deg N (2 7)~ when the l1lltnml length of day is experiencN1

It is obviolls thell thl1t the length-or-day fnctm is of glCllt imshyportance and in mnny Iespccts it is ns signi(icant flS tPllIjlelntule rninfnll 0( soil JIloist((I( in the sll(C(SSflll glOwth ilnd fruiting of bealls (Phaseollls)

2ltnlic Iluwhcrs ill Jlnrcnthess rcrtr to Lirtrnturl (ile(i p 23

2

LENGTH OF DAY IN RELATION TO THE GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF LEGUMES

Tll( gnat famity of plants known as thr pea family (Iegumillosue) emhrucrs aboll t 12000 Sjw(i(s eI istlihu tre n11l0ng 550 grnem From all economic point of vie- it stands second only to the grass fil1l1il~v (Gramineae) As a matter of Juct the forIlllr may have an evell mol( VUliNI runge of lIsefllless than the htter or any otiHr JnmilY of plants For this reason sillr( length of day is often It most important factor in the Sllcclssful growing of plants it has b(rn cOllsidlred timely to givr critical att(lltioll to ihr length-of-day rlspOIISlS of somr of til( m01e useful icgumes mme cspcciully thosl of the g(nus Ph (l8fOlu8 whichhusaworlcl-wierciistriblltionasfooci forman About 11 sl)((ies of Phasfolus Ure cuiti-ntrd at the prlslnt time

Common fidel and galdrll lHans npplUT to htlVe been citrived Jrom tropiral stock siner tlHY arr native to til( Tropirs and (vCn now may be found wild thrre Son1( of thpse wrll intlodu(rclinto -arious rxtla-tropical Ipgions of thp wodd and sricctiol1s W(I( made on the basis of greater IIsdulrwss and ndnptatioll with the result that now mallY huncillds of strains nnd vtrieties hnY(middot b((n named

The tropical lrngth of cla- is ldntivply vrly short nnd til( wild stock which (xistrd thplr was nble to adapt its flowelillg and fruiting to suth conditions NatulHlly bealls which requilld long dnys to initiatp flowpring would haY( h(PIl eiiminatNI by nntuml sllpction

As pointld Ollt in eadiC1 puhli(ntions (27) SOI11l tropical 01 cquashytOlinl South AnHliCan iwnns hnyc surh rigid sholt-da lequireIwnts that they (annot flowli on the natural Irngth of day at -lshillgton D C l lWllI lntitlldl 39deg N

bull

Most benns of tilp sp(cies Pha8eol1l~ lu[yarilt L ftnd P lunatn8 L arp dfly-ncutrnl that is tll(Y I1IP llbk to flow(r when UHY (xpllipnc( (ithel short or long dnys This pnrtiCular brhnviol allows them to be grown Over a gnmiddotat rllllgl of latitudes wher(ver temp(lnlurps nncl otlHr spasonal condi ions nIt sui tabl ~I ueh of til( variptul unshyproHllleut in bEnns has been nssoCint((l with tiH illherpnt cIayshyneutral tpJl(1(nlY which is fno11bl( to (ndiness i1nd pxtrnsion into eith(r low(r lntituties of shortened dl1Ys or highrr latitudps of Ilngthshycned days lhifi is a fOltunnte relai ion sincr otiwrwis( growers would b( forCed to dlOose tl1lil vari(ties on til( bnsis of tlHil pHltiCular summer lCngth of dny nncl tllis would I(sulte in much confusion ancl plobabl oftrn in mnny crop failUlls

Dn-I1Nlirnl llrments oc(11 rnther frpeiy in many IlSSlIllblng(middots of pJnnts whi(h npppal to bp confined to (middotquntorinl subtropical regions Wh(l( rdati (middotly short days prevnil Benns tobacco tomators and mnny othrr plnnts tls(ful in nortlwrn latitudes may be I11rntioned Both shod-duy ftnd daY-l1eutrnl tendencies would persist as gllIltic clinrnetCrs in the raetmiddot by llaturn1 sekction since these two ffletors would ulwnys allow flowPling to OCCll1 in low Intitldes wl1(l( short days obtain Both lpncjpncies then would Iellulin as strong Inten lllllents in tIl( gllHtie lol1sti t 1I tion of th( plants

Ill tltsire to improvf his plants and to obtniu earlier yaripties for mor( nOltiwln regions man has unintentionnlly selected and empbashysiZlCl (hr ciay-neutml chaructN since this would most naturally promote earliness witlre the long-day chnmetPIistic is prnctically nonexistPI1t in the nsspmblngp

In this cOIlu(dion it is well to emphasize the imporLance of carryshy

3

ing OIl sdection us nCM ns possible to til( eriticnl length of day which will initiate flowering sincc it is here that the greatest degrce of -nriation in time of flowering will be revenkd This is advisable b(caus( nIl tll( plants will flower readiIy in the minimum period of time wh(n subjected to an optimum or ycry short day and there will be no opportuni ties to reveal inherent deviations in relntion to a long(r criticnl photoperiod This principle holds as w(ll for the 10ngth-of-dny factor as for low temp(Iatule htI( sdlcl iOIl is ])(ing nU(mpted [01 leSistalw( to eold or frost

The beans ordinarily grown in the United StllUmiddotS ]wlong to thl(( speeies Phasecl11s 11IlWlri8 including the common fidel Sllap nnd kidney benns p l111wtus including the limn bCnns nnd p coccinels L ineluding tIll scarht 11Il11Hl b(nns Of these f coccillens shows the f1ow(middotring habi t to b( ilwored by long days This behn-ior togtther with tilt fact that SOl11( vllriltits of p coccheus nl( ICss slnsitie to cool SlIlIlll1lIS Cxpinills wh~r I hey cnll ]w growlI so Sll(((rlsfully in Englnnd nlld contilwntni Europe wh(Ip cooler sumJII(lS and very long dl1Ys prevnil nt lll( liJ11( of high SUIl

Criticnl study Illls now I)((I 11111d( of S0111( of till 1ll0St w(fullyplts specics nnd Yllri(1 ies lllld slln ins of ])(gtnlls (Ph08f(ilus) wltlt11 I he dnily photoppliods (1( 10 12 12~1 13 13H 14 14f nnd Ii hours For eompllriSOIl plants W(1( grown in Nllth test ont of doors nt Arlington Exp(riJlwnt Fnrm Arlillgton Va (illtitude npPlOximntlly )0 X) WIrI( the~ lt1( (xposed to tire IHlturnll~- clrnngilll dny lPDgths -nliOlls otlHl gPIIPrn (Cunalulia Cicer L11pi7l1l8 8f1zbiwn Ficia lIld l-i[o) of which nuious Swei(s nl( ynluabh for f((middotd 101 stock or soil impronlllPnt W(lP nlso studi(el kss (xtlnsinmiddotI~middot 11IHII PWSlous Ill( I(slll ts of tIll sl udips fll( summn Ii~ed ns follows

Of thp Phaslolu8 11Ilgar1 nss(mblnge 10 of tlr(middot 20 YHrieties uSllnn~shydnss(gtd I1S polt bplns hdollgtd to the short-day (lnss itlld 10 to tire da~--IHutlt1l dass III the (luss known as bush Ynrieti(s nll of the 24 gr(llI-podrle(l and all of the 11 lx-podded YnriCtilts I(sted sbocd the dny-npl(Tnl b(hllyior Lh( flO(middotring of some for exnmplc Red JidlWY wns som(whl1t ddn~((l in llSPOIlSC to lPngthening p11otoshyp(rioils indien ting a t(ndpllCY towllrd the short-dn~ behavior In the semipol( duss 11 Wpr( short-dny and 8 WPIP day-neutrul Of tIl( 5 Rdug(gt( YLridi(s clnssifipd as indetermillatp in growth habit 4 well sholt-duy find 1 dny-neutll11 All til( limn henns of the sp(cies p lUJlat1ls nnd its variety maC7ocarpU8 BCllth including I7 bush nlld 4 pol( vurilti(s w(Ie dny-ncutrnl ill fm(ring hahit Of HIP 7 other sJ)(eies of Phaseo1ls tested 1 stlnin of p ln11lg0 L showed tlw sirod-dn and allothl1 til( dny-IHutrnl behavior ) other species shOnd th( short-dny and 1 p coccinells tht long-dny hehnviol Ill( sJ)(ci(s Ca71alGlia en8~fo71l1is (L) DC 1igna sinensis (Torncr) SIn-i and Stizbi1f1n dlillfian1bm BOlt lwhnYld ns short-day plants (ie(l (llietinnm L and Fiona slsquiJ)((alis (L) Fluwirth show(d the dny-neutml bchnvior and Lupinll8 l11tell8 L the long-day

Length of dlW often determilHs ~ether n Yllridy 01 species is bushy 01 twining in its glOwth blillwior The poll varieties of Plwslol1s lYIllg((7is were twining nlld the hush vnriltips wen hushy regardless of length o~ day but some of the semipole varieties became bushy on the shorter photoperiods and twining on the longer ones The Refugee vl)ricties ehlssilied ns indeterminate in growth form developed a bushy growth whpll til(gt days WPle suffieieutly shortened Most of the limn UCllllS had a mtlHI fixed growth form regardless of

4 I

the length of thc Pi1otollLtiod hll t Olll ot tlH lHish sorts showed tendencies to ccyelop the iIldlt(lmin1tt habit of growth ns thc photoperiods W(Il kngthcJ1(d

PlwBlous COCCillilIS showll1 more yigololls twining on thl 10- and is-hollr photoptriods than on any others Thl growth form of P aconitfolillg )n(q dpplnltieu largpl)- upon till day kngth and trailing st0ms dtY(]optd in esponse to 18 homs of ligh t Th( usunlly ereel tUH] husl] glOwtb of P acutifoliu8 Yilr latifolius G Frl0nlnn was cittlllgld to onl of rtClII11igtll1tllHhit WI](Il tli( photoshyjwriods WNp slifricitnti 1tngtl](llpd

Plw8(oluH (wrn(s Hoxh ns bushy and (red undlr all photowriods eXClpt the IS-hour whieh stimlllnttd n strong twining Iwhit P (alcoralus Roxb wns e1((middott nIlt hush) on tht 10- to 13 1-hour photoshyp(riods hut denloPld the twining hahit on tlH olilPt tla l(llgths P (lIlUHloris (Yilld) Y F Wight lwhnwd 18 n short-dny plnnt The growth habit of PliWlIjo wns not mntriall)- inflll(llCpd by length of dn~ and thai of LupinlIR lUtr1l8 was intillWlldlnt of tIlt photo]wriod Stizn70billlfl durillliallllm was bushy 011 the short l)(riods nlld twilling on the long 01l5 (anoralia ulsUolmis comshyph(l~ rlHlsd this l)(hnior l)(ing tnll and twining on the short photoperiods ll1d lllntiYlly short nnlt1 hU3h) on till longer onts Tht hnYt= and pods of th lnst-Ilanwd plnnt wr( g-rlatly rldu(((l in siz( ns the Ipllg-th of day iml(nsfl

It is o]yjolls tlitll that tIll growth form of legllnHs is It rntilll yarinblp [tattlre nnd slIhj((t to (()J1sidllnbl( modification by tllironshym(ntn I ond i t iOIlS - pn rtieuln I growth form (xprls3Lcl b the bush or the twining hlII1ior mn~ bt llowly d(]wl1dpnt upon n pnrti(ulnr llngth of dny This is n point of (onsidLrnbh igllifienIH sin(( som hotnnists han (ondlld(d tlwt mnll piant8 hayl bc(oIll( h(rshyhnlolls lSlwcinlly ill tlw 1ropi(5 becnus( tbt~- hn( assum(d tIl elimbing habit Sillnott and Bai]l~ (ISI cxpnssc-d this yip The (Jim hi ng hn hit h()PYlr mny ofttn ]w brough tin to lXlJi ssion n t will In (hanging- middotprtain lInlrollnHntnl ponditiolls onl )f lIich is Itngth of dn

I~r()m this Inmiddotjpf resume of th( more importnnt hphnYlors of henDs nncl otilPl llglll1ltS as afi(c(ed by Itngth of clay it is ohvious tbat this is 11so a YNY importallt elimntic influence which the grower too Oftlll hns fnikd to lt(ogni7 ill tilt PlSt

PREVlors PIIOTOPE1HODIC SlTDIES OF LEGL~lES Tn Il1l1eh of th( pr(inus -ork th( soybCan ha~ bC(n so CxtfniCly lIld in ((ry

phtl~e of tlldy of photoj)Criodigm that it now holds an almost elasie position with rCpl(( to photop(riodic stlldy Binel tlH pr(~(nt papN deal~ mainly with studi( of Ph(lseoll~ parli(ular (Illphaiis will bp gh-en to reyjCw of work on that g(nus in Carlier (lIdips

The (arlieOt IlHUtioll of the photoperiodic heluwior of Phoseo[lIs ll3 I1lade in 1920 by GtrIHr allel Ilard 17) Bpln iI ln[garis) slIbjNtN to tIl( ful I(npth of the SUIl1I1lCr day rCquirtcI 109 day to flower whi( tho( rp(iyinp only 7 hour~ of daylifht flo(r(( within 27 to 29 da~- ~iminr rCspllllPS were shllwn by seeral arictiCs of lima 1gtC1l1l (P [lilialiS) from Peril and Ecuador

Th(sC early and mth(r limit(d expcdnwnts indkat(d that ~mll( helns are highl genitin to length of ca~ In the( inttUHPS lHans required hortneci (1a~-5 t() flOWN in northern latitudes and thpreforc are adapted )nl~ to til( hortpr days of pry low or tropieal latitudes

Hary(y (I()) gr( Phiuollis vlllgaris and other plunts undpr continuous 1rtificial illumination during thp wintertime llnd c()llclurlCd thnt thp plant rtp()n(~ W(fl

nor duc to length of da~middot but to SOIlW nutritional modification It is obi()l1~ that hifi conclusions pnned to be somewhat premature

5

Garner and Allard (8) and Allard and Galller (8) showed that Joli(hos b(llollls L and Phaseolus 7IluWjlO1US ViUd (P coccineus) required short days for flowering and that root tuberization in p lIlultilorus was favored by short daylight periods

In 1923 Lubimenko tllld Szegloff (13) concluded that beans were best udapted to days of short duration 10 hours being the optimum for full ftowering und the production of dry material Thc) found that the weight of dry substance pel unit concentration of chlorophyll increased with decrease in the IClgth of the lightppriods

Adams (1) noted in his experiments on wax beans that the plants ftoyered at about the same time in exposed as in darkened plots but thut thl plnnts which had not been dlrkenNl produced the great(st weightR

Tn 1924 and] 925 Tinckers rCsults (19 20) with Plwsfoilis IIIlllliorl(~ Ipr( in agreement with earli(r T(sult~ oi Gamer and Allard (8l

fn 1929 Doroshenko and HmuIllOY (6) studied the lenpth-of-day beluwiors of a number of cuIt-inttNI plants inclllding Phaseous vulgaris anrl p lIIult(florllS (0 detClntine if any cOlIllat ion could hl iound with their g(o)Iaphic origill TIl( ratio of dr~ weight of stems and lea(s IL foullo to nr- grtt Iy dep(IIdill UpOI1 th( ICl1gth-of-dtty factor YHh 9 hOI of daylight fi1 perront of lh( ICa(~ lLlld 30 percell( of tIl( sCms of SOlllP uriptiplt pl( dry lllatpr l1(r(a~ Oil till contmry GO I)(J(ClIt of the stllll amI 31 pprClnt of UJ( I(twes of otlllr~ wpre dr~ 111 at (1 Thcs( worker cOllelulkd thLt a definite relMiOIl existpd bll((11 tlw (ountr~ of origin alld till photoperiodic refpOIISI of th( bcmiddottni IIorll1ally growII tlHrl Southern varipti(s lre nntlll1II nclaptpcl to the ~horter days of tl1(( 10PI Intituclps nlld llOpd I(~ dplny of flO(rin) in I(SJl()II~( to the nrtj(i(iall~ shortllwcI da~li)ht p(gtriods ith r(urclNI mutllrit~ UlldPl short-dny eonditions all (xetshyshe Hgptntip c]enloplllel1 o((IIITed pxpr(~ing itself ill jnlrpn~ed ~iplds of dr~ malNial and ill )rrtt(r expanse of 1(uf slIrfa(( The Inlier hlhadm wac also strikingl~ hO1I hy Cmlllalia rls(follIIis ill the prpPllt tudip (p 23)

~laxiJl1ow (16) ill 192l J(ported the bel1l1dor of llriou lconomic plant as illflupuC(d b~ difr(J(l1t I(IIgt h-of-day trp1t111(middotl1t lIe found that hair~ ([rh (1icill vilosa) chi(lq)(a (Ciccr alirUlilIlII) and PIIIwolls IIl1lil(ilo7lS rpOponded as 10I1g-cla~ pl1nt~ and p li17(1lis 1~ L sholt-day pIn nt

In 1938 Hew(J (I f) inlstipat(d th( pfTp((s of c(esshCly later plLnting~ UpOIi lhe behwiol of (eml plants llmong hi(h wPre (wo arkties of p(as (PislIlII sativlIIIl) und a vllri(fy of lupil1l (poundllpills lllt(j IIstioi1IlS) TI1l b(luwiol of thi~ lupil1l led him to conlllIcl( Ihat it was a fypieal sholt-day plant He concludNl that tl1l carliN1 sowing for this lupine is not likpl~ to 1)( tIl( lClllogical optimull1 fol I)(t d(llopment Jut a sOIlHhat latpr pltnlinp lhidl in hi~ tests 11 Illacll abOllt 2 weeks nft(l til( carly planting In hmnony wit h the yi( of ~Iaxil11oshy(J R) if is infell((l t hnt pry (nrl~ plantings of hOlt-clay plants ma proe (I ~prjou~ diltrdntntag( ill(e they 1II11Y eUURp pnmiddotnlltllre floPlin IJefore a ltuffiri(nl amount of wFilllilatiYe folingC hns dewloped

~11lin()wki (14 15) reportpel till reltults of lellpth-uf-day 4I1di( of fir~i-gPIIshyeration plant ublainCd by crossing two Ylllip(ipF of Ph(l~(()lll~ I[(ois Thl par(nf variCtic (1( kidn(~ blans of thp I)Ultll or dltt(rlllin1tC habit of 1-(10(h in conshytrast with th( indet(lI11inat( habit of growth of the pollt arietiCs Ill(gt fir~t-genshycration plant ~h()wNI m1rk(d hybrid igOI but flow(linp a gl(atly dpluNI in thrlJ) HC)ctI wl1l11 tl1lSl plnnfs W(l( 4ubjlcted to S-hollr priodlt of daylight each rlay th(il stturl and growth W(Il rNIII(ed to those of the parpnt and flow(ring o(Curred G w((ks earliN Chlln in fho~l pllnhi which exppli(lI(cd lh( full day Ill(gt nllll1lgtlr of illtprnode pod flo(J~ 1nd cpc] produced in reshysponp to dadi~ht ]J(riod~ of 8 hour 11 eOlllpal(d wit-I th()~( for thc full day ga tmiddothe followi nl rLtio In t(Jnocles fi1 pods 81 fiOW(IS 31 ~e((l k1

Rudorf un in 11)85 report(d (lie hchwior of a number of bean arieti(s in Cennan cOlllparing the ((reds of short days of 12 hours with the full SUIlIIIl(gtrday of 15 to 16 hou rR 01 llIorp in length

In 1936 Hnckbnrth (J) prpslntpd the results of his studies of SOlllc ll1pin( subjected to a 12-hollr clay in comparison with the full dny He conchldpd Umt flowcring sctting of s(ed and fruit ing of Lupinlls (ngu~I(folilis nnd L hllells were d(layed by a Icngth of day of 12 hOllrs ns compared ith a full day How(lr both speci(s showpd so many contll1dietiolls of I)(hadol wHh respect to the length-of-day factol that no definite coneltlsions could be drawn from their rcsponSlS It is nlOught that bOlh temperatllre and humidity as well as length of day exercised a strong influence upon th( rhythm of development L alblls and L 1Iulabilis showed only slight sensitidty to changes in length of day

Krassinsky KondrllshOa nne Vinogll1dova (12) in 1936 rcported the effects of subjeeting plants to a shortelled day (12 hours for 20 days froll1 germination) in comparison with plants expcriencing the full day to determine what changes occurred in the enzymatic system of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) A shortellNI

6

III

-II

-II ~

day appeared to stimulate a gradual and ery considerable increase in the activity of the oxidizing enzymes catalnse and peroxidase Regular changes were also brought abou t in the hydrolyzing enzymes amylase and saccharase These ehanges were of different degrees in beans as compared with such plants as ehrysshyantherrwms For this reason it was cuncluded that the inhercnt chl1ructeristics of the species strongly influence the enzymatic relations of the plants in their responses to length of da

Allard (2) presented the results of a study of nle Icnpth-ofmiddotday behador of the rather rare wild bean of eastern North America Plwseous 7JolysiachYlls (L) B S P It was showlJ (hnt this b(an flowers rnost profusely with an intermediate range of day lengths days lhat ar( too short or too long b(ing unfaorable to flowering or eyen inhibiting it ent ir(ly

A noticeable feature of Illost of this preiOlls work has been the failure to desshyignate specifically the ariety or strain studied in many instances Often Illerely the species nal11e Plwscolus IJUlgaris or P lIwllijlorus has been used This is unfortunate since these species comprise gnat numbers of horticultural arieli(s and forms and it is now known that many of these may show markedly different physiological behaviors although no clearly discernible differences in morphology may be eddent Cnder these circlllllstances it would be impossible to repeat most of this middotork or to corroborat( any cU1clllsions which IlIay hae btcn Iran except in those instances where such conclusions IlIay han wide applkat ion as types of general photoperiodic behavior

MATEIUAI AND METIIODS The dala obtained for the present paper rcpresent thegt results of tests earried

on at Arlington Experiment Farm Arlington Va ileal Vashillgton D C from ] 939 to 1941 Arlington Experiment Farm is very lltar latitude 39deg N ancl experiences a maximum length of day from sunrise to sunsN at the SUllJlller solstice (June 21) of 14 hour and 54 lIlinutes (149 hours)

Different lenpths of day were used ill the growing of the plants where practicable the folluwing daily light periods were maintained from germination unti1mnturity of the beans and olher legumes 10 12 1212 13 13Y2 14 14z and 18 hours

For periods of 14Yz hours or shorter the llatural d1~light periods were artificially reduced by the use of large darkened houses (fig 1) of wood erected upon oncreto foundations These houses were equipped with large entilators along the llltire length of the ridge and a system of openings just aboe tl1( ground around the base the construction being such as to intercept all light when the doors were fastellecl shut dming the darkening periods

The plants were grown in large gahanized-iron buckets of 12- to 14-ql1art capacity The seeds were planted out of doors and at germination the seedlius were at once subier~ted to the Yarious lengths of day The buckets remain(d permanently upon Illoyable trucks lIInning 1n and out of the darkened houses on iron tracks Definite schedules of darkening were observed daily to maintain constant the variolls lengths of day from germination until completion of the tests

FIGURE 1-Large yentilated lightproof houses at Arlington Va used for studies of the photoperiodic responses of leguJJles In front may be se(m conshytainers with the plants resting on 1110able trucks which run on iron tra(ks and carry the plants ill and out of the darkened hOl1ses 011 definite scheduleS

Thi equiplllCllt IIlllrl( it possiblC to 1Il0(~ the plants r(adily into darkness 0 dayshylight at will As thc tClIlpClIltllnR within thps lightproof hOlls(s yaried onl 2deg or 3deg F fro III the normal ail lcmperutil rps at any timc fairl norlllal conditions obtainNI for the plrtns

As Ih daily lig1J( periods of ] 8 hOllrs wrp in (X(Pss of t hp longlst SllnlIller rla of 14 hours anc[ i14l1lil1lllps Ih IISC of supplplIHlltal lr(ifieiallight frolll SUIIStf wa~ requirwl (0 exlpnd the light periods to lhis dllration For Ihis prpose fOllr 200shywaif_ gas-filled illngstPII lalllps it-h bowl rcfk(OIs wen arranged at I he cornelS of an iroll pipe frallle 3 f(PI squan This rigid metal sqllan was lusily 1Il00cd lip alld down Oil iron IIprights so thaI the fOil I lights cOlild h llldily Ildjllslpd simulshytalllolisly ILlld mnilliailleri at a disl tlncc of abo II II foot aIH)( I hp plants The intpllRily of lighl falling upon the plants at a disltUHC of I foot was lIleasurNI by n W(sion illulllillnfion llIelr Morill No I 74() This was lf(uippNI wil h a iscor filtlr 10 oblaiu ollly dsiblp mdiatiOJl as lIearly as pOfsibllt and gap a rparling of )thout aoo 10400 fool-elllldlps

Tht spasollal ehlllll=lS ill 1llIgth of da alld the iPII1PPrtlIIlIP rlf(lIinIII(lIts of I-ht pitIlts nllull laU plalllillg IIC(PSSIUY ill onlcl to blgill flH tesls for th( 101lg(1 as 1(11 as for 111( shollt1 daylight IHliods al Ilw samp IiIllt For Ihis llaSOIl plantshyings (neh year 111( iJ(gllll Oll lluy 2a or 24 siIltt Oll Ia~- 23 I II( dtl~ lt flOl1l SlIlIshyIist to SlIIIS(( ILn 141~ hOllrs long ft shollid b( slatpd that til( IOllgr daIighl I)(riods lhich I-hp t-(st plunts l~xp(rieJl(pd IIIl1sl- Iprlllinntl as HOOII as tlH lIalllral daylighl intCIal has fall11 to i1(s( 1Cllgths alld aflt1 this (cIIIIillnliol1 Ihe planli II1l1st 1)( slIlJjt(ttd to Iht IIOIIIIaI VUl4lcsshlly sholttnillg dny if IHltllml da~light alolll is lISN Ill( IO-houl day ill Iht Vashillgloll D C ana lJ(gill~ ltLlIlIar~ 2) alld (olltilllllH ahOl Ihis 1(lIl4th IIl1lil NonIII ill I 17 the cia is at Ipllst 12 hOlln 10llg 1)(1(111 lfanh 18 and SPplllIlJer 27 1212 hOllls IJII(PIIlfanh 2-) alld SppttllIl)(r Iii La hOlllS IlItw(pn April 11 and S(ptelllber a la l hOlils 1l(C(1I April 2a anrl AUl-(IIst 21 14 hOllls 1)(1 llPII lay (i allrl AlIgllst 7 141 hours hel Wlen ilay 23 and JIII 22 Ilolling Oil SOlllt I)f I Ill IOllgcl 1(111-(1118 of rla llIay ha( )l(11 dcIald IIl1til aftt1 til( p(liod of s(asonal shol((ning Irad )(I-(IIII If thi 0((1111((1 hopII il is olldollR that Ilrp paltit-lIlal 1llIglh of day eoneprlled was too 10111-( to hllSIl1I IOllillg n dirl ROIllP sholl(1 day 1tlIgl hs

TIll (fTpcts of till nllillml inCnIII(lIts and dl(nlIHnis in Ilnglh of day of thp urln ltson Iwfoll uld afl (I til( 811111111(1 solsl jet on the )phlLiol of pltlHR aI( lly difiiClIlf to ptlnalt Whilc the full da~ pnnlilillg dllring the pldoti of Ih( I-pst hilS IIsllully h(l1I s(Il(I((1 as a eont 101 il is nogllizpd I hnt this is not an enUrply salisfa((olY Ollt ill SOIlIC n~splels sine( it rlprCslnts It cOllstalltly 1lI0dnj 1(11141h of day t h1011 gholl t I Ill SCllson inlItIlHilll4 bdon IIIIIP 2] ami d(JItsilig a 1-shyIIw 11111( ml( thentfitI Vhil( SOIlIC OIk(lfI have expnssec this ill [lrlllS of all a V ln1g( lCngl h of da for a ginn period fir is rlprtwnts a loose and ((11 i lIaC(lIlate limilaliOIl for (Nlain pitlllls illc( ill SOIlI( inslnll(Ps I(nnrillg is illilialtd by a err high erit itll I 1(lIgl h of day which 111111 lxc(ld all temgt tlllt eompu(wl frolll l11illillllllll and maximulll vairlPs

ct)nltlanl ICII)th of day lIing nntuml dnylighl ali(I equal to tlrp hortst duratioll of illl teslllt (lIIId pprlraps 1(11 as [hl 1II0S( al ifnctor control A daylight I(liori of 12 hOllr is pllhap as ltalifaetorv ItS any other for this pllrshypoe sincl it is harrlly pnwl iCl1blt tLnyhlll ill 11011 helll lutil ud(s to glOw plantllt IIll1eh brfor( April I IIIlln this or a ltolllPwlmt 10llger da oiJlnin Hocer as HlP full cla r(pr(llIt~ th( nnlllrni lteasolltll e()lIriilioll for growth (ul [)( door (his i desil-(lHlled a till cOlllrol S(Ii( Its in Ihl pu

To fncilil alc 11(( dmilllLgl al all ti Illes sc(ml Inrgl holl W(I( pUllched in the bollolJl of the gahllnir(d-irOIl bucket conlaining th( plnllt alld opr thi a laypr of Cilld(Is Wtls spread to a deplh of aboll( I illch TIll soil conislaquod of an llrlifi(ial mixtllrl of )ood rher sand alld clay log(llwr with a good proportioli of wpll-r((nypd leafulolri ILcld(d to lIIake a porous sandy loam At Iegular intpnals Ihrollgholll till growing scasoll the pllults weI( f(rlilized with liblml applil1l1 ions of III1Ul U1( watlr equlllly applied 10 all buckpl so t hal the planls iliad eXc(lIen t lOwt ir l-hlOUg-ho I I he tesl R IlIs((t pest were conI rolled -ithshyOllt spmling which SUlIlpl illlP illjure the foliage

Three plants equall PIUlri ILnJllnrl (h( p(ripirlr werl gron in cach bucket Heighl growth habit nUIll bel of pods and 01 htr significa III d tta prC obi ained illllllIcmentl of plllll( heigh I well IliadI ILl fiowprillg or if fi(prill did not ocCur at thp (nd of the test III pmPlkally epr imlanc( a I)(rfe- stalld of plnnts aile IigorouH growth oigtlltiliNI I hrollghout Ihe tcI

The prPRen( study IllI cOllcern(r1 mnillly with cOIllIll(rcial vuriPli( of bean of til( Wl1lls PhfNill(~ lIJn ill the llIi(wl 8Ia(-e~ pllldiltall) nil of which arc illcilldld in the spl(ip~ p IIlg(ri~ p llln(III~ alld p (((Iillell~ III addilion scerul othcl lUll I1111 I sp(ci(s of Ph(lN(oll~ tnrl liccml other legllllle~ werc tlldicd

8

RESPONSES OF PHASEOLLJS VULGARIS Although sOllie varieties of PIW8colus vlllg(Jri~ normally sho u certaill growth

forlll rather persistently ill respollse to all pholoperiods other ariel ieR diRplay greal modifications of thili depending upon variations in lighl intensity f(11shyperature humidiiy und lenglh of the photoperiod (table 2)

A number of the varieties usually classified as pole beans arc strictly riay-neutral amollg these arc Ideal Market Kentucky Wonder 11orraquoe 191 (fig 2 C) Kelltuoky Vonder Vax No 765 und McCaslan Others including LOllriol Horticultural Cutshort White Cornfield Logan Giant Bhll Lake and Golden Cluster Vax showed a more or lesigt marked delay in time of flowcring in response to the longer pho(opeliods thus showing short-day tendencies This dclay in flowering as the day becomes longer may within limits increase the valuc of a variety in high latitudes so long as it is able to mature a erop before frosL The long vegetative period permits U1( development of a larger bearing area and possibly greater yield per plant than if relatively heavy bearing occurred very early

~1aIlY variefal characteristics and adaplabilities to climatc must be taken into consideration before conclusions can be drawn as to regional adaptaUcn all the basis of day-Ien~th behavior Many varieties here found to be shorf-dav plants are admirably suited to 111( northern United Slais

London Horticultural showed a gradual and consistent delay in flowering a~ the photoperiods excecdcd 13f hou rs While flowering occurrcd in 24 to 20 daVi in respons to the shorler photoperiods the period increased to 33 days for the 14)fshyhour photoperiod to 65 to 70 days for the full-day and to lIlorl than 109 days for the] 8-hour photoperiod The plants on thl last photoperiod had not buckled when the tests were discontinued in late September Amongthe tested varieties usually clampssified as semipole South America No I French Horlicultural Godshydard SL Louis Perfection and White Half Runner are garden types Great Northerll IT I No 81 Large Whit( Marrow Michelite Otenashi Pink tllP two Pinto strains the Red Mexican strains and Robust are field or dry shell varieties The Brllzilian varieties tcsted are not known enough to ciassify precisely but th~ appear to be $emipole

Although a number of these semipole varieties are day-neutral th( majority especially lhe field sorts show a more or l(ss pronoullC(ci shorf-day bhudor In some instances this is indi(ated by a rather slight retardation of flowering ill response to the longer days as ill the case of Miehelite Others such as Large Vhite Marrow Pink and Pinto (Colollldo strain) show a great delay in time of fiow(ring in response to the longer photoperiods Pink (fig 2 B) is outstanding in its short-day behador flowering being delayed 114 days in response to lhe 18shyhour phofoperiod and the dderminate bush-growth form being deeloped in response to the shorter lengths of day This variety did not assllme the twining habit of growth until a 14-hour photoperiod had been experienced

The Red Mexican strains also show(d the dwarf-bush hahit of growth on the shorter photoperioels but teJ](ied to become twinCrs on the longer photoperiods

The varieties Pink and Pinto (Colorado strain) do not appear to be adapted to high latitudes where both the longer days and cool temperatures would operate to cause delayed flowering The Idaho strain of Pinto showed a behavior very similar to the Colorado strain on all photoperiods except the full-day and the 18-holll when pronounced difTerenc(s in the two strains wcr( hown TIl( respollses of the former indicate that it nlltmiddot be lwtter adapted to higher latitudes thall (he lat tel

Certain green-podded Refugee varieties of garden beans are characferized b~ an indeterminate habit of growth This type of planf in its typical form is characterizprl by weak elongate branchcs tending to beeomc twining in habit Under the oconditiolls of some of the tests this behavior was nearlY suppresscd except 011 the longer pliotoperiods bull

In 1888 the i~arly Rdug(e introduced by J M Thorbllrn amp Co came into promin(nc( and proved to he Illuch superior to the older sorts because of its bush habif of growth earliness productiveness and fair table quality This variety hus shown a s(ricUy day-neutral responsl 10 length of day and this hus doubtless tolltribut(d to its rcady adaptability to a wide range or eondifions in 1I0rthern latitudcs where long summer days prevail

The Idaho Refuge and f he Stringless Green Refugee also adapted 10 the North have shown rather pronounced short-day behaviors reacting with conshysiderable retardation in flowering in response to the longer photoperiods U S No5 Refugee has shown a sOlllewhat less pronounced short-day behavior

Th shorter I(ngfhs of dar stimulated these varieOes to ellvelop the mor( fypical bush forlll mlher thun lhe indeterminale bchtvior

Twenty-fou ali(fieR or green-podded bush beans of which onl~ the varieties

5j04]OO~-44--2 9

TIIII 2 RespolIsls of certain 1lIrirlie III Ph((8olll~ vIIIJlds to lellJth of day

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11 117 22 K f a6 13UjP1 1400gt8 lI41 38 10 au 1 10 aa I 18 al20 14 I Hi 31 16 ~ I 31l 9 35 16 DI

P1 140050bullbull __ 1Ilmiddot11 2(i 1 2( I 12 2fi I Ja 281 11 28 10 31 12 11 13 3D 9 34 f III Do34 11 40 11 Do1 1 1400tiObullbullbull 10middot11 441 Ii middotJO I II ao I 14 36 i 15 3li 8 31 13 38 ~ i 3li 14 a5 i 16 3J i 2a

Frlnd Ilortilulturnl i WI(I 28 32 281 la 20 20 281 ~ 2(1 2l 28 34 29 ~ 39 I1

a-I Do

~i n DoCoddnnl I JIImiddotW 21 I i7~ 26 12 21 III 21 I J4 2J 11M 21 11 27 o 28i 11 31 i 10 ll 21

nnnt ~ortlwrn tT bull J No 81 i Hmo 24 16 211 21 2middot1 2IJ 25 19 211 Hi 24 24 28 I 25 39 1 ao ShortmiddotdIlY

31 19 30 31

LnrJ middothitl~ rnrrow JI1O 121 24 42 1 27 a51 28 321 40 46 30 65 33 57 i 3U _ 41 57 i 44 Do

1 41 41 10 IlIH 3middot1 14 a1 22 13 al 36 20 34 22 al ~ ~ 41 20 Do II irlwlitc 331 18 4i 13 I-I i Itl

Do 11)41 aa 1 22 alia 11 1 25 aJ I Hi aJ 29 33 24 11 22 3middot1 I Iti IS 11 Do 39 2i

Do 1040 a-II 18 14 1 28 14 1 2i 121 IS 32 32 3i 31 31 ~ 39 12 fS I 32 Do 14 15 Do 7ll 50

OlPIlllshi 11140 27 15 211 21) ~81 15 27 IS 25 II 2H 15 ll 20 I 3middot1 1U 121 22

Pink 111411 21 42 14 19 41l 10 51 20_ Dn21 7( 50 i 114 6221 I 42 241 5 I 6

-12 40 Pinto (Colorndn strain) llIa9 2a laM 2a 21) 24 1 Zl 21 20 21 2-IM 2U 3i 211 a1 44 Ii D9 56 Do

10 25linlO (Iihlhn stmin) 111all 24 21 30 10 ZI 19M 2ltJ I 2H 25 20M 21 lO 10 DolO 33 15 l1O 37

34 11II 111 31 47 - 10 DoHImiddotd lloxicnn U l No i4 IDol I 31 24 II 1 22 28 15 la I 20 30 116 ~ 34 11 4a 10

Do lI41 30 17 311 10 al 33 33 22 33 25 a1 25 36 52 [ 18 Do28 ~ 36 14 42 J5 Doned Mexlcnn W-l() 12 6 38 11 31 10M 30 I Hi 39 12 40 10 42 10 I au 22I() 1 8 41 35

Rohust bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 111111 28 26 21 11 2U 3U 2l a2 121 35 37 16 li 41 i 41 20 37 I 24 Do

47 20 st Louis Perf(lcUon~ 1041 3U 28 38 -10 aa 50 36 I W 31 in 47 ~ i -17 13 47 34 Do

341 W

White HIIII Hunner IDol I 36 I 17 all 1 23 as 20 IJ I 10 31 14 3H bull 31 I 23 ~~ I W 31 23 Dny-ncutral

See f()otn()te~ Itt end of til hie

Illl~ 2--middotlfrmiddot~Jlons( of cerlain varitiiS of Plwspoills vlIl(laris 10 lenllih of lny-Contiuucd

EfTct of dail~ (xPOSUIP of- I 10 holll 12 hours 12Yi hours I IJ h~-~llours 14 hours H)-i hours IFull Iln~1111 IS hours i- ___-shy middot---------middotmiddot---1-middot- ----- -middotmiddotmiddot----middot~-middotI

Kind nnd Yllript~middot iYeul E e j ~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ 2 Leng~h-)(-dayI

(PSINI ~~ ~~ g~ g~ g~ g~ g~ g~ g~ rhl~s 2g ~ 2pound ~ 2pound ~ 2g eg ~ eg ~ eg ~ eg ~ eg _~c -sect ~ ~ =- -sect 10 ft go fD 20 -sect go oft ~c sect ___J~~_ ~ ~- ~ ~~ i _ ~~ ~ i ~- ~ ~-_ g ~- I_~_ ~- ~______

])ays In Davs In Days 111 Days In IDa1s In J)avs In Days In DaV8 I In I DII InIG n~en-podded indNcrmiJlute I I

I 39 1-Corbett Hfugl - ---- JIIO 30 j 9 30 13 30 15 32 i 18 36 20 17 19 () ------ 391 18 I (2) ____IShort-clay

_ --1 19111 I 9 21 11 24 11 11 24 12 23 10 26 11~1 2s 8Early Hefugle 23 I 23 t deg6 9 I 26 9 DaY-lHtIlrul

Idaho Hefuge 1030 281]2 26 9 28 11 26 13 29]8 37 22HI 37 26 I ~~ i~ I 50 I 23 SholmiddotHlay

Stringless Gn-en HI-fuge J3H 24 10 24 10 37 10 29]5 28 13 17 12HI 37 22 i ~~ l~ I 63 15 1)0bull to U S No 1 Hefugeo __ ___ ) 1130 28 11 26 14H 28 13 26 13 28 18 31 23Hi 37 27 t ~f I ~gyenl 42 36 Do

Greell-podded bush I lAsgrow Stringless OrellI POd ______lUaU 23 13~ 22 14 24 17 24 18 Z3 18n 22 18 21 20 i fs i 24 22 DaY-lIcntrnl

sgrow Black Vull-ntill_ JI) 24 j 19 22 17 24 18 23 2t)H 23 2() 21 22)4 25 15 I 2~ ]1 I 20 19 Do

Boston Yellow leYI __ __ bull 1140 10 i 16 30 17 30 19 30 14 32 15 30 26 32 21 11 11~ I ao 21 Do t_ 1 1

Do - - -bull-------- 1041 11 I 14 30 41 31 17 32 13 i 34 26 30 21 33 26 I ~il g i 33 211 Do

BlackmiddotSeeded Green Iod _____ __ 1940 20middot SHi 23 12 23 12 21 loyenj 23 12H 23 1O~ 23 10H ~~ l~)~ 21 II ])0

13onntifuL ______ __ bull ______ bull lOU 231 JOH 22 20Hl 23 13Hi 23 18 22 16 22 16 23 15 i ~g i~ 29 15 Do

Burpee Stringlt-ss Or11 lod lIl 25 1 15ni 22 21 23 17 22 18~1 23 21 23 19 22 If I ~~ i~l 28 15 ])0

Canadian Wondcr_ _____ __ lI40 25 8 25 10 i 30 12 30 i 11 I 32 14 34 12 34 13H I ~~ iill 11 1)06 Commodore___________ bullbullbull _____ 1140 25 8 231 7H 24 7 24) 8HI 24 8 23 8Hi 24 6H ~1 lQ j 24 9 Do

Cranberry_ ----- J040 26 23 26 24 27 26 30 26 28 31 30 32 I 32 33 1 ~o j 36 30 Do

Dwarf HorticulturaL __ bullbullbull ___ _ 1039 22 19 24 I 16 25 15 21 18721 23 22 23 20 21 19 ~g gyenj 2middot 18 Do

Early Mohawk_____ -------------1 1940 23 10HI 24 24 11 21 23 23 10 26 7 ~ 2middot1 12H Do12 lJ 13 l~ Fordhook Fnvoritl_ __ _________1940 21 9 23 II 24]0 26 l~jlr 20 14 24 9yen 24 ~ I ig 24 10 ])0

~ 16 l Full Measure___ _ __ IPW 23 14 24 i 17 25 i 17~1 21 19 211 2IM 24 IS1 26 21~ ~ Do1

j 16 2ti WI25 1O~1910 Gillnt Stringless Green poelbullbull 22 10M 231 14 251 13 25 16 22 15 23 15 I 23 15 11 I 25 17 Do28 ~Konscrvn______ 1941 24 9 24 13 21 13~ 2l 9 24 10 24 0 i Ig~l 2( 16241 12 ~ Do 28

Landreth Stringless Green Pod_ _ 1939 Zl 15 23 16 25 14 ( 2l 16 24 15 25 20 I 28 1515 26 22~ Do middot ~ [l I

~Longfellow_____ __ ___________ 1940 27 9 23 13 I 251 ~ 24 12-2 2middot1 12 25 14 25 a ~ 14 2ti 13 Do mLow Chlllllpioll________________ lU39 W 21H 28 HI I 9 ZI 13 23 I 14H 23 ~ 25 17~ 28 16HI m 13 1 ll 21 Do

Masterpieee___________________ 1910 25 i I 8 25 7H 24 9 23 11 26 0 25 11

11 27 U Do251 7 bullI bull 8 I WDo________ _ _____bull __ 1941 ~ 6~1 26 10 26 12M[ 28 12 ~ 11 26 15 10 22 Do

bull D 31 ~ it 28 16PIlnWu __ ___ __ ______ _ 1940 27 16 26 W~ 25123 10 24 i 26MI m 19~ 31 i 14 27 15 Dobull D q()~Red Kidney _____ 939 23 ISHi 231 20 25 U 26 23M 28 I 20 W ~ 40 I 30 I ~

_i Iii - 37 21 Do] 1 28 II IReel VUIClltillt Strf1gl(middotss I Hl39 24 11 24 11 M W 22 12 24 i 11 M a 24 13 28 Do_11 2S 12I

~ 11rcndcrgrecn wall 22 22 14H 21 17M 2ti 17 22 18 i]3MI 25 28 ~ 31 15 Do middot ~ 28Pcllncssee Grecn Pod 1940 23 23 7 26 21 8 23 10 M ]~ 26 78 I 28 16 30 12 DoI

Wax-podded bush i 9 BriWu me (Round Pod KIdney I 1941 24 10 i i 21

II 15 24 1 16 2311 24 14 24 I 15 24 I 15 i ~~1 12 20 17 Dobull

~ WIIX)

])0 __ 1939 23 laHI 28 14 W M 2tl 17Yz 26 22 261 21 28 18 28 15 f 2ti 18 Doi ~

Currie Ullst Proof WIIX W41 26 23 24 14 24 M 24 13 24 14 26 ]2 2H 15 i 1~ 26 ~~l Do W

Dovis Stringless Wax i W40 2tl 9 28 11 28 D 2tl 1 12 30 i 14 28 1 10 25 9-~ ~

Ii 21middot II DoW DWllrr Black Wax ___ ___ 1940 27 11 26 12 M 12 2310 251 11 28 1J Dobullbull 1 272ti 112

~ 12 12

Hllrdy WaL______ _bullbullbull ___ 1040 38 14 41 12 ~ 14 44 15 47 I 18 42 17 4tl I 13 j 12 40 14 Do ~

HodsonVax _____ _ 1940 30 9 34 15 m 14 34 16 3i 17 37 20 3i I 18 DoW 1( 48 21bull25

Improved Gjlden Wax 1940 25 7Yz 25 8 24 8 30 14 26 8 28 1 g 3) Iii Do 25bull D 12 28Improved Stringless Kidney Wax lU39 28 12Mj 23 I 16 26 17 28 19 24 20 25 15~ 28 l~ 37 W Do

bull 16 2ti 19 2ti j 17 W 13 r II Do24 13 25 15 24 ~ 251 H2 25 U 1272 u I

1 Pencil Pod Black Wax I 1910 W

25 ~ew SiotlX Stringless WIIX 1940 25 8 25 II 24 8 24 1 8 23 1 9~ ~ 10 24 IOH l~ 20 11 Do25 Sure Crop Wax _________ lI40 25 10 25 II ~ 10 21 1 12 21 12 M ~1 24 9

~ ~ 24 16 Do~

Whon tho full day was representl hy 2 controls III values for botb arc given P L ref(rs to till accession numblr- of tit( Division of Plnnt l~xplornUon and lntromiddot 1 No germination tinction Not in bud Spt 15 GSOUit tlllny in Uoweriug as the Ilhoh)Jlcrioltis increased mllY iudicnle slmrt-day hl1shyt Not in bud when the t(sts wert di~lt)ntintH(1 in Inh SeptNnber deneies Classed Ilroisionally ~~ dllYmiddotll(nlml

I

Fwung 2-VnrioliH gr(pn-podded snap beans after being subjected from TUIll I to July 25 to the hOllrs of daylight shown on the huckets A Masterpiece a stietly da~-I1cu tral bush variety The plan ts (-lowered as follows 10- and 12-hollr 2ii days 1212-hollr 26 days 13-hour 25 days 13~~-hour 24 days 14-hollr 23 days 14~-hollr 26 clays full-day (e) 25 and 26 days (2 COIl troIs) IS-hollr 27 days H PiIlk a decidedly short-clay twining ficld vark~iy The plants flowered as follows lO-h0 111 21 dnys 12-hollr 24 days 121~- aIld 13-hol 23 days 13~-hollr 34 days 14-hour 49 days 14HlOllr 51 days filII-day (e) 76 days IS-hollr ] 14 days Note the grcat delay in tillle of f10WlriIlg aIld thl high twining growth on the longer clays C Kentllcky Woncllr lIorse 191 a clay-nelltral pole nLlilt~ The plants f1owlllcl as follows 10-houl 32 days ]2- ancl 12~-hollr 34 clays J3-hollr 39 days 131-hour 34 days 14-hour 40 days 14H-honr 30 clays full-clay (e) and 18-holll 87 days NolC that plantssubjected to the shorter days were taller

Boston Yellow Eye and Masterpiece (fig 2 ti) were grown for more than one season were tested All arc cl3ssified as garden types except the tuieties Boston Yellow Eye and Red [idney which arc fielcl beans All ith the exception of Boston Yellow Eye ali(I Cranberry which showed a somewhat iny growth developed the determinate bllsh growth forlll in rcsponse to ecry photoperiocl whether this was short or long These beans showcd no significant dilfprellces of response to extreme changes in the length of tlw photoperiod alld thlrcfOl behavcd as strictly day-neutral plantmiddots ill thCs( tests

Sevcrnl yurillies including BOllnl ifll Cunadian onder Low Chanlpion Red Kidncy RCd Val(nl inp HlringlesR Tlndllgrcfn and 1(lIn(s(( Grpfn Pod

have shown a rather consistent hut slight delay in flowering in response to the longer photoperiods This behador beginning with the 14-hour photoperiod is particularly marked in the case of the Red Kidney hean )ollle of these varieshyties showed the most pronounced changes in this direction in response to the fullshyday and the IS-hour photopcriods Thltse relations indicate that these varieties may he actually short-day plants since flowering and fruiting tend to become delayed on the longer photoperiods This qUlstion could be ilion definitely settled if beans were subjected to Illuch longer lengths of da~ incllldiJlg continuoUIlt sunlight and if at the same tim( optilllUIlI warm tClIlplnttUrls which til( bean plant requires for its best growth were maintained

Since this question cannot be lntirely settlCCI at the present tillie owing to (xpcrimcntn1 lilllitat ions all tIl( varieties an classcd prOisiolJtlly as c1ay-neuhal sorts A nunlher of thlse including Early Mohawk LongfllIow llasterpieee Pllntiful onsena alld Hoston YllIow Eyl Rhow((1 rathcr rlceidld day-neulral tlJld(IICI(S

ill th cap of tlIp grt~n-p()d(hd Igtugth ~ort 110 (ry diHtillctin ehlUlg( of l11hador of wnx-podd((1 hU1h varid ips r(suller a tIl( phot oplriod llrl Ilngthshyell(d frolll 10 hours 10 nlriltils J10(OIl ax alld Improvld Htringl JidshyIIPY Yax sholpd Olll dlay in tim( of f1owerillg allloullting to 10 daYH to 2 t(k or lIIore in rCSpOnHl to the Iii-hour photop(riod as COlllpllred jth the horte 10- alld 12-hour photol)(riod This diffPrpnc i ~o IImrkCd that then is n~aon to belicve t hat a IOllg phot operiod i IlCt ually unfll orabl( to the early flowpring of hp( hean It is interesting to ohenl that the plant b((OIlI( low twinltr only ill reltI)On( to thl IS-hour photopliod aff()rdin~ mldit ional (ddellce that thp~middot werl ttlHlillg to l)(colllP 11101( pllrd~ vPg(lativ( in habit Thlrp if alshyways the unCPrtainty here how((~r that the weak artificial light afford((1 the plantgt at the terminatioll of natural daylight may ha( had 0111( infhHncl ill timlliating thesp ftl1Il plollgation Brink Wax is a typical day-ulutml beall

HESPONSES OF PHASEOLUS LUNATCS Ill( charactNisties lpara t illg thp hush alld t11lt pole forllls of IiIIIa blano a~

in lll( case of thl Pf18rolll~ JIIlgurh alI(lIlblagl arc not always cl(arl~ defined ill Ihe fiplrl The usual recogllized groupill (tabl( 3 has I)(en follOld for thoe IIiItieH which huve been studied

Among tlu bush ~()rts thl FiendNson vnriety (fig 3 AJ i thp ollly one of the mall-~(ed((1 ieu groll p r(pns(11 t ing t 11( ~p(cie PIflseolu~ lImoilis The fPst an larg(-gtled((1 Rort f consid(rlfl to Iwlong t() I h( nrilt y Iftrot( r7J11middot~ or arp hhrid Ill( poll sort s I)plon to t hI arilt y 1(1(111 r7ll~

All thp tpsted lima healls were dn~-neutral ami all (lndNI to riplll (hPir pods whilp still rptaining t111ir foliage ill this d(grll hehaYing as lwrllInial types The four pol( Yarillils had wry stroll~ twining habits rcgardlpss of the Ilngth of the photoppriod (fig 3 B) Florida Butter showed a tllldlney 10 dela~ flowering hpn thl photoperiod rpached 1412 hours One of Ol( hybrids Bahy Potato ShOWNI a rat IIpr wPllkly t inin hehador indieat illg that it was an ind(tcrminate sort Thp other hybrid Bahy bull orrlhook Rhow(d sonl( tplHlency to inlrPllSe ill Iwight and to flOWN later in I(SPOII( to till full-dll and t h( IS-hour photoperiod Th hUfgth aript-ieR showed no telHlpIIC to b(c(]III( trul twiners wll(lher the photoperiod wus 10llg or short bllt Clrtain of them showed some telldeney toward til( indetprlllinatl Imhit of growth

Ill( charaetlristie of dwnrf hnbit of growth of thl Iillm Iwan is in pari a rpspOlISl to certain condition of pnyirofllll(nt Hailpy (4) in 1895 as a result of hisstldie of Iillla heans statNI that til( BurplP hllsh limit ariety norlllally 11(hadng as Il ycry dwarf sort and shoinl little telld(II(Y 10 llimh in til( field ticplop((1 all lxCessil dnl habit with S((IIIS becollling 5 to 7 f(pl in jllight when it was forced under glass in wintNtillle It is now known thut this pxclsshp growth in height is dul to til( llongnt ion of the intNllodes This (lIHllncy is less marked hilt pr(s(nt in sUlllmer as wpll as in winter

Thl lima hpans appllLr to he 1II0re warmth loyinl thall the hlalls of the tdgflri~ group and shO other fUlldalllPntal rlifflrllI((R in their physioloy one of tlllse relating to til( timp rf(IIIird for plalltinl and nmturity of thl pods Whereas undpr field cOllditions thl (arliet lHlRh ari(( of the lima gtpan ass(lIIhlage ennnot IlIILiuT( soonlf thlln 62 to 65 days the parlist dwarf bush fomls of Ph(~eoliH lIlg(rs will IIIUtu re in 45 to 50 days TIl( polt aript ies of IiIIIa heans SOllll of hich rpquire lon t1l1tll 90 days to mature sufTi(illltly for til( table arl as much as 15 to 20 dnys Inter than the latest poll nlri(til~ of P vulg(lris

RESPONSES OF MISCELLANEOUS PIIASEOLCS SPECIES Although tIl(re nfl perllIl1ial U$ (11 as annual sperils of PI(lseolls only till

luttlr werc ill~ludlf1 in this stld~ (table 4) The tested straill uf the scarlet

15

TAlIU a-Responses of certaht varietie~ of Uma Ilean~ to length of day

--r-----middot---middot-middot~= __~I~Cl of duil~ poBurr ofshy

---~-

III hours 12 hours I 12J1 hours i 13 hour~ 1lJ1 hours 14 hours HJ1 hours Fuil ltlur r 18 hOllrs

PYPt and variety 1engthmiddotYlIr - j - 5 rmiddotmiddotbull middot-1- -_- - 0 j- --middot--middotl~-shytested ~ ~ I sect t t ~ t ~ Z ~ t ~ t ~ ~ t sect t dnyclass

st 0

~- pound0 OL

=~---_________ ---i--i l~ itJJil 1_ tJ~ JJ~J Ii i i I ~

nush I Day i1Icheal Dap illlchei Day IlIche Ihlp IlIcI Day IlIches Daysluche f)IlP$ IlIche1 Dls lIc~es DIIV - 1IndrsIII 1910 m 10 31l i m 12 111 1-1 all I 17 ao I 13J111 12 ~ ~ I 11 III

~ 25 i IU H 21 2i ~J) ~j ~U721 28 31 20 40 25 1 2H l ~~ g f a7 ~ f 25 21 2i 2i 2gtl 28lO I 20 28 28 a4J1 2ii 40 ~ ~J1 10

1 r f Jncksot1 Wol1der_~ 1041) 11 14JAl1 11 21JAl 1I 24 11 17~ j I rl 10 I II I-H 17 I7 - - 14 14 m ~lcCrtll 28 2lJAl 2gt 2( 21 22 20 2ti fllt 1 1IILi lJ) hOlL nI i 1) 29 28 j imiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1 111middot11

~ 72 -) 72 ~u I - 29 a5 29 Jlllh~ Fnrtlhnok 1941 29 11 28 la 29 JlH 28 12 281 1tiJAl 28 i 18 28 11 ig m 17 Bnhr (ltllto 19411 11 1 17 II 21 11 15 TI 17 9 2 11 I II 141 I agt 171 1 ~ I bull i 1 m

P()le~ (hllllcngr 19~l a2 in 12 75 11 (~i ~ ru ~I m WI ~ 17 ~Iorhlll lIutltr 19middot11) 17 48 10 f)i 39 51 17 -IU a7 j 47 au 50 I l 42 49 I Do

fl lmiddotmiddotiatllBtl ~ bullbull _ ~M_7_ lI)n a1 (Wiw a2 52 an 711 afi 72 15170 lSI7() I

44 Dof~ I Ulnh bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull IIHO 1 80 141 76 a2 71 12 71 11 77 38177 -17 Doi___ 45 i

f 1 Values nrc ghIl (or tlw 2 controls reprtslnting Uw rulliluy bull POllSlbly of hulilln origin sont writors frulll Utuh not Iislt~d in Alllericull SId clltlllogs

FIC)IIU 3-1 H(IHI(middot~oll a daY-IHlIt ntl bulth lillHl bean aftrr Iwin ltulJjectrd fOlll Jllne J to Ju 2) to (hI hou of dadil-(ht show II 011 the buckemiddotts Ill( plall( flowCr(d a follow 10- to II-hou~ 30 day 1J2-hollr full-day alld IS-hou 31 day H Chall(middotI1r It daY-lIeut ral pol( lilll IJltlll aftCr lein

suigtjpc(lc fOlll JIlIlC 17 to July 25 to the hOIl of dlyliht ~IIOWI1 on thl bllckemiddott The plant [1011(1((1 a follows I0- tLlle 12-hou 32 dnys 12 12- and Ia-hou a3 day 13i-hour 32 day 14-holl ~() day IJI~-h()u tl riaI full-daI i-r 35 dllY IS-hou 37 day

rlllln(r bellll )phlll((l SOnl(lIhllt as all intlIIIPciiatl typP Sillll thl short day of 10 hOllrs rllll1y dliayrd flowplillg (()J daysl alld til( IS-hour photoplriod COIlshyit(mbly d(laYlc loIpring A sinl-(k low( appCa((1 in nsp0H( to thl IO-holl photoplriod and no fruits had dl(loplc 011 tl1(s( plants whln exullillld dllillg thl last week of Sppt(lnl)(r Thp twining habit was shown IhlOughout but thb fplltun was 1l10st sirolll-(Iy d((loper IIh(n til( plants hlld (Xlwlitllc((1 It 10-hOllr or an ] 8-hollr photop(iod

Ill( kllth-of-day blhlwior of 1Ill l1Ioth b(an was tudipd ill 1)10 and 1941 and til nsult of botll JlllIltin~s indicatl that it is (t typi(ul ~holl-Iuy plant ill its pholopprioeie blhaliol It 110(1(( IIHst quiekll in IlSIHlIlS( to 1(lIlth (If ltiaI of In to 13 hOIIIS ill(IIISh wit h a PIY mark(d dlla) ill l(sPOIlf( I () all long( days In 1911 till pl1lls (xpcli(lIcilll-( the full-day had not (Imw(c 011 S(pshylmbll 2~ alld til( plallis cxpplilneing IS hours of lil-(h( ench day f1ocl(( in lIlithpl InlO 1I0 1011

This )(111 is IIsllally d(scriiJed as a diffllliP spmwlinl-( trailpl but its -(Iowth f011ll applars to tlI)(llri ltl~ely u pOll t 1I1~ 1(II~t h of day CXJlllilIlCprl 011 phot 0shypCriod of 10 and 12 hOllls til( plants 11(1( bllshy with lll d((II111I)(nl slllns on all 1001lr photopliod cxlppt th( full-day tlw) dlllopld Il lilling or (willin hllllldor TIH forlllllt ion of (Iollllt ( t mili Il-( or twill ill stCIl)S lU8 (spNially markN] ill r(SIHlIlSI to IS hour of Ii~ht paeh d1Y

Th(r( (Ill-(l(middotat dilT(rlnc(s in lillie of nllltlirity a~ indicaled by till dryillg of lh( pods ulld foliag( 1I pon til( plan IS On ll( 5horl( p(riorls of 10 und 12 hOIl rs the porls alld folial-(( had I)(colllp dr by S(plllllber IS 011 this datI an incr(ltsshyingl~ grClllll (ollltlit ion of t hp pods and folial-(l oblainNI as t 11( photOPIJiOrlS (n~ iengthlnlfl 10 (he maximlllll of 18 hOIlIS and no IIOllJillg had O((IIITld

Thl 1J(lIayiol of tl1( planlilll-(s of IllOth bellI reporlld in tahll I indicalp that tl1(s( pHltieular Itntills lin nriaptld lilli to IlOpi(al 01 slIhtropi(al 1(lwth of day 111 thls IPsts 111 ill(I(as( ill (111-(111 of day of ollly (HlP-balf hOllr (frolll 13

II

to I81~ hOllrs) delayed flowering 44 days in 1940 and 28 days in 1941 Tn 1941 110 pods were able to mature in response to any length of day as Ion as 13 hours These results indicate that this bean can mature its pods onl~ in low latitlldes where a long frostAree season pn)Vails The tests indicate that it shollld grow well in Florida lying bet ween latitudes 25deg and 31 deg N if its length-of-day requirements are the only limiflttions This bean appears to grow well in Tndia which lies mostly bet ween Inlil udeis 10deg and 85deg N bu I een there it probabl~ cloes best at latitud(s helow 85deg Tt is qllite possible that strains whirh flower in response to much longer days exist This characteristic would allo these beans to flower milch earli(r alld to maiIlI( at higher latitlldes

Ill( frpar~ bran is a nntivl of Mexico and flw sOlllhwrsi(rn rnit(d States H is l1l1t ivated hy the Mlxi(ans and Tndinns at th( present I illlc and was prohtLbly lllUlh tised by till lalter in prlhisloric times This bean Llso is It shorl-day typr bllt ith a rallHr hih critical photoperiod for earl~ flowlring rt flowerltd in reSpOllSl to IS hOllrs of light ill 7() days and the plants W(I( leaflpss with eniircly dry pods I nlOulh latPr TIll plauts (fl 1II0Sfl~ bushy and rrp(I bul bpeall1( 11101( r((1lIII Illnf or (akly finiug as fll( pholoptriods (rt lenglh(l1(rl

Ill( adw ki Iwan also shoed a short-clay blhlior sinee the longer phuloshyptJiods d(lnmiddotNI f1owrring This 1HtJ1 is indilJlIl(lUS to Aiin nlld is much cnlthaf(d ill northern China and lapan rt is rllcrilgtCd as haying an (r((i habif of growth and I his ~roth rorm dCyploppd on all pholoplriods [11 lIlost of the hsls the pods IlInlUlwl qui(kly allhongh til( rolillgl long r(llIniJltd gn(n on sOl1Je photoshyperiods Th( plnnts (Ie darf on all photo]ltriorlli lXClpt the IS-hour where a Y(r~ rnarkld ill(rlns( in hlilhl o)laill(d This SIW(ils is arlapfwl tn lafitlld(s at 1([Jst as fn I norfh as 40deg 1111((1 n SII mritn fl long rros -frll sltason prcail~ to ra()J 1Illlurit

Ill( 1I11111g bean is a Illttiy( Asinfic bpall wid(ly elllfhalerl ror food in Chinn India Japan and 11ll Philippiuls It too shows dllaYNI f1otJillg in rpspons( to thl longtJ pholopltriorls huf mOI( (pleitll 10 (hI rllll-damiddot amI Ihe IS-holll photop(liod Thl ~r(at(st dlla as shO1I whell it eX]Jlripn((d H-hour phoiolwriods Thl plaull w(r( lIushlik( alld tJ(d in I(spon~( 10 all ItIl)d hs of day (x(ppi Ill( IS-hour 1 IlIl Ihl bp(nlll( slTong hdlllrs Til nIl tht t(sts (X((]1t llll IS-hollr the pods anrllCIWlS )((aJl1C dlT or mostly so b~ the lasl wCck of SpptlnliJ(r On Ihis photopltlind the foliag( r(JIIuinlf1 gn(n for a Illulh later Iwriod This lipan whi(h wus only slightly rlturd((1 ill f1opring on all photoshy]lPJiorli (x(ppl Ihp fllll-dn al ArlillIOI1 Va anr flw I R-Iroll I phnlop(riod could prollllhly 1)( grown to rllll nllLllllify 1111I(h fartllPr norfh Ihan Illlt InlillldC of uHhington n C approximalCI 3()O N

Thp ricp blan (fig 4) iilt d~o a l1lltimiddotC of Asia 1](1( it is sparingly (ultinllld in Chinn and India It shoCd thp IY]lienl hort-dny Iwhllior in two SCU8ons bill wiflr litO( 01 no dplny in f1olling Illllil the filII-day had bl(J1 CXIJlrill1lld Til 1940 I Ill plllllts Nl (rpli IIlId IHlghy in r(sl)(Jnsl 10 Ih( pholop(riorls 10 h()lIr~ 10 1812 hOllrs il(llI~il bllf asslllllNI tIll twining grollr ronn in rCsponse to all longlr pholoppriors Tlw plants har )l(OIll( high I winilll in habil in rllpOIISl to till 11-1(1111 pho(o]llriod Th( faikd In f10PJ 011 ihi phoioplriod in I ()40 and Illthl)lh thly flow(Jed in 1()4J fopring carne too latl to all0 I pods to 111111111( Jllclgill)( rrolll ihl ilehayior or Illlt Rlmins obs(Ild fhi~ b(an i~ not adaplpd 10 Ilrp laiflldl ILl 39deg X al hi(h Arlillton ra is IO(lltltd nnd should tlHrprorp iJl gron 1I111(h rarlhlJ sOlllhward Howl(r (arlier strains Inay he found ill (II liiv) iOIl ill AHia alld IIrPSl hlljllg I(ss riid short-day limilations would ravor hp (xl(lI~i()1I or IhlS( Jrlllls IlIlIeh rnrlhlr J1orlhIrd

TIl( Hlraill of Illll bl111 groJl ill 1040 shoCd Ihl day-nClItml hehaYior 1lltJns thnl )(1011 in 1941 show((1 n rar gnallJ dClay in lime or flllnrillg Whether tlii is ( rllpOIISl 10 wasollnl inflllllICrS slIeh as ttIIl]llmtlllp eondilions or thl rNHllt or PIIlli( difilIlII((R HHsocillfNI with a sOlllelmt dissimilur slmin is not knOJ1 fill planl (1( ]JJ()(IIIII ilnI or Clmmd(rizld by a w(ak indltlrlllilll1t( OJ Iwining Iwhit Dr growth un all tIll pholoplriods TIllt pods anrl rnliagt maturNl quickly in rpspons( fo IIPurly all 111lt pholoperiod Th( response of lh( IIrd bellll wOllld ((111 to illdilllf( Ihni it poundHn 1Il1UIII( iI b(ILII consid(mbl rartlwr north han til( la ilmlr or Arlington V1o 89deg N

TIll 8(t 11 I sl)(cies of btulls rdplTNI fn in table 4 (Onstitllfl a quite arild IIss(lIlblagl or Jilllltrial Most or th(sl spe(ies or urielils ar( more or less enCrnlly IIscful 10 man ill d(ir IIathr (01111111 01 els(where b(ellls( they arC adjlJstrd 10 l(nnil1 fnsornble lellgths of cia~ whit-h nllow im(ly flowering and IIIlltnrily before killillg Iwllllnllal rrosts ]lllail II is probable thai most o(these sIHei(s in their nulil( (ounlry aI( grown 0(1 a lalitudillal rangl as wide as their partielllnr (lilllaliC reqllillJIIenis ill nllo Igfh or day bcilll( on( of lite most importanl Illllong these It is o)dolls that the illlroduction of UIlY of thcst

18

TAIlIl I- --NcS1)Onsrs of misfcllnnrCl1Is (Innunl ~Pccics of Th(lSfOillbullbull 0 Irlyth of da

Effect o[ dnily (xposurc (l[ shy

12 hours 12ii hOllrs 13~-~1)~1~~Urs 14~ honrs Full day I I~~=-10 h()lnR 14 hours

- --~- -0 ----- ------1----------1----- I LcnLhmiddoto[middotYtlIr co I Col CJ C) ~ Col i CJ ~ Col rNome lt~stld S ~ k - 1-1 t 1-0 I Lo 1-0 1-0 I day duss = g~ g~ g~ g~ Isect~ 1 g~ sect~ sect~- -00 C)O lJo Io 00 lo 00 0)0~g -= N= ~ ~= I -= ~ -= i ~= -= ~ 1 -= ~= -= N ~ -=

~ ~o ~ ~o I ~ So 11

~ So ~ So ~ go ~ So ~ So ~23 I~- I~- ~- ~ I~- I~- ~- ~ I~- ~ ~- ~ - - I -lt P1 -lt I _ tI l1 lt- l1-

I bull

[lICllf~ -[)~~ [llellrs -JlIctus Day 1 J)ys - -JlI(h( ~-V~ [lIChCSI D~~s 1[IlChcS Days ll1ches----shyJaIlS 1)middot1 ao 19 20 In l 18 I 21 12 I 23 IS)~ 26 21 29 36 33 ~ I 35 I 37 Jongmiddotday~arkl JIIllIHr (l (OcrinClt8) 1911

IUIO S I H lH 46 I 5 49 8 93 32 98 29 12a 371 101 9 I (2) 28 Shortmiddotln) f-

)10111 11(IHI (I leoliliolill) 58

10 a1 51 I 70 10 98 27 105 251 (3) bull ____ bull () Uo~ 1gt1) 1911 an 17 29 12 31 Hi ao 15 I U 17 a3 16 C) I 54 12 79 28 1)0TIJlI)IY lolalJ II rreutioills middotM imiddot J(I-ll 30 I I

(0 bull 65 AcI~uklll(nn Ill IIIIIIIrrri) 1011 13 3a 111 Do(i 31 la an G 30 Ja ~ l 711 i 31

IIi 0 ( ryl Do7 ( a7 s 37 s 0 ~ It 1~ 1I Jlo I) 10 3U 5~~ ao ao 2 1 a-I s 16

I)J2 30 r au Hi

11 Do

rllll~ hlH1 (I UlIftUS) WIO 3U - ao u 81 as s i middotHi Ill 7middot1 _ middot12

HIli 01 G 30 30 o 2H 1121 10 t1 la 31 i middot15 ~ I 70 1 37 Do

Sl H)IO ll ll 11 5J ~ 1I 5]~i au 5 44 14 all 11 ~ I (3) no

Hi IItun (I e[carllIIa) J ~ 11-1 SIl 1 If

10 0 10 47 ) middotIa 20 24 ua J 73 DolJo 111-11 middot13 12 middot12 78 2~ 1 111

middot1middot1 10 DIIYmiddotlIcutrlllUnl belln Cp 1I11111UO) HllO 40 30 40 4751 32 5 471 8 I 40 Ii

7 i 42 7iJ 411 tiD

Dobull lUll 31i 5 43 3U 7 l 36 48 13 52 11 55 16 1 60 ~ I 82 20 Shortmiddotdny

I I -~---

3 Not ill l1owc1 Oil ~lpL 241 111111 th(~ rull dllY was llIJlIl~SPl1l(u by2 COlli IOls values ror bo th uro givulJ No germination~ No l1oW(ring

]1(1(1 4 Hiec Iwan (JhIlN(()ll~ ClliclllflIISI a pronolllllldly short-rlaI plalll nftlr Il(ill~ slIiJj((lld frolll llny 28 to Jlllyll 10 tillt hOlln of dnylil-(hl showil 01

[hp hll((((Is TIl( plnllt- lOI(red as follows IO-hour 43 day- 12-holll 42 days 121~-hollr 40 day 13-hollr 47 dny~ Ill~-hollr -13 days I-I-hollr )4 dant 14 1-hollr n3 dtLS fllll-riny (el 7S alld S) das (2 (on Irols I IS-hlllll III daygt

Iwalls 11110 11(W (olllltri(s lIill rlqllirp SO III ( rontholl~hl alld t(P(riI1lPlltuillll if 11((I88flll yillris aI( lt(plt(1 pd

A typieal short-da iJlan slI(h ns the IlIolh ilea II rCqllirinJ nlatinly short days for tintply f1oweril1~ (all IH grolln SII((I~Sfltlly oilly at low alitlld(s Oil tI( otll(r halld Ihp 1I1111l~ bean should slIc(ecri 1lI1ieh farther lIorth

HESPOiSES 0Ji M ISCELlA-EOCS LEGL ~II ()( S ( E EH

The dnltl of (able) prestIl1 the bphalior of a nllll1)(1 of JcglIl11cs hplolIgin~ III othel ~cllera than PhIlS(Ous Ilost of lhest plnnts ale IIsed fol feedinl-( stock lhe plants being used in Ihp I-(reell stale 01 as hay and as pllen-rnaIlIlIC CIOPS to hi plowed under 011 POOl or exhauIId oilll

The jHek bCHIi (lip J) nspolHIld as tt short-day plant with Il(ttldpd f101I(rilll- 011 tlH fu II-day nud I hI IS-hour phoopIliods Vhile the plall IS an lIorll1tJlly lip)r()u~ tllilllI thpil hpi~hts showed IIlttrkld d((nal( a~ th( dagt 11111 111lgthshy(nlltI II tI til I hey had hlell red II (NI to loll 111([ bushes Oil th( fitll-dlY and thl IS-du photup(riod RCdu(tioli of til( (illill( and 1lslrltinl- lowlrld h(i~ht IlPI)(nnd hfort ltlIland (JOWIrillP was lIo(i(Iabll Altltolll-h til shortlr photoshyplriods ill ClIpral had (middotnllspd It nllLrk(d illertasp ill hpi~hl dllaopd folmiddotlrin~ had 1I0t app(ar((1 until th( plallts eXlwrillJ((d thl photop(riod of the full-dll alld 18 hOllrs

Rldll([ion in si7( of thl Ilnf alld pod was 1(11 lIoti bull (ahl( as a rtsponsp til I(n~t hplIld days I Itt slitall(lll Iltil(S alld podH iJlillp assoeial Id with til( full-day Illid til( IS-hour pholoplriod ISP lahll (i)

Thl (hi(kp(H failld to P1llIlillatl on till 10-to 122-holll pholoplriorsill(lusin 011 all oth1 pltotoplriods tltNI was 110 sipnifieallt difJpllIH( in habil of prollt h tinH of folllrillg or fillnl IIlHIlIlily of Ih( pods alld I(alls Th( indifflrellle of this plant 10 Ilnptoh of day sholild falor its plolth fal lIorthllard plolidld tllIlpentllln (olldi[ions do not hl(Olite IIl1favorahle to till llIatlllity of its 8((([S

1111 yellow III pill( hehaed n~ a lonp-da Hpecics hll I I hl I 8-holll pholll(llrio( applHIS to hal hastlIINI f1olPIillg The plants I(n husy in I(sponse 10 all Ipngths of day and died Ntrl ill most illstances Slt tillp Imiddotelo fpl pods Tlli~ hlpin( IlpplalS to hwe been adl(lsely uffcclld by the IXtllIlIl heal ane ex(essin raill of Julio

III bolh Il)40 and 1911 th( asparaputl-bpan (fig (j) sholNI lit til or no chanpc ill tinlt of f1ollerillg ill nJatioll to the photo(l(riod and ill this alld in all othll r(spe(ls it behnl((1 as a dalo-IlPlltml plant Thl cowpea blhalNI sOIlI(lhal as n short-day planl sholinp a bllmlior in all respects Iery similar 10 t hal of the aspamglls-hetUl

The Ielltbelln (fig 7) show(d (he typieal belillyiol of II short-day plant sine iJ()IPrillg was ~I(ally dllalld in nspolise 10 til( full-day and Ihe 18-holll photoshyplriod Alt houph the fll II-day plall [s f1owllld in 10 days I h(gt plan Is pi Iln tlH IS-huul ptotoplliod hnd (Jlodlle(d no buds ill lal( HlpltIIligtII Ihln the IXIl(rishynl(lIt 11(1( dis(onlillu(( Although ((Ialld f1oll(Iilig 0((UI8 ill respomp to Ihl filII lellgth of day thtSI plants tad produc(( 110 pods HeptllIl)pr IS At [1( sa III I

20

TA 1l11 ii HIIOII~ 0 mimiddotrllalll()I rOlf 1111 bull (0 [ r1l 1lll of da II

--T-~- J~IT(I(I or tinily lIHlSlln ur~-

~-t 1~1I1l dny tH1WIlI1iIU hOIJ18 I~ hours I~h hOllls 11 hOUI llh II~ Imiddot ri hOUnl IS hl)~_1

i ---j-_ shy I J(Ilgth-orshy)( -= 10~illilt ~ S S ~ g f I 1 ltIlIr elllssi = Lt(lstNI1~~ gt= sect 2

-

- 0 g~ g~ sectb 2~

i C ~I =-~ ~c fsect l ~~6 I ~g - c t~ csect E~ ~ =

~ =0 ] 0 c ~ I ~ c sect Emiddot ~~ sect~ lt- ~ ~ ~ E- -a J ~ I ~- ~ ~- ~ ~- ~- ~- shy -I~ -l---~ lills IlId JiH~V IItIC~~~ J)~qli Illrtilfi J)(~r~ JlIrjS lj~~f II1C~fmiddot1t j)t~~iV tC~Sl 1J(~r~ luchrII)flY~ J1Ch~I I)IIYmiddot 11Ch~gt bull

_ HS I_ ~l IS II01I-tlIl)~ Jack hen II (Cflllmaliu rmrinrmii F C HJII n1 il 1 is 12 1

11851) (1 t2 11 I~ II 12 Hi 2 1IlO 11 ~ a~ 01 ])IlY-IH1I1 rill

~Chickpen (Cicer arietilIIlII) ~ ~ HHI I iO n (4) t 52 9 Lnn~-(hYiii I (I) fl 711 IX 0Yellnw liIpitll (Ll1i17ullt1I) M H rn 10 (0 IIHI ~I ~ (l I

I (l

t

middot1 (I middott 12 (I) 1 (ll middotI s~ IIi ()CommOIl elch (I ici(l tillI) H141 m ~)I~ ~ j tiO middot11 72 1 middot1Il middot(middot11 01middot1 li2 t ~1 HI 1 1$ 70 DUYmiddot)l(lIt rnllspnrn~lls-ht~nn l ~fIU iOU811U I(tilllill 1010 ~ ~ ~ bullbull1 0101I

1[) f

~I H 17 H IU 010 11 middot1Il II il ~ 1- 20 DoIIH m ill ~ jI) IS I H middotw 1 (ift middotlIi flhIt-dIlY17 is 21 5 2 5f1 2 i Uti 10 (I(OWptl1 ur Brnhhnlll (~lI(I~71Cyv)_ lHmiddotlt ~I ~ ~ 12 rill - 67 ta I ( ~i I

I Ii Ill 41i bull 11V(l)vthenll (SfII(J(Jiulll ticerillli(llll HHI 10 H 1 J 1 H 1middot1 fil t II II III I05 2~ (S) LIn

+1 I 105 22 F r a07011_ ----_

More tlnln ne(gtltI(gtI Phtn thp fuB tiny wns nprpSIlntld by 2eontrols vulUlS (or hoth nn giY(Il Bushy IInbi or growthJ F C refers to nC((lssion IlIllllh(rs of Division of Forngl1 (rops nnt Discuses lluc1s noted Sept 18 hut h(lc uccr dtclopetl beyond the hud stage

3 No wrminntion t Died ht~fortl nowlring- StlPP(I5dly froUl lOO IIlllCh mill 11111 iny growth I Not 111 flower Sgt(l1 17

FUllHI J 11(1 hlan ((allmolia ens(forliliNl a cli(illctly shOI1-cillY plnnt lftPr winp slIhjlct(cI fronl IIIl 24 to Julyll to till hOIlI of rlnlligi1t hon 011 [iiI

ilu(kpts Ill( planlS 110(1(( as follolll I O-lItH I 1 ua dnll I2-holil nJ days 12~-holil 71) (lays la-houl 01 riaYll 131~-h)lIr (i) clays Iel-holil )ti days 141~-holil OS clay filii-tiny (el 7S and S8 dnys 12 cOlltlols) IS-hollr sa daYH

[in( pod had ((IOIWd in nJlItncinnCI on all tlw llhOIII pitolopl1ioils The pOciR nlHl nlHo (lip folillllt of til( plallt 1llnaillld 141((11 wilh no illriiealiolls of 1IllluliI IIl1lil I hI lXjllIiIllllItS Y(I riiscolltinlllri in IMp -iPptpllllI

Thc P(IIII 81 izoioiJi 111 illlitulilll t hi phpt Iwans is I Hillall 0111 allilri to the SOY)IUIS A 1lI11l11)lr of ~lll(ips art 110 (nlthntlI ill Ill llIilld Htnt(s Thp 11(S I kllollll Df tll(sl is 8 d(ltilljIIIltUm kllowlI as thl Florida (I(()(ln h(11 first dp(rild as 1Il (j) i II IOO)

Th( dntn of (nllll (i 1)J(spIII 1I1CIUilI i(IIH II ts of thp h(ipItt of (hp plallls Ipllplh and lmndth of (I(s and pod aile widths of the [plmillal Ipallpts of (anaNllia rnshy~IllIlIti~ a~ illfillPll(pd bl t Iw phot oplriod 011( of I he Illot Ht Iikinp rtSPOIlSP showl ily COIWIIia middotItZrorlli~ lus the gloih fonll of tltl plIIIIS ill Illalioll to Ihl photoperiod Tlw -dlOItCl phutolwlio(s Jllodlllld tall twining plallls hill I he ]ollg(1 pho(oJlPriotls JlI(Jdu((d a Illat inI dWLlf bllsh 14r()1 h Thi is t lllllH1 III1tOIlIJll()1I prowt h nnet iOll Tilt IH kidl1(Y htIUIH ([gtllIl~(oil~ 1lIi(lllrisl a complptL rplrsal of t his)(lwiol was showli in tlw ttsts t II( short d1Y prodllcing dwarf 11IIslty haiJits of wowt h hill the IOllg days PIOdll(Pel thL ininl- 01 t winshy

FJ(1llg G-AsplrnplIs-htlln (Iifnll s(~qllill(d(lli~) a day-mlIlral plant arl(r iJling slIbj((Itd frolll lUIHI to 1111 2i to t hI hlllilS of daight tOWII Oil til( hl1(I(I TllC pllnl nOPlpd as follow 10-holil middot12 days 12-houl an tltlYS 121~-holil 1middot1middot tln1- Il-Illllr 12 da~ 13- 11- and 1middot1~-IJltl J liny fllllshycl te -II dnys IR-llllllf 48 days

FWeItE i- Vphpllllal) (8tizoioiJillli rieeringi(lnll m) a prOllolllleNIlI sl10rl-day plallt after belll~ slIiljeetpd frolll ~Iay 24 10 JIII~ 31 to the hOllrs of daylight shown 011 the hll(middot(15 TIll plants [lowpr((1 as follows 10-12- and 121~-hour 44 dalmiddots la-hour 51 d1ysi 131~-hollr 4i days 14-hollr 6i days 14t~-hour 4() days filII-day (e) 105 days IS-hour planlS buddlrl in II i days but flowers 1I(Ier developed owing (0 till lateness of (he season

in habit of ~ro(h A similar hehador wus shown by Slizbillln riecrin(Jia 11 II III (tllblp 3) and Plwseollls polys[ochlls

II has genlmlly hepn 1hought that thp low intensit~middot of 1hl plpel rie light supplpshynHnll1g norlllal daI in tll( (IlSp of thc IS-hollr pholoplriod 111111 han been rpspolIshysibIl in part for sOllle rl(~r(e of increaspd elon~aion of the StClliS of plaliis Xu slIch pI ()Illlat iun IH~(lIITNI ill C(I nov(llia cns(formis

T-BIE 0 illjllllncl oj lenglh oj d(l1 on plant I(aves terlllinoll(I1els and ]lod of ((lnmaill Ilsljorlfi~ I

L(nr Tprmiulll Itnntl Pod Plnnt

Daily xl)()SlIn In Iil(ht ---------- - - ~ ----~ ----~---- ---~-

ltmiddotn~tlt Whllh L~n~lh Width L(n~lh Width lIi~ht Orwth h1hil ----~~~- -~

lurhtl Is IlItI(1 IlIcllt IIrhe III rh el III ell f8 10 hnnr 131 IIU Ii ~ La 11 ~l I -II fwintr 12 hOllr$ I~I 12n ItU middot11 110 I~ s Do 12h hours 1111 HI -19 al IO~ S HU Du Il hours II KI J t) middot11 DIi 11 2U Do 13 11 hOUfS 1111 111middot1 ~jS 1 Ii ll 1middot1 2- Dn H hnurs IIS (loll II I IS 105 12 ~~J I)HI hours 10 l 110 50 111 US 12 2- Low twhltlr Full dnr 75 i Ii j~ ~n 3 gt 12 BIJ~h IS hOllr5 KI 7 ti as 2middot1 SII I~ Do

_ ~_~~__ ~_4____~~____ bull ~ _~___~_ _ ___ ~ ______

1 Tltti InrgtmiddotstIcmiddotlmiddotImiddot~ on (Ilt plllnts w(n) IIHIlSlJrltI ti1l l(nlth lgt1iuj Ink(Jl from lIlt point of fltlnrhllwu r of t1w pNioll 10 till sugtm to thr lip of tilt trrlllil1nll(tlf1H ThelJlnxilllulll width of h~llf WHS Wk(llIHfUS tIll 2 h1l5HlllnfiNS J(lIlAth and width of tlu t(lfmiunlhfLf)pt apply In tlw IIIjldulIJJI1 III(llSlIf(lllltlIl of tlw bhHh or th itall1 Th Irn~th nnd width or Ill( pods npplr to ~r~llI~st 1n~lh lind lIIihll wiolth

t Alrtlg( of 2 (ontrols nprp$NlliJl full dny

Another featurp of th ~rowth respC)ns of thp plunts in relntioll to photoperiod has )(PII a I(ry obdous increasp in sirp of leans leaflpts and porls ill nsponse to the shorllr lengt hs of clay The plants werp not only more bushy in response to lh lon~(r pholoperiods bllt showed a ~r(utly delaytd f1ow(lin~

The lIlore iny ehamcteJ to~clhlr with t he lon~lr I(middotaves IIlId Ilaflpts uecol1l)an)shyin~ the shortlr photop(riods SIl~~pst((1 charnct(risti(gts of lliolntion sOIllPtil11(s following rcdlletion itl li~ht intensity bllt t he ~rccl1ness was quitl norlllal in appcarllnce It is not obdous why shortpnp( photoplri()ds shollld prodlltl lini shyn(ss in onl plant and )1I~hy ~rolth in unot her SPl(il~ or why len~lhlnld days shollid produee hllshy growth in the fOltller lIId linill(ss in the lattN with prul shy(jcully nO chan~l in tillle of f10wPring in SOllie instanles

LITEUATum CITED (1) An~ls I

1923 1111 ~FVE(1 ON (glfIIX IIAXIS OF 1l1rEIUX( I1t~ DI 11- 1~1U01gt (lI- 1Ii1HI Ann Bot [Iolldon] 3i i5-94

(2) A LLlIm H A 1938 (O~IImiddoti~Tg OH 11It1IA I IXIlIIlITION OF ~Lf)1I ~HIxn IX CEH1IIN

11IXI5 wlnx n1 YS litE 100 SUOltl ()It roo tl)-CO lour Agr Hes i7 iij-iS) illus

i

(3) AIluJlO H ~ and GAn~mH V W ] )40 FUHIIJ1oJR OIlSEIWATIOXR ox TH~] IHIOXSI OF YA IlIOUS SIBlHJS OF

IIIlIS 10 L~~X(l1J OF 1M ( S Depi Agl T(eh BuL 72764 pp illus

(4) ulIy t bull H 1895 TIn JgtAIH IIM IHJAXS N Y (Cornell) Agr Exp Stu 13111 87

pp 83~ 101 illllS (5) HOHr 1 S

lfI09 IJB ~IOltJl)A ymVET II]AX IXU IIS IIISTOltY (y S Bill Plant Indus 13111 141 pp 25middot 32 iI1l1~

(j) DOHOSII~XKO A V ulld RASU~IOV V 1 ] 929 JII0]OItHIOIlISM OF so~m CUlll[IlgU ~OHMS Il (middotOX-~(lION WIII

THEIl CiBOOHAIIIICA[ OltlnJK Trlld~ PrikL Bol GCIl(t Selek (Rul AppL 1301 Gcnet and Plallt Brp(ding) 22 (1) 21)-27( 1I111s [In Rusilln English Sllllmnr~ pp 271276]

(7) GAHX~H V alld AIIIIW H A I l20 g~nxr O~ II~ HgLAIIY~l J~]X(III OF JgtoIl IXI) XI ( 111 ~NJ) OlHgR

IAfT()ItS (W lIHl EnlItOX~nlNmiddotr ox OHOIIIII AX)) ngIH()JgtlT(IION IN IIN-IS 10111 Agr HIS 18 i3middot fiO() i1JIIS

(S) nlld hlutIl H A 1923 ~lHIIII~1 $11JgtI~lS IX 11I01()ltlIWHlIS~I 11Il 1gSI)XS~l Ot JHtl

IIIXI 10 lt~llIIIF ltlNClTII OF DIl middotIXU NIOIIT lOllr Agr Rts 23 Rilmiddotmiddot920 ill liS

WI 1101(110111111 J I l3n (IIEII lIJ(Il()II~ItJltUIS~1 us ILL III t IHOTOIIIlIOIJlSH t IltJA KIIONSshy

InISB ~lrNJ(HllI 1IIIXtJNAItTEX Ziieltlr H R1 )2 ill liS (101 HAItIgyRB

1)22 OHOWII til IIITS IN 11IIIIIClAI 1((1111 Bot (lnll 74 447 451 illus

(I I) H tStlt W IH33 INIBIISI(IIIXIiIX lln1t IHlN lISIIIS1 nmS(HI~IHll SIXTglt

SAArSEIItX I 11- DI t ~lltlHX(al FND J)~JN EXIWI(IrNnSllHYIII~IS ON 1IIIX1X tllllSEX I1NIgt OBIlSIt HI 11 HTt J)gn 1~lmE DgS 11I0)OlgItIODISMIS Pfhlllzlnbnu 9 241middotmiddot2middot19

()2) KItISSIXSY N KONDItMiIIOA A A Ilnd VIXnOItIDoIA N L 1931l ox 11I()InlgIU()DIS~1 AND C1IINnrs IX TJlttlNZY)IATI( SYSTEM

AIIII Bot (Londoll] 0 293middot 304 (13) LIIIIMXKO M y lWei Rhnlf)I-I O

1923 SUIlIADAIINIION DJoS 11middotXI~lS I loA DPIUh In 1 1 181U(JI)g (1AJlltl Dg r IOtIIXI~tl [paris] A(nd dcs Hei Compt R(nd 176 ]915-1 9J 8

(14) 1111 IIKOWKI K 1934 (I WIIYWltl DLl(lOSC( I)XLI NA IHIXOSC )lItSZXfOW FASf)I~1

Rolz Nnuk Holniez i Lt~n~(h (Polish Agr nlld FOl(st Ann) 33 ()-i8 IIl1ls [In Polish English SII III II Hlrmiddot PI 57-5S]

(]5)

IU3i SIlIlItJS ox IIYIlIIIll IWOH IX IILlSgO)lS ITItIIIIS (l) SIY1 Ztslhr f lndllktiw Ahstlllll 1I V(nrbllulsIPlm 70 fli 12-t ilus

IIIP )IXIMOW 1 A IH2H JolXIJ-J)UMENrtJJJE XKIHJlllTN(BN IHm rXxra Jgttn nln~lTATIOXSshy

IBIlIOJ)E 1jf1 H]N IFIXlBX BioI Zpnth1 middotH) j 13-543 ill liS(17) HrllollF W

1935 ITNltlHSU(IIINrmX [IHII IlgX t~IXtIUSZ vtlllXllt1I1tm TAGES-1X(lBN Ut SOltlgN VON SOIA 1l0lINEN (SOJI IIISllllA MOgN(II)

tXD HlSCJlIIOIINtlX (1IIASgOITTS YPIOJIlS I) Ztseh)middot f Zlicht 20 251middot ~2(i7 ilus

() 8) HIXXOII K W alld Ibll~Y L W 1914 INYSIJ(NIIONS OK Tin IIIYIOralXl OF rilE A-(IOSlfHMS XO 4

1lJ1ol ORWIN AND DISlgHSJ Ot IIBIUlA(~]OUS AXnJOSIERMS Ann Bot [London) 28 i4i-(iOO iIllls

t J) TIXCInJIt 11[ A H I H24 EFFECT Of JENOlH OF DAY ON nOBltING IXD GHOTH Nature

[London] 1)4 350 351 iJlus (201

1l25 rill tJF~tl(r at 1~N(lTH OF D~ Y FION THE GROWTH IN)) UglUODUC

Tl(JN OF 80MB JolCONOllllC P]INTS Ami Bot [London) 39 (16)721 754

1ltor SII by Ihl $ujlerlnlenltlont nf Dutlllllellts U H GntmiddotIIInt in lin Olfice rmiddotu~hiH~tllll ~fi D ( lricl 10 ft~ntl

II 5 GOVERNME~T PRINTING OFFICE IUA

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Teril1lilt1l 1l1l11etil No 867 April 19middotJj Stao1rJ

uNitj STATES

B~AIlTJl~N(AGBICIl~TiJR~ WASBIiGTON~DCmiddot

Responses of Beans (Phaseolus) and Other Le~ulues to Length of Day I

By H A AIbull Hn wmiddotniol phllsiologist DilJision 0 Tob(lcco 11Icqtifl(1lion~ alld J ZAr~IEnJlt polhoOflist Dilsioll oj Pruit IIwl ICflloble (rol~ nnd Di~ eases BlireliU oJ 10Ilt [nllllslry Soils (Il1d JfllicIIUuJa Fltflilllllinfl AgriClII IUI(l Research lrlminisiration

COyrEYIS PHge I Fage

11lfongth oC dn Ull illl)lOttul11 dimllt i( [mtor I H(middotspnl1~r~ of Ph(lf(nfs ni1gflrif + M ~ __ ~ __ 1) L()ogth oC dny in rtjntion to tht~ g-rmnh htmiddot HCspon( of l)hflltll)lll~tluJfm ~~_ _~~~ Uj

h8middotiorufJlmiddotJmnt~ ~ ___ _____ _~~_ a HlSJlOJl~($ of 1JIi~((lIHI1((Jll lIHlMOiu slWtips 1lJ PryiutJs llhololwrio(ji( slwiifs of hlmllws __ ~ nrSJlon~p~ or mis(lllnrwou 1t)1JOlino1J5 J(Il(trIL 20 )rnlpriill~lIld JJlNIHICis ~ __ ~_ _~W~ LtttruuJf( (ltl1tL _ __ ~ __ _~ __ _ __ 23

LEGTH OF DAY AS 13JPOHTAXr GLLlATIC lTACTQR

To rlndeIs lIot fnmilnr with ((ellt llndings of plnnt seilntists who hn -( st udird the glowth Ilsponsps of plnnts the tlrm length of dny 01 pliotop(1iod may St(111 a little st1IlI1ge in rlll1tion to 1(gllIllC brhtlyiol Ym this 1(nson 11 hripf lxplnnntion Se(Il1S npplopliatl

The pIIldi()1 growe1 knows Ill thnt kml)(lI1imu soil moistml and sUlIsltilH nre nlwnysimpoltnnt fnCtols nfl(middot(ting tltt glowfl of his (TOpS Tf( kno- tll1t thts itll fuuctio1ls of the stnsoll nnd climate of his pHrtielllur loenlity nnd he lenlizls flllly thM hc must plnnt illtdlig(lltl~7 at the right time and maintnin th( propel f(ltility and moistml (ondiLions to obtllin the lwst rCsults

111( ~1OW(l is Itss fnmilillr ith hng-th of tiny ns n frdol glpnthshynfru~il1g plnnt behnmiddotiol lwcfllIse this faetor hnd 1gtt(n I1lmost (onishyPltmiddotfElly onr1ook(d un til (OI11I)nl tinh- lecCnt nHIS Ht Inows thn t

~ ligli4is n(((sSlIlY nnd thnt shnde nnd too much doudilHsS ar( dCtlishyl11ea11 to pllwt grmdhH( is wll nwnrt thnt th(l( nlP mlrktd

~gtsCn~l1nl ehnng(s in t1H Irngth of dn~ flom sunlis( to sunset Yhn t ]hp ~(gti not l(nliz( is til tletunl efflet of til( Itngth of liny upon growth Io~ing unci fruiting OJ ~is now nmiddot11 lstablislwd thnt plnnts mny hr most profoundly OJ afitceted b~~ difltrIlH(S i11 1tllgtlr of dn~ throughouf thl s(nsons nnd in gt- dif~tll t lntitud(s TIll dnys n 1( nhnlYs short nt till e(junior (Inhlt 1)lt nndUlOsr of Hit growing s(l)son nr( always 10ngPl i1t higher Intitudes ~un~ (ontinuous daylight j)llmiddotY(tils nt the poles It would ind((d be

strlB)ge if tlHse b1(nt ehnllges in length of dny did not somehow affect th(~xpltssions of plnnts

en I SuGiftted (or publication Jan 19 1943

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Length-of-dnclllss


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33 In ao

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Masterpieee___________________ 1910 25 i I 8 25 7H 24 9 23 11 26 0 25 11






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Masterpieee___________________ 1910 25 i I 8 25 7H 24 9 23 11 26 0 25 11






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Masterpieee___________________ 1910 25 i I 8 25 7H 24 9 23 11 26 0 25 11






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33 In ao

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Masterpieee___________________ 1910 25 i I 8 25 7H 24 9 23 11 26 0 25 11






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[London] 1)4 350 351 iJlus (201





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31 19 30 31






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Masterpieee___________________ 1910 25 i I 8 25 7H 24 9 23 11 26 0 25 11






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[London] 1)4 350 351 iJlus (201





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Masterpieee___________________ 1910 25 i I 8 25 7H 24 9 23 11 26 0 25 11






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[London] 1)4 350 351 iJlus (201





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[London] 1)4 350 351 iJlus (201





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bull

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responses of beans (phaseolus) and other legumes...

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