Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemAlbert and JamesAlbert and James

8A8A

Structure and Structure and FunctionFunction

Mouth and ThroatMouth and Throat

Structure of LungsStructure of Lungs

Lungs are located inside the chest. Lungs are located inside the chest.

Left and right lung in our body.Left and right lung in our body.

Surrounded by rib cage.Surrounded by rib cage.

Beneath the lungs are the Beneath the lungs are the diaphragm.diaphragm.

Structure of LungsStructure of Lungs

Lungs are pink and squishy.Lungs are pink and squishy.

There are two tubes called bronchi There are two tubes called bronchi that leads to the lungs.that leads to the lungs.

Right lung is divided into 3 lobes Right lung is divided into 3 lobes and left is divided into 2 lobesand left is divided into 2 lobes

Structure of Lungs Structure of Lungs

Bronchi-> there are smaller stems Bronchi-> there are smaller stems called bronchioles (30,000)called bronchioles (30,000)

End of bronchioles, there are air End of bronchioles, there are air sacs (alveoli). Each alveoli has tiny sacs (alveoli). Each alveoli has tiny blood vessels (capillaries). blood vessels (capillaries).

Structures of Lungs Structures of Lungs (Pics)(Pics)

Functions of Lungs Functions of Lungs

Lungs form the respiratory system.Lungs form the respiratory system.

Inhale: air enters the lungs. And the Inhale: air enters the lungs. And the oxygen enters the blood and carried oxygen enters the blood and carried throughout the body.throughout the body.

Exhale, carbon dioxide, the waste Exhale, carbon dioxide, the waste product, leaves the body through the product, leaves the body through the lungs. lungs.

Gas ExchangeGas Exchange

When oxygen and carbon dioxide is When oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the capillaries and the exchanged in the capillaries and the alveolus.alveolus.

After gas exchange, oxygenated After gas exchange, oxygenated blood flows back to the heart, where blood flows back to the heart, where it is pumped through out the body. it is pumped through out the body.

Diffusion between Diffusion between GasesGasesGas exchange happens because of Gas exchange happens because of

the diffusion. the diffusion.

High concentration of oxygen in the High concentration of oxygen in the airsacs & low concentration of airsacs & low concentration of oxygen in the capillaries. Oxygen oxygen in the capillaries. Oxygen diffuses to the capillaries.diffuses to the capillaries.

Vise versa for carbon dioxide.Vise versa for carbon dioxide.

Gas Exchange Gas Exchange

Inflation of LungsInflation of Lungs

Positive Pressure Positive Pressure BreathingBreathingThe inflation of lungs with forced The inflation of lungs with forced

airflow.airflow.

Amphibians breathe through this Amphibians breathe through this method.method.

Positive Pressure Breathing:Positive Pressure Breathing:

Muscles lower the floor of the oral cavity, Muscles lower the floor of the oral cavity, drawing in air through nostrils.drawing in air through nostrils.

Nostrils and mouth are shut-oral cavity rises, Nostrils and mouth are shut-oral cavity rises, forcing the air through the esphogus. forcing the air through the esphogus.

Air is exhaled by a recoil of the lungsAir is exhaled by a recoil of the lungs

Negative Pressure Negative Pressure BreathingBreathing

Inflation of lungs by pulling, rather pushing airInflation of lungs by pulling, rather pushing air

Mammals use this method of breathingMammals use this method of breathing

Negative Pressure Breathing:Negative Pressure Breathing:1) Muscle contraction causes the thoracic cavity 1) Muscle contraction causes the thoracic cavity (chest) to expand - lowers the air pressure below (chest) to expand - lowers the air pressure below that of the air outside the mammalthat of the air outside the mammal2) Air rushes in through the nostrils and mouth 2) Air rushes in through the nostrils and mouth due to differences of air pressure - through due to differences of air pressure - through breathing tubes to the alveolibreathing tubes to the alveoli

Negative Pressure Negative Pressure BreathingBreathing

3) During exhalation, muscles that are 3) During exhalation, muscles that are contracted release - air pressure rises, forcing contracted release - air pressure rises, forcing the air up through the breathing tubesthe air up through the breathing tubes

For humans, the diaphragm is an essential For humans, the diaphragm is an essential factor to respirationfactor to respiration

Diaphragm: A sheet of skeletal muscle that Diaphragm: A sheet of skeletal muscle that makes up the bottom wall of the cavitymakes up the bottom wall of the cavity

During inhalation: Diaphragm contracts (moves During inhalation: Diaphragm contracts (moves down) - expanding the thoracic cavity downwardsdown) - expanding the thoracic cavity downwards

During Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes (moves During Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)up)

Why Do We Get Why Do We Get Hiccups?Hiccups?

Why Do We Get Why Do We Get Hiccups?Hiccups?

Because of the diaphragm. Because of the diaphragm.

The diaphragm gets irritated. The diaphragm gets irritated.

Why Do We Get Why Do We Get Hiccups?Hiccups?

The diaphragm pushes up the air in The diaphragm pushes up the air in a jerky and unusual way. a jerky and unusual way.

And when this irregular breath hits And when this irregular breath hits the voice box, a hiccup comes out. the voice box, a hiccup comes out.

Why Do We Get Why Do We Get Hiccups?Hiccups?

Eating too fast or too much.Eating too fast or too much.

An irritation in the stomach or An irritation in the stomach or throat. throat.

Feeling nervous or excited. Feeling nervous or excited.

Diseases AssociatedDiseases Associated

Lung CancerLung Cancer

Smoker’s lung with cancer. The white area Smoker’s lung with cancer. The white area is the cancer, and the blackened area is the is the cancer, and the blackened area is the tar that forms after every puff the smoker tar that forms after every puff the smoker took out of their cigarette. Disease of took out of their cigarette. Disease of Uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the Uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung (Carcinomas of lungs)lung (Carcinomas of lungs)

Healthy LungHealthy Lung

Normal, urban dwelling person’s lung. Normal, urban dwelling person’s lung. Black dots formed due to environmental Black dots formed due to environmental pollution. (Carbon deposits)pollution. (Carbon deposits)

AsthmaAsthma

Asthma is a condition caused by spasms Asthma is a condition caused by spasms in the bronchi.in the bronchi.

TuberculosisTuberculosis

A bacterial disease caused by the growth A bacterial disease caused by the growth of tubercles in the tissues - Primarily in the of tubercles in the tissues - Primarily in the lungs, but TB may affect the nervous lungs, but TB may affect the nervous system, lymphatic system, joints, bones, system, lymphatic system, joints, bones, and the skinand the skin

EmphysemaEmphysema

Emphysema is a disease in which the air Emphysema is a disease in which the air sacs being damaged and enlarged - Caused sacs being damaged and enlarged - Caused by long exposure to toxic chemicals and by long exposure to toxic chemicals and smokingsmoking

Diseases (Smoking)Diseases (Smoking)Lung CancerLung Cancer

EmphysemaEmphysema

Heart DiseaseHeart Disease

Stoke Stoke

Ulcers Ulcers

Hip, wrist, and spinal fracturesHip, wrist, and spinal fractures

Cervical CancerCervical Cancer

Diseases (Smoking)Diseases (Smoking)

Bladder CancerBladder Cancer

AsthmaAsthma

DiabetesDiabetes

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure

High cholesterol High cholesterol

Exercise and Exercise and Respiration RateRespiration Rate

Exercise and Exercise and RespirationRespiration

When we exercise, we use a lot of oxygen When we exercise, we use a lot of oxygen quickly. And out body demands for more. quickly. And out body demands for more.

It cause stress in the lungs. Our lungs now It cause stress in the lungs. Our lungs now breathe faster and heavier (more air) to breathe faster and heavier (more air) to supply the muscles with oxygen, while supply the muscles with oxygen, while taking out useless carbon dioxide out.taking out useless carbon dioxide out.

Exercise and Exercise and RespirationRespiration

Later our lungs and our muscles get Later our lungs and our muscles get adapted to this stress. Tidal volume of our adapted to this stress. Tidal volume of our lungs increase. lungs increase.

And when we exercise again, out body will And when we exercise again, out body will be more at ease because out body is more be more at ease because out body is more fit. (our homeostasis gets more stable)fit. (our homeostasis gets more stable)

TermsTerms

Tidal Volume: Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled and The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (averages 500 ml in exhaled with each breath (averages 500 ml in resting humans)resting humans)

Vital Capacity:Vital Capacity: The tidal volume during The tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation (about 3.4 L maximal inhalation and exhalation (about 3.4 L for college-age women, 4.8 L for college-age for college-age women, 4.8 L for college-age men)men)

Residual Volume: Residual Volume: The air that remains after a The air that remains after a forced exhalation.forced exhalation.

Hazards of SmokingHazards of Smoking

Contents within Contents within CigaretteCigaretteCadmium (Batteries)Cadmium (Batteries)

Butane (Lighter fluid)Butane (Lighter fluid)

Acetic Acid (Vinegar)Acetic Acid (Vinegar)

Methane (Sewer gas)Methane (Sewer gas)

Arsenic (Poison)Arsenic (Poison)

Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

Methanol (Rocket fuel)Methanol (Rocket fuel)

Contents within Contents within CigaretteCigarettePaintPaint

Ammonia (Toilet cleaner)Ammonia (Toilet cleaner)

Nicotine (Insecticide)Nicotine (Insecticide)

Toluene (Industrial solvent)Toluene (Industrial solvent)

Hexane (Barbeque lighter)Hexane (Barbeque lighter)

Stearic Acid (Candle wax)Stearic Acid (Candle wax)

Cadmium (Battery)Cadmium (Battery)

FatalityFatalityTar-like substances form within and on the Tar-like substances form within and on the

lungs- causes lung cancer and other lungs- causes lung cancer and other respiratory diseasesrespiratory diseases

Does not allow alveoli to function (not Does not allow alveoli to function (not enough oxygen). enough oxygen).

Affects circulatory system by not carrying Affects circulatory system by not carrying enough oxygen.enough oxygen.

Possible symptoms: shortness of breath, Possible symptoms: shortness of breath, wheezing, loss of sense of smell and taste.wheezing, loss of sense of smell and taste.

BibliographyBibliographyReece, Campell. Biology. Eighth Edition. San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings, Print.Reece, Campell. Biology. Eighth Edition. San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings, Print.

http://www.howtoquitsmokingtobaccocigarettes.com/images/cigarette.jpghttp://www.howtoquitsmokingtobaccocigarettes.com/images/cigarette.jpg

http://rentale.blogspot.com/2009/02/smoking-hazards.htmlhttp://rentale.blogspot.com/2009/02/smoking-hazards.html

http://whyquit.com/joel/Joel_02_17_smoke_in_lung.htmlhttp://whyquit.com/joel/Joel_02_17_smoke_in_lung.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asthma_before-after-en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asthma_before-after-en.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TB_in_sputum.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TB_in_sputum.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrilobular_emphysema_865_lores.jpg

"Your Lungs & Respiratory System." KidsHealth - the Web's most visited site about children's health. 11 Mar. "Your Lungs & Respiratory System." KidsHealth - the Web's most visited site about children's health. 11 Mar. 2009 <2009 <http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/lungs.htmlhttp://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/lungs.html>.>.

"Human Lungs: function, body location, diseases of, shape." MamasHealth.com: simple, easy to understand "Human Lungs: function, body location, diseases of, shape." MamasHealth.com: simple, easy to understand

information about health. 11 Mar. 2009 <information about health. 11 Mar. 2009 <http://www.mamashealth.com/organs/lungs.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/organs/lungs.asp>.

"Why do we Get Hiccups? | Kids Discover 5wh [Who, What, Where, When, Why & How] for kids Why do we Get "Why do we Get Hiccups? | Kids Discover 5wh [Who, What, Where, When, Why & How] for kids Why do we Get Hiccups? | Pitara Kids Network." Kids' portal of joy & knowledge: For children to explore, discover, learn, Hiccups? | Pitara Kids Network." Kids' portal of joy & knowledge: For children to explore, discover, learn, enjoy... |Pitara Kids Network. 15 Mar. 2009 <enjoy... |Pitara Kids Network. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://www.pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=189http://www.pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=189>.>.

"Definition: tidal volume." Mondofacto | home. 22 Mar. 2009 <http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?"Definition: tidal volume." Mondofacto | home. 22 Mar. 2009 <http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?tidal+volume>.tidal+volume>.