Response SetMarlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS)Designed to measure social desirability independent of psychopathology. Assesses whether respondents are responding truthfully or are misrepresenting themselves in order to manage their self presentation.

Evidence suggesting social desirability is NOT a problem?correlation between self and informant ratingsCentral Tendancycentral/typical value for a probability distribution- measures are: Mean, Median, ModeVariabilitydegree to which items in a list vary from one another: measures are: standard deviation, and rangeRelationship: Standard Deviation & VarianceStandard Deviation=square root of the variance

What would a positively or negatively skewed distribution look like?(pointed end is the skewer) Positive: A few outlying high scores, Negative: a few outlying low scoresFloor EffectName of the effect when scores bunch up at the bottom (lots of low scores) Associated with a POSITIVE skew

Ceiling EffectName of the effect when scores bunch up at the top (lots of low scores) Associated with a NEGATIVE skew

Wilhelm Wundtfounder of experimental psychology, first laboratory of psychology research, distinguished psychology from other sciences

Relationship: Correlation Coefficient & Coefficient of DeterminationCorrelation Coefficient squared = Coefficient of Determination (Treat as a percent)When examining the relationship between two variables do you compare the coefficients of determination or the correlation coefficients?coefficients of determinationJacob CohenRules for thinking about correlation (& computing power) in psychology research:0.10 (Weak)0.30 (Moderate)0.50 (Strong)Regressionway to predict scores: y=ax+ba=y interceptb=slopey=score you are predictingcontemporary method of test constructionBlends empirical and rational meathodsrational method of test constructionresearchers begin with clear cut conceptualization, and then right items to fit that conceptualizationEmpirical method of test constructionresearchers gather items, test participants and gather items solely on the basis of whether of not responses discriminated for different types of people.Item Difficulty IndexMeasures Response Frequency: (dichotomous items ONLY), tells you how frequently someone endorses the keyed responseUP+LP/U+L

*rank P's from top to bottom based on total score*UP: # of people in the upper third who endorsed the responseLP: # of people in the lower third who endorsed the responseU: # of people in the upper third of the distributionL: # of people in the lower third of the distribution

Item Discrimination IndexUP-LP/U*rank P's from top to bottom based on total score*UP: # of people in the upper third who endorsed the responseLP: # of people in the lower third who endorsed the responseU: # of people in the upper third of the distributionL: # of people in the lower third of the distributionDiscrimination of 1 is Perfect discrimination.2-.39: Adequate.4 and above is good

Cronbach's AlphaMeasure of internal consistency; used as an estimate for reliability for a sample of examinees. (NON DICHOTOMOUS)obtain variance of total test scores and variance for scores on each individual item[1-(S^2{item 1} + S^2{item 2} + S^2{item x}] / [S^2 Total]

Dichotomousdivided into two parts: i.e yes/no, or true/false

Kudher-Richardson FormulaMeasure of internal consistency; used as an estimate for reliability for a sample of examinees. (DICHOTOMOUS){1-mean(K-mean)}/Ks^2K=number of items on the scaleInternal ConsistencyMeasures whether several items that propose to measure the same construct produce similar scores. Measures: Kuhder-Richardson (Dichotomous), Cronbach's Alpha (Non-Dichotomous)Inter-Rater Reliabilitydegree of agreement among ratersDiscriminant Validitytests whether concepts that are supposed to be unrelated are in fact unrelated: (how well test constructs discriminate)Convergent Validitydegree to which two construct measures that should be related are in fact related.Construct Validityhow well inferences, observations and measurement tools represent the constructs you are measuringFace Validitysubjective relevance of a test: does it measure what it proposes to measure?Internal Validityextent to which a study minimizes systematic error: extent to which a casual conclusion is warranted. Extent to which you can rule out confounds and extraneous variables)Systematic Errorerrors in measurement causing the mean of the measured attribute to differ significantly from it's true valueExtraneous Variablesundesirable variables that influence the relationship between variables an experimenter is measuringGood internal Validity means what about extraneous variables?We can rule out their presenceExternal ValidityCan you generalize your study? extent to which your results can be generalized to other people or situations3 Main Types of generalizabilityPeople (different types), Setting (different places), Time period (norms differ in different centuries/decades)Ecological ValidityHow well the materials, methods, and setting approximate the real world you are examining.Incremental ValidityWhether or not the scale you are using provides useful information you cannot use in any other way-can we attain the same information is a simpler already existing way?Z-ScoreType of standard scoreX-mean / Standard Deviation

x=value you want a Z-score for.Gordon AlportArt vs. Science- first psychologist to focus on personality, present context>past historyProjective TestTest designed to have P's respond to ambiguous stimuliWhat can projective testing reveal that other tests seldom do?Inner conflicts, fantasies, associations (to stimuli),What assumptions do self report measures make about P's psychological issues that projective testing aims to solve?People are aware of their most important psychological processes

Johari WindowKnown to Self | Unknown to Self________________________________________________________Known to Others | Open | BlindUnknown to Others | Hidden | Unknown________________________________________________________Which quadrant of the Johari window are projective testers most interested in?the lower right hand quadrant: information no known to others or to the selfCarl JungDeveloped word association test (early version of projective test)Herman RorschachCreator of the Rorschach, long standing interest in P's response to inkblotsSamuel BeckImproved Rorschach after his (Rorschach's) death and is credited with popularizing the testBruno KlopferRival of Samuel Beck, worked with the Rorschach scoring systemTAT (Thematic Appreciation Test) attributes:Show somebody ambiguous pictures from magazines of the era,Henry MurrayDeveloper of the TAT *Additions from COPT*Christiana MorganDeveloper of the TAT *Additions from COPT*Human Movement (M)Rorschach scoring variable: indicates generally good ego control, tendency towards constructive use of fantasy

Inanimate MovementRorschach scoring variable: indicates feelings of helplessness in the face of stressColor & Form (in the context of Rorscach scoring)when people use color and form as they describe what they're seeing it's indicative of how they handle emotions-FC (Form>color) indicates control over their emotions, CF (color>form) indicates their emotional displays are less controlledTexture Responses (in the context of Rorscach scoring)Indicate dependency & needinessHigh Form: (in the context of Rorscach scoring)Indicates defensiveness and a restricted personalityAnimal MovementRorschach scoring feature: Somebody who is driven by needs and impulsesMorbid ContentRorschach scoring feature: low validity, judged on whether or not the response is exceedingly negativeWhite SpaceRorschach scoring feature: indicates oppositional tendenciesExperience BalanceRorschach scoring feature: ratio of human movement to color responsesHigh human movement/color in terms of experience balance (ratio):High M (Human Movement) indicates introversive tendencies, High C (color responses) indicates extroversive tendencies.Which type of validity is the Rorschach LOW in (questions have been raised about it)?Incremental ValidityWhat were some of the rationales for the TAT?people are not always consciously aware of the needs driving behavior, strong unconscious influences on behavior, fundamental need for achievement, Autonomy (as a confound) [people will do whatever they need to to stay in control],How manny TAT cards are there?31How is the TAT administered? (very basically)ask participants to construct a story with the cards they see, say you want to know about the characters' internal life, present and future thoughts and actionsHow is the TAT scored?looking for themes-{achievement, loss, etc.}, who emerges as the main character?, What are the interpersonal conflicts, anxieties in the story?David MclellandDeveloped scoring system for TAT, was most interested in need for achievement-when was the MMPI released?in the 1930'sStarke Hathaway & J.C MckinleyDevelopers of the MMPIWhat was the original purpose of the MMPI?develop a scale for the assessment of psychiatric patientsRobert SternbergTriarcich theory of intelligence: Analytical, Practical, & CreativeSternberg's Analytical Intelligence:Math, Logic, Critical & Abstract thinking, reasoning

Sternberg's Practical Intelligence:affects somebody's ability to deal skillfully with the environment- figure out how to adapt their plan when things go badwhat did Sternberg believe about IQ?IQ is not fixed and you can improve itExistential Intelligence(Gardner) ability to be sensitive to/tackle larger questions about human existenceNaturalist Intelligence(Gardner) ability to classify things in the natural worldInterpersonal IntelligenceAbility to interact with others socially in a skillful way; reading others; understanding their modesIntrapersonal IntellagenceAbility to look inward and classify ones own abilitiesRaymond Catellproponent of "Beyondism", and Eugenics, believed emotional intelligence had 2 branchesFluid Intelligence(Catell) Ability to solve problems (culture free) not dealing with verbal material: peaks @ 20Crystalized Intelligence(Catell) Information you have gathered through experience, ability to memorize information, peaks at 40David WechslerDeveloped the WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) which is considered the gold standard in intelligence testing.How would David Wechsler define intelligence?capacity of the individual to act rationally, think purposefully, and deal effectively with his environmentWhat is the best correlate with overall intelligence?Vocabulary(WAIS subtest) "Digit Span"digit forwards, digit backwards, digit sequencing, asks examinees to recall numbers forwards, backwards, and to organize them. Assesses working memory, mental manipulation, cognitive flexibility, rote memory and learning, attention, and encoding.(WAIS subtest) "Picture Completion"**now optional** asks examinees to identify the missing part of a familiar picture. Assesses visual perception and organization, concentration, visual recognition.(WAIS subtest) "Block Design"examinee uses red and white blocks to recreate the picture from a model. Second strongest correlate with overall intelligence (Vocabulary is 1st) Assesses nonverbal abilities free of cultural bias, analyze and synthesize abstract stimuli.(WAIS subtest) "Coding/Digit Symbol"assess ability to process information quickly, (WAIS III Only) asks participants to match digits to symbols in a timed environment.Stanford-Binnet (Alfred Binet)One of the first modern Intelligence tests, developed to assess child's intellectual abilities and determine if they're mentally retarded(WAIS subtest) "Object Assembly"Optional test assessing visual-spacial abilities, asking P's to assemble puzzle piecesWAIS Verbal IQTells you about P's general knowledge,WAIS Performance IQTells about you'r P's ability to deal skillfully with their environmentWAIS Overall IQCombination of Performance and Verbal IQFrancis GaltonProponent of eugenics, created the concept of correlation. Founded psychometrics, introduced the use of questionarres and surveys that were vital in intelligence testingHow do you compute IQ?mental age/chronological age x 100What is the standard error of measurement formula?Standard deviation x Square Root (1-R)R=reliability coefficientWhat is the reliability coefficient defined as?ratio of true score variance to total variance

Response Settendency to respond to items in a way that is inaccurate and unrelated to Item contentResponse Biastendency to respond to items in a way that is inaccurate and unrelated to Item contentResponse Deviationsomeone who is endorsing the unusual itemsExtremity Response Biaswhen respondents go to the extreme on Likert scalesModracy Response Biaswhen respondents stay toward the middle on Likert scalesBIDR (Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding)measurement & control of response bias, measures social desirability-assesses whether respondents are responding truthfully or are misrepresenting themselves in order to manage their self presentation.Self Serving BiasWhen we reject negative feedback or inflate positive feedback to protect our self esteemImpression ManagementHow we manage the perceptions others have about us. Often used to establish independent identity or to get something we want.Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS)Designed to measure social desirability independent of psychopathology. Assesses whether respondents are responding truthfully or are misrepresenting themselves in order to manage their self presentation.Evidence suggesting social desirability is NOT a problem?correlation between self and informant ratingsCentral Tendancycentral/typical value for a probability distribution- measures are: Mean, Median, ModeVariabilitydegree to which items in a list vary from one another: measures are: standard deviation, and rangeRelationship: Standard Deviation & VarianceStandard Deviation=square root of the varianceWhat would a positively or negatively skewed distribution look like?(pointed end is the skewer) Positive: A few outlying high scores, Negative: a few outlying low scoresFloor EffectName of the effect when scores bunch up at the bottom (lots of low scores) Associated with a POSITIVE skewCeiling EffectName of the effect when scores bunch up at the top (lots of low scores) Associated with a NEGATIVE skewWilhelm Wundtfounder of experimental psychology, first laboratory of psychology research, distinguished psychology from other sciencesRelationship: Correlation Coefficient & Coefficient of DeterminationCorrelation Coefficient squared = Coefficient of Determination (Treat as a percent)When examining the relationship between two variables do you compare the coefficients of determination or the correlation coefficients?coefficients of determinationJacob CohenRules for thinking about correlation (& computing power) in psychology research:0.10 (Weak)0.30 (Moderate)0.50 (Strong)Regressionway to predict scores: y=ax+ba=y interceptb=slopey=score you are predictingcontemporary method of test constructionBlends empirical and rational meathodsrational method of test constructionresearchers begin with clear cut conceptualization, and then right items to fit that conceptualizationEmpirical method of test constructionresearchers gather items, test participants and gather items solely on the basis of whether of not responses discriminated for different types of people.Item Difficulty IndexMeasures Response Frequency: (dichotomous items ONLY), tells you how frequently someone endorses the keyed responseUP+LP/U+L*rank P's from top to bottom based on total score*UP: # of people in the upper third who endorsed the responseLP: # of people in the lower third who endorsed the responseU: # of people in the upper third of the distributionL: # of people in the lower third of the distributionItem Discrimination IndexUP-LP/U*rank P's from top to bottom based on total score*UP: # of people in the upper third who endorsed the responseLP: # of people in the lower third who endorsed the responseU: # of people in the upper third of the distributionL: # of people in the lower third of the distributionDiscrimination of 1 is Perfect discrimination.2-.39: Adequate.4 and above is goodCronbach's AlphaMeasure of internal consistency; used as an estimate for reliability for a sample of examinees. (NON DICHOTOMOUS)obtain variance of total test scores and variance for scores on each individual item[1-(S^2{item 1} + S^2{item 2} + S^2{item x}] / [S^2 Total]Dichotomousdivided into two parts: i.e yes/no, or true/falseKudher-Richardson FormulaMeasure of internal consistency; used as an estimate for reliability for a sample of examinees. (DICHOTOMOUS){1-mean(K-mean)}/Ks^2K=number of items on the scaleInternal ConsistencyMeasures whether several items that propose to measure the same construct produce similar scores. Measures: Kuhder-Richardson (Dichotomous), Cronbach's Alpha (Non-Dichotomous)Inter-Rater Reliabilitydegree of agreement among ratersDiscriminant Validitytests whether concepts that are supposed to be unrelated are in fact unrelated: (how well test constructs discriminate)Convergent Validitydegree to which two construct measures that should be related are in fact related.Construct Validityhow well inferences, observations and measurement tools represent the constructs you are measuringFace Validitysubjective relevance of a test: does it measure what it proposes to measure?Internal Validityextent to which a study minimizes systematic error: extent to which a casual conclusion is warranted. Extent to which you can rule out confounds and extraneous variables)Systematic Errorerrors in measurement causing the mean of the measured attribute to differ significantly from it's true valueExtraneous Variablesundesirable variables that influence the relationship between variables an experimenter is measuringGood internal Validity means what about extraneous variables?We can rule out their presenceExternal ValidityCan you generalize your study? extent to which your results can be generalized to other people or situations3 Main Types of generalizabilityPeople (different types), Setting (different places), Time period (norms differ in different centuries/decades)Ecological ValidityHow well the materials, methods, and setting approximate the real world you are examining.Incremental ValidityWhether or not the scale you are using provides useful information you cannot use in any other way-can we attain the same information is a simpler already existing way?Z-ScoreType of standard scoreX-mean / Standard Deviation

x=value you want a Z-score for.Gordon AlportArt vs. Science- first psychologist to focus on personality, present context>past historyProjective TestTest designed to have P's respond to ambiguous stimuliWhat can projective testing reveal that other tests seldom do?Inner conflicts, fantasies, associations (to stimuli),What assumptions do self report measures make about P's psychological issues that projective testing aims to solve?People are aware of their most important psychological processesJohari WindowKnown to Self | Unknown to Self________________________________________________________Known to Others | Open | BlindUnknown to Others | Hidden | Unknown________________________________________________________Which quadrant of the Johari window are projective testers most interested in?the lower right hand quadrant: information no known to others or to the selfCarl JungDeveloped word association test (early version of projective test)Herman RorschachCreator of the Rorschach, long standing interest in P's response to inkblotsSamuel BeckImproved Rorschach after his (Rorschach's) death and is credited with popularizing the testBruno KlopferRival of Samuel Beck, worked with the Rorschach scoring systemTAT (Thematic Appreciation Test) attributes:Show somebody ambiguous pictures from magazines of the era,Henry MurrayDeveloper of the TAT *Additions from COPT*Christiana MorganDeveloper of the TAT *Additions from COPT*Human Movement (M)Rorschach scoring variable: indicates generally good ego control, tendency towards constructive use of fantasyInanimate MovementRorschach scoring variable: indicates feelings of helplessness in the face of stressColor & Form (in the context of Rorscach scoring)when people use color and form as they describe what they're seeing it's indicative of how they handle emotions-FC (Form>color) indicates control over their emotions, CF (color>form) indicates their emotional displays are less controlledTexture Responses (in the context of Rorscach scoring)Indicate dependency & needinessHigh Form: (in the context of Rorscach scoring)Indicates defensiveness and a restricted personalityAnimal MovementRorschach scoring feature: Somebody who is driven by needs and impulsesMorbid ContentRorschach scoring feature: low validity, judged on whether or not the response is exceedingly negativeWhite SpaceRorschach scoring feature: indicates oppositional tendenciesExperience BalanceRorschach scoring feature: ratio of human movement to color responsesHigh human movement/color in terms of experience balance (ratio):High M (Human Movement) indicates introversive tendencies, High C (color responses) indicates extroversive tendencies.Which type of validity is the Rorschach LOW in (questions have been raised about it)?Incremental ValidityWhat were some of the rationales for the TAT?people are not always consciously aware of the needs driving behavior, strong unconscious influences on behavior, fundamental need for achievement, Autonomy (as a confound) [people will do whatever they need to to stay in control],How manny TAT cards are there?31How is the TAT administered? (very basically)ask participants to construct a story with the cards they see, say you want to know about the characters' internal life, present and future thoughts and actionsHow is the TAT scored?looking for themes-{achievement, loss, etc.}, who emerges as the main character?, What are the interpersonal conflicts, anxieties in the story?David MclellandDeveloped scoring system for TAT, was most interested in need for achievement-when was the MMPI released?in the 1930'sStarke Hathaway & J.C MckinleyDevelopers of the MMPIWhat was the original purpose of the MMPI?develop a scale for the assessment of psychiatric patientsRobert SternbergTriarcich theory of intelligence: Analytical, Practical, & CreativeSternberg's Analytical Intelligence:Math, Logic, Critical & Abstract thinking, reasoningSternberg's Practical Intelligence:affects somebody's ability to deal skillfully with the environment- figure out how to adapt their plan when things go badwhat did Sternberg believe about IQ?IQ is not fixed and you can improve itExistential Intelligence(Gardner) ability to be sensitive to/tackle larger questions about human existenceNaturalist Intelligence(Gardner) ability to classify things in the natural worldInterpersonal IntelligenceAbility to interact with others socially in a skillful way; reading others; understanding their modesIntrapersonal IntellagenceAbility to look inward and classify ones own abilitiesRaymond Catellproponent of "Beyondism", and Eugenics, believed emotional intelligence had 2 branchesFluid Intelligence(Catell) Ability to solve problems (culture free) not dealing with verbal material: peaks @ 20Crystalized Intelligence(Catell) Information you have gathered through experience, ability to memorize information, peaks at 40David WechslerDeveloped the WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) which is considered the gold standard in intelligence testing.How would David Wechsler define intelligence?capacity of the individual to act rationally, think purposefully, and deal effectively with his environmentWhat is the best correlate with overall intelligence?Vocabulary(WAIS subtest) "Digit Span"digit forwards, digit backwards, digit sequencing, asks examinees to recall numbers forwards, backwards, and to organize them. Assesses working memory, mental manipulation, cognitive flexibility, rote memory and learning, attention, and encoding.

(WAIS subtest) "Picture Completion"**now optional** asks examinees to identify the missing part of a familiar picture. Assesses visual perception and organization, concentration, visual recognition.(WAIS subtest) "Block Design"examinee uses red and white blocks to recreate the picture from a model. Second strongest correlate with overall intelligence (Vocabulary is 1st) Assesses nonverbal abilities free of cultural bias, analyze and synthesize abstract stimuli.(WAIS subtest) "Coding/Digit Symbol"assess ability to process information quickly, (WAIS III Only) asks participants to match digits to symbols in a timed environment.Stanford-Binnet (Alfred Binet)One of the first modern Intelligence tests, developed to assess child's intellectual abilities and determine if they're mentally retarded(WAIS subtest) "Object Assembly"Optional test assessing visual-spacial abilities, asking P's to assemble puzzle piecesWAIS Verbal IQTells you about P's general knowledge,WAIS Performance IQTells about you'r P's ability to deal skillfully with their environmentWAIS Overall IQCombination of Performance and Verbal IQFrancis GaltonProponent of eugenics, created the concept of correlation. Founded psychometrics, introduced the use of questionarres and surveys that were vital in intelligence testingHow do you compute IQ?mental age/chronological age x 100

What is the standard error of measurement formula?Standard deviation x Square Root (1-R)R=reliability coefficientWhat is the reliability coefficient defined as?ratio of true score variance to total variance

VESTIBULAR SENSEThe sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balanceINNER EARThe innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacsVISUAL CLIFFA laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animalsGROUPINGThe perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groupsCOLOR CONSTANCYPerceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objectDEPTH PERCEPTIONThe ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distancePERCEPTUAL SETA mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not anotherPERCEPTUAL CONSTANCYPerceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shape, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATIONIn vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual fieldPARAPSYCHOLOGYThe study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesisHUMAN FACTORS PSYCHOLOGYA branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to useEXTRASENSORY PERCEPTIONThe controversial clam that perceptional can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognitionSENSATIONThe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environmentPERCEPTIONThe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and eventsTOP DOWN PROCESSINGInformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectationsBOTTOM UP PROCESSINGAnalysis that beings with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory informationABSOLUTE THRESHOLDThe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the timeSUBLIMINALBelow one's absolute threshold for conscious awarenessSENSORY ADAPTATIONDiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulationDIFFERENCE THRESHOLDThe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the timeINTENSITYThe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudnessOPTIC NERVEThe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brainBLIND SPOTThe point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located therePUPILThe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light entersIRISThe ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

LENSThe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

RODSRetinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respondRETINAThe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual informationCONESRetinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retinal and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect detail and give rise to color sensationsAfter listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates:sensory adaptation.The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the:Retina.How does pain differ from other senses?It has no special receptors, It has no single stimulusAfter watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of:perceptual set.When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of:context effectsA neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates:a context effect.Jack claims that he often has dreams that predict future events. He claims to have the power of:precognition.A person claiming to be able to read another's mind is claiming to have the ESP ability of:telepathy.A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers best illustrates the importance of:parallel processing.The sleep cycle is approximately ________ minutes.90One effect of sleeping pills is to:decrease REM sleepA person who falls asleep in the midst of a heated argument probably suffers from:narcolepsy.

HypnosisResponding to suggestionDreamsHallucinations while sleepToleranceDiminishing effect of using same drugWithdrawalDiscomfort following discontinued useDependenceNeed for a drug to stop unpleasant physical or emotional pain

AddictionCompulsive drug craving and useStimulantsCaffeine, cocaine, methamphetamineBarbiturateTranquillizers, AmytalOpiatesMorphine, heroinDepressantsAlcoholHallucinogenecstasy, LSDTHCMarijuanaStimulants -Arouse body, increase heart rate, increase breathing rateBarbiturate -Induce sleep, reduce anxietyOpiates -induces lethargy, body stops producing endorphinsDepressants -Slows judgment and inhibitions, disrupts memory, reduces self awarenessHallucinogen -distort perceptions, subtype of serotonin, dream or nightmareTHC -relaxes, stops inhibitions, euphoria

the law of effectRewarded behavior like to recur, behavior punished going to be extinctreinforcement positivegood is rewardedreinforcement negativereduce or remove when do badshapingshape behavior with a little bit at a time: procedure in which reinforcessuccessive approximationyou reward responses that are ever- closer to the final desired the steps of shaping behaviorSkinner boxoperate chamber. box has a bar than an animal presses and figures out things box teaches animals to do things with food and buttonsspontaneous recoverythe reappearance of a (weakened) CR after pauseextinctionthe diminished responding that occursgeneralizationtendency to respond to stimuli Ex: music get food dog salivate with musicdiscriminationability to distinguish some stimuli Ex: only key food food dog salivates with that keycontinuous reinforcementreinforcement of the desired response every time it occursfixed rationreinforce behavior after a set number of responses know how many timesvariable rationreinforces after an unpredictable number no idea how much timefixed intervalknow time pass just don't knowvariable intervalreinforce that first after varying time