Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem

Chapter 15Chapter 15

Why do we inhale oxygen Why do we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide?and exhale carbon dioxide?

All cells undergo All cells undergo cellular respirationcellular respiration

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22

+ 6H+ 6H22OO

Functions of the Respiratory SystemFunctions of the Respiratory System

Large surface area for gas exchangeLarge surface area for gas exchange Moving air into/out of the lungsMoving air into/out of the lungs Keeping the lungs moist, warm and Keeping the lungs moist, warm and

free of debris/pathogensfree of debris/pathogens SpeechSpeech Sense of SmellSense of Smell

Respiratory System OrgansRespiratory System Organs

NaresNares Nasal/Oral CavityNasal/Oral Cavity PharynxPharynx LarynxLarynx TracheaTrachea BronchiBronchi BronchiolesBronchioles AlveoliAlveoli

Is it better to breathe Is it better to breathe through your nose or through your nose or

mouth?mouth?

Why does your nose run?Why does your nose run?

CondensationCondensationDefense against dust, Defense against dust,

pathogenspathogensAllergiesAllergies

PharynxPharynxCommon passageway Common passageway for food and airfor food and air

Often gets inflamed Often gets inflamed Contains tonsilsContains tonsils

LarynxLarynx Contains voice box, epiglottis, Contains voice box, epiglottis,

thyroidthyroid Protected by cartilageProtected by cartilage Creates protrusion known as Creates protrusion known as

Adam’s appleAdam’s apple

TracheaTracheaProtected and held open by Protected and held open by

C shaped cartilage ringsC shaped cartilage ringsFlexible to allow large Flexible to allow large

masses of food to go masses of food to go through the esophagusthrough the esophagus

Heimlich ManeuverHeimlich Maneuver Can remove lodged items from the throatCan remove lodged items from the throat

IntubationIntubation

Inserting a tube to maintain an airwayInserting a tube to maintain an airway

TracheostomyTracheostomy Inserting a tube through the neck to create an Inserting a tube through the neck to create an

airway below a blockageairway below a blockage

BronchiBronchi Branches into left and right primary Branches into left and right primary

bronchibronchi Ciliated with C shaped cartilage ringsCiliated with C shaped cartilage rings Bronchi are further divided into secondary Bronchi are further divided into secondary

and tertiary bronchi (~1mm in diameter)and tertiary bronchi (~1mm in diameter) Most blockages show up in the right lung Most blockages show up in the right lung

because the right primary bronchi has a because the right primary bronchi has a steeper anglesteeper angle

BronchitisBronchitis Inflammation or infection of the bronchiInflammation or infection of the bronchi

BronchioleBronchiole Size regulates air pressureSize regulates air pressure Capable of stimulating ANS and causing Capable of stimulating ANS and causing

bronchoconstriction or bronchodilationbronchoconstriction or bronchodilation

AsthmaAsthma Bronchioles constrict so much that airflow is Bronchioles constrict so much that airflow is

almost completely blockedalmost completely blocked Can be caused by allergies, cold air, exertion Can be caused by allergies, cold air, exertion

or stress. Most often it is due to an illness or stress. Most often it is due to an illness such as the coldsuch as the cold

Symptoms = wheezing, coughing, shortness of Symptoms = wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath and chest tighteningbreath and chest tightening

Tx = bronchodilators Tx = bronchodilators

AlveoliAlveoli About 150 million alveoli per lungAbout 150 million alveoli per lung Give lung their spongy appearanceGive lung their spongy appearance Only place that gas exchange can Only place that gas exchange can

take placetake place Capillary network wraps around Capillary network wraps around

themthem

Gas ExchangeGas Exchange Takes place through simple Takes place through simple

diffusiondiffusion Diffusion = movement of Diffusion = movement of

materials from an area of high materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concetrationconcetration

Simple SquamousSimple SquamousAlveolar macrophagesAlveolar macrophages – –

WBC that gobble up dust WBC that gobble up dust and debrisand debris

Surfactant Surfactant – holds alveoli – holds alveoli open and reduces surface open and reduces surface tensiontension

PneumoniaPneumonia Inflammation of the alveolar Inflammation of the alveolar

clustersclusters Usually caused by normal flora Usually caused by normal flora

bacteria from mouth and throatbacteria from mouth and throat Bronchioles constrictBronchioles constrict Fluids leak into alveoliFluids leak into alveoli

LungsLungs Right side = 3 lobes (superior, Right side = 3 lobes (superior,

middle, inferior)middle, inferior) Left side = 2 lobes (superior, Left side = 2 lobes (superior,

inferior)inferior) Each lung is in its own pleural cavity Each lung is in its own pleural cavity

filled with fluid for lubricationfilled with fluid for lubrication

PneumothoraxPneumothorax When air gets into the pleural When air gets into the pleural

cavity due to injurycavity due to injury Collapses lungCollapses lung Air needs to be removed and Air needs to be removed and

the injury needs to be sealed offthe injury needs to be sealed off

HemothoraxHemothoraxBlood fills pleural cavityBlood fills pleural cavityCollapses lungCollapses lungBlood needs to be drained Blood needs to be drained

and the wound needs to be and the wound needs to be sealedsealed

SmokingSmoking 3 most dangerous 3 most dangerous

substances are: Tar, substances are: Tar, Nicotine, and CONicotine, and CO

Tar damages lung Tar damages lung tissuetissue

Nicotine and CO Nicotine and CO damages the heart and damages the heart and BVBV

A Few Puffs of Smoke=A Few Puffs of Smoke=

Paralyzed Paralyzed macrophagesmacrophages

Paralyzed ciliaParalyzed cilia Extra Mucus/tar Extra Mucus/tar

clogs alveoli clogs alveoli

Regular SmokingRegular Smoking Smokers CoughSmokers Cough Kills CiliaKills Cilia Kills AlveoliKills Alveoli Kills Kills

Macrophages = Macrophages = InfectionsInfections

Lifetime SmokersLifetime SmokersEmphysemaEmphysema- so - so

many alveoli are many alveoli are dead it is hard to dead it is hard to support lifesupport life

CancersCancers

Moving Air Into/Out of the LungsMoving Air Into/Out of the Lungs

InspirationInspiration = diaphragm contracts, = diaphragm contracts, rectus abdominus relaxes, rectus abdominus relaxes, ribs/sternum are elevated, thoracic ribs/sternum are elevated, thoracic cavity enlarges and lungs expandcavity enlarges and lungs expand

ExpirationExpiration = diaphragm relaxes, = diaphragm relaxes, rectus abominus contracts, rectus abominus contracts, ribs/sternum return to normal ribs/sternum return to normal positions, thoracic cavity reduces in positions, thoracic cavity reduces in size and the lungs deflatesize and the lungs deflate

SpirometrySpirometry

Figure 1

Tidal VolumeTidal Volume

Amount of air you Amount of air you move with normal move with normal breathingbreathing

TVTV

Figure 1

Residual VolumeResidual VolumeThe air that is The air that is always in your lungsalways in your lungs

About 1.5 litersAbout 1.5 litersRVRV

Figure 1

Inspiratory Reserve VolumeInspiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that The amount of air that you can inhale beyond you can inhale beyond the normal tidal volumethe normal tidal volume

IRVIRV

Figure 1

Expiratory Reserve Expiratory Reserve VolumeVolume

The amount of air you The amount of air you can forcefully exhale can forcefully exhale beyond the tidal volumebeyond the tidal volume

ERVERV

Vital CapacityVital CapacityThe maximum amount of The maximum amount of air that can be moved into air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory and out of the respiratory systemsystem

VCVC

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

alveolus

capillaryBlood flow is from the top to the bottom of the page

Dark red to blue

Bright red

QZ followsQZ follows

QZ - Respiratory SystemQZ - Respiratory System

11

What respiratory What respiratory volumevolume consists of one normal consists of one normal inspiration or one normal inspiration or one normal expiration?expiration?

22

What is the What is the anatomical term anatomical term for nostrils?for nostrils?

33

What volumes are added together What volumes are added together to calculate Total Lung Capacity?to calculate Total Lung Capacity?

Figure 1

44

What structure keeps What structure keeps food from going down food from going down your trachea?your trachea?

55

What major muscle aids in What major muscle aids in breathing and is it breathing and is it contracted or relaxed contracted or relaxed during an inspiration?during an inspiration?

BONUSBONUS

What kind of tissue What kind of tissue forms the walls of the forms the walls of the alveoli in the lungs?alveoli in the lungs?