respiration. cellular respiration a reaction that occurs in the mitochondria of the cell that...
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RespirationRespiration
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Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationA reaction that occurs in the mitochondria
of the cell that requires O2 and that breaks down the end products of glycolysis into CO2 and water while capturing large amounts of energy as ATP.
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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
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What does diffusion mean?What does diffusion mean?
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3 requirements that facilitate 3 requirements that facilitate diffusion in animal respiratory diffusion in animal respiratory
systemssystems
Respiratory surfaces must remain moistRespiratory surfaces must be very thinRespiratory system must have a large
surface area in contact with the environment
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Not all animals Not all animals have lungs or gillshave lungs or gills
Some animals breath through their skinHave thin, gas permeable skin that provides
adequate surface area for the diffusion of gases
Usually live in moist habitatsUsually have low metabolic demands
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Skin breathing animalsSkin breathing animals
Microscopic roundworm Flatworm
Sea jelly (jellyfish) Earthworm
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Gas exchange (animals with Gas exchange (animals with well-developed resp. systems)well-developed resp. systems)1. Air or water is moved past a respiratory
surface by bulk flow2. O2 and CO2 are exchanged through the
respiratory surface by diffusion3. Gases are transported between the
respiratory system and the tissues4. Gases are exchanged between the tissues
and the circulatory system by diffusion
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Gas ExchangeGas Exchange
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GillsGills
Respiratory structures of aquatic animalsMay be extensions of the body surface into
the surrounding waterOr may be elaborately folded or branched
structures that increase surface area for gas exchange
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GillsGills
Fish gills
Mexican axolotl
Shark
Mollusk
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Terrestrial animalsTerrestrial animals
Transition from water to land - animals had to evolve respiratory structures that were:– Protected – Supported – Covered with a film of water
Tracheae – insectsLungs – terrestrial vertebrates
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Tracheae - insectsTracheae - insects
Tracheae – elaborately branched internal tubes that convey air throughout the body
Are reinforced with chitin and found throughout the body tissues
Branch into microscopic tissues called tracheoles Which allow for gas exchange Spiracles – where air enters and leaves tracheae
(series of openings)
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Insect tracheael systemInsect tracheael system
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Terrestrial vertebrates use lungsTerrestrial vertebrates use lungs
Lungs – chambers containing moist respiratory surfaces that are protected within the body where water loss is minimized and the body wall provides support
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Terrestrial vertebratesTerrestrial vertebrates
Tadpoles Bullfrog
Coral snake
Painted bunting
Wildebeest
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Human respiratory systemHuman respiratory system
Can be divided into 2 parts:– Conducting portion– Gas-exchange portion
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Conducting portionConducting portion
Brings air to the lungs Air enters: Nose or mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Branches into 2 bronchi Brochioles Alveoli
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Larynx Larynx
Epiglottis – covers larynx and prevents food from entering
Contains Vocal Cords which are bands of elastic tissue controlled by muscles
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Human respiratory passageHuman respiratory passage
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Complications of the Complications of the respiratory passagesrespiratory passages
Smoking
Normal lung tissue Smokers lung
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EmphysemaEmphysema
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Complications Complications of the of the
respiratory respiratory passagespassages
Choking - Heimlich maneuver
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Complications of the Complications of the respiratory passagesrespiratory passages
Asthma
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Gas exchangeGas exchangeAlveoli – where gas exchange takes placeProvides large surface area for diffusionNetwork of capillaries cover most alveolar
surfaceRespiratory membrane
– Single layer of epithelial cells on alveoli (innermost portion)
– Single layer of endothelial cells that form the wall of each capillary
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Respiratory membraneRespiratory membraneDiffusion of CO2 and O2 is a short distance
between air and blood – only 2 layers of cells thick
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Alveoli Alveoli Surfactant lines alveoliThin layer of oily fluid that reduces surface
tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation
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Gas exchangeGas exchangeDeoxygenated blood coming from heart
– Blood - High in CO2; Low in O2– Arrives at the alveoli in the lungs– CO2 travels down concentration gradient
through respiratory membrane into air Air in lungs – High in O2; Low in CO2
– O2 travels down concentration gradient through respiratory membrane into blood
– Oxygenated blood returns to heart to be pumped throughout body
In the tissues, O2 diffuses into cells because the concentration of O2 is lower in the cells than in the blood
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Gas exchangeGas exchange
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Transport of gases – CO2Transport of gases – CO2 CO2 transported in 3 different ways
– A little is dissolved in plasma– Some loosely bound to hemoglobin (iron-
containing protein in red blood cells)
– Most forms bicarbonate ion – HCO3-
Diffuses into plasma; helps maintain proper blood pH
This reverses when capillaries flow past the alveoli
CO2 wants to move down its concentration gradient into alveoli
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Transport of gases – O2Transport of gases – O2
O2 carried by hemoglobin in red blood cellsHemoglobin can carry up to 4 O2 moleculesRemoves O2 from plasma, allowing O2 to
move down its concentration gradient from air to blood
Hemoglobin bound to O2 changes its shape and color
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HemoglobinHemoglobin
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Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoningCarbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
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BreathingBreathingInvoluntary 2 stages1. Inhalation
– Contracts diaphragm muscle – enlarges chest cavity
– At rest, diaphragm domes upward– Rib muscles contract – lift ribs up and
outward– As chest expands - lungs inflate – draws
in air2. Exhalation
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BreathingBreathing
Exhalation– Occurs automatically when muscles relax– Can also forcibly contract abdominal muscles
to exhale additional air
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BreathingBreathing