respiration
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Hasimah Azit
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Respiration Overview
EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
TRANSPORTATION
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ENERGY REQUIREMENT
FOR:• Muscle contraction• Active transport• Transmission of nerves• Formation of new organelle• Cell division• Maintain body temperature
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Cellular respiration is the process in which energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes
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• The process occurs in gradual steps that result in the conversion of the energy stored in glucose to usable chemical energy in the form of ATP
• Waste products (CO2 + H2O) are released through exhaled air, sweat and urine
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Cellular respiration
Substrate for energy production:
Glucose – obtain from food
Oxygen - from air
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– Aerobic respiration
– Anaerobic respiration
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Aerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy.
• 36 ATP molecules can be made per glucose
• reactions take place in the mitochondria
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mitochondria
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Chemical equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released (2898 kJ/mol)
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + E
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• Activities like sprinting require levels of energy that are greater than the body can produce with the aerobic (with oxygen) metabolism.
• For these activities, the body relies on anaerobic (without oxygen) processes.
Anaerobic respiration
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• Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism.
• It builds up to high levels within the muscles and eventually leads to fatigue during these high intensity activities.
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Anaerobic respiration• In the absence of oxygen
• Glucose undergoes a process of fermentation.
• in the cytoplasm
• In human cells the waste product is lactic acid.
• 2 ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration per glucose
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Chemical reaction for Anaerobic in muscle
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + E (150kJ mol−1)
[Glucose] [lactic acid] + Energy
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• Lactic acid will build up causes fatigue
• Fast and deep breathing – supply extra oxygen to :– breakdown lactic acid into CO2 and H2O– Converted back to glycogen
• The amount of O2 needed = oxygen debt
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Anaerobic in yeast
• In yeast, the waste product is ethanol and carbon dioxide
• Discuss:– The important of ethanol and carbon dioxide
production for human
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Comparison
Between aerobic and anaerobic respiration:
–Place
–Reaction
–Product
–Energy produced
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Characteristic of respiratory surfaces
• Large surface area for gas exchange
• Thin respiratory surface, one layer epithelial cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange.
• respiratory surfaces must be moist, gases can only cross cell membranes when they are dissolved in water or an aqueous solution
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Insect respiratory structure
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Tracheal system
• spiracles - openings on the sides of the thorax and abdomen
• usually one pair of spiracles per segment • The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular
exoskeleton that branch throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometers up to 0.8mm.
• The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and serve as sites of diffusion for oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Fish respiratory structure
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gills
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Fish gills• The gills of bony fishes are covered by an
operculum. They are four in number with intervening gill slits
• Branches of the afferent and efferent branchial arteries pass out to the tip of a gill filament on each side. A rich capillary network, cross-connecting these branches and at right angles to them, occupies each lamella.
• the water flows directly opposite to the flow of blood in the lamellar capillaries.
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Amphibian
• Frogs have three respiratory surfaces :– skin:
• Frogs can breathe through their skin while they are in wet places.
• They can also exchange gases between the blood vessels in it, and with its outer environment.
• There are also mucus glands in the skin, these keep the skin moist.
• Their skin absorbs a lot of dissolved oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere.
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– the thin membranes lining its mouth and pharynx.
– the lungs.
• Adult frogs have poorly developed lungs. Their lungs are used on dry land while the frogs are active.
• Gas exchanged by the lungs is used to make the vocal cords vibrate. They are located in the larynx, and are necessary for the sound generated by a frog.
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• The frog inhales and exahales– When the frog breathes, the air enters the
mouth. The floor of the mouth drops, and the external nares open.
– The floor of the mouth rises and falls in a rhythmic pattern. These movements are interrupted by a rapid expansion and contraction of the sides of the body wall at less frequent intervals.
– At rest, frogs usually breathe through the lining of the mouth. This process only fills the lung occasionally.
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Human respiratory structure
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General structure of human respiratory system
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• The lungs are large, lobed, paired organs
• in the thoracic cavity• Thin sheets of epithelium (pleura)
separate the inside of the chest cavity from the outer surface of the lungs.
• The bottom of the thoracic cavity is formed by the diaphragm.
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Lung
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• Bronchi are reinforced by cartilage ring to prevent their collapse
• They are lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus-producing cells.
• Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles.
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• Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli.
• Alveoli are surrounded by a network of thin-walled capillaries.
• Only about 0.2 µm separate the alveoli from the capillaries due to the extremely thin walls of both structures.
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alveolus
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Ventilation • the mechanics of breathing in and out
• inhalation, – muscles in the chest wall contract, – lifting the ribs and pulling them, outward – diaphragm at this time moves downward
enlarging the chest cavity
• Reduced air pressure in the lungs causes air to enter the lungs.
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• Exhalation – muscles in the chest wall relax, – lifting the ribs and pulling them, outward – diaphragm at this time moves downward
enlarging the chest cavity
• Increased air pressure in the lungs causes air to exit the lungs.
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• Diffusion is the movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration.
• The differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are measured by partial pressures.
• The greater the difference in partial pressure the greater the rate of diffusion.
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Gas exchange alveolus
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Gas exchange
• Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus is higher than in alveolar blood capillaries
• Oxygen from the air dissolve in water [moist] at alveoli lining and diffuse in blood
• Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin.
• Oxyhaemoglobin is carried to all body cells by blood circulation
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From cell to blood
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Carbon dioxide - transported from the body cells back to the lungs as:
• 1 - bicarbonate (HCO3) - 60% – formed when CO2 (released by cells making
ATP) combines with H2O
• 2 - carbaminohemoglobin - 30% – formed when CO2 combines with hemoglobin
(hemoglobin molecules that have given up their oxygen)
• 3 - dissolved in the plasma - 10%
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• Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction, from capillary blood to alveolar air.
• Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than in the alveoli
• Carbon dioxide diffuse out to the alveoli
• Exhalation follows, to get rid of the carbon dioxide and completing the cycle of respiration.
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From blood to alveolus
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What are differences between inhaled and exhaled air?
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Regulatory mechanism
• After vigorous exercise the rate of respiration increase and heartbeat increase– To supply more oxygen to the muscle – To eliminate more carbon dioxide from the
muscle
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Resting stage
• Breathing rate = 16 – 18 breaths/minute
• Heartbeat rate = 60 – 80 beats/minute
After activities• Breathing rate = 30 – 40 breaths/minute
• Heartbeat rate = 120 – 150 beats/minute
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• Vigorous exercise = concentration in the blood CO2 increase
• CO2 dissolve in water forming carbonic acid• pH blood drop• Detected by central chemoreceptor in medulla
oblongata• Nerve impulse send to respiratory centre • Resp. cen. send impulse to intercostal muscle
and diaphragm • Ventilation increase
Regulatory mechanism of O2 and CO2
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CO2 Water
Carbonic acid pH
Central chemoreceptor [medulla oblongata]
Respiratory centre
Intercostals muscle diaphragm
Ventilation faster CO2 eliminate faster
Detected by
Impulse send
Impulse send
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Respiration in plant
• Occurs all the time
• In daylight photosynthesis produces plenty of oxygen
• Used by plant in respiration processes
• At night O2 from atmosphere is used for respiration
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Compare respiration and photosynthesis