respiration
TRANSCRIPT
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• Overview: Life Is Work• Overview: Life Is Work
• Living cells
– Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many taskssources to perform their many tasks
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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• The giant panda• The giant panda
– Obtains energy for its cells by eating plants
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.1
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• Energy• Energy
– Flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Light energy
ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM
CO + H O
Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
C ll lOrganic
+ OCO2 + H2O Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
molecules+ O2
ATP
powers most cellular work
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HeatenergyFigure 9.2
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Capacity to do work
Kinetic energy› energy of motion› moving objects perform work by imparting motion to › moving objects perform work by imparting motion to
other matter› Water gushing through dam turn turbines› Light to power photosynthesis› Light to power photosynthesis
Potential energySt d › Stored energy
› Based on location or structure› Energy stored in molecules
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Totality of an organism’s chemical processCATABOLIC PATHWAYSCATABOLIC PATHWAYS
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compoundsmolecules to simpler compoundsCellular respiration
ANABOLIC PATHWAYSConsume energy to build complicated molecules f i l from simpler onesProtein synthesis from amino acids
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ExergonicExergonic› Proceeds with a net release of energy› occurs spontaneously› “Downhill”
Endergonic› Absorbs free energy from its surrounding
St f › Stores free energy› Non spontaneous› “Uphill”› Uphill
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Transfer of electrons from a LESS electronegative substance to a MORE
l i b ?electronegative substance?
Downhill reaction or Uphill reaction?
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Adenosine TriphosphateImmediate source of energy that powers cellular work
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Phosphates bonds are so fragile
V t bl- Very unstable
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When ATP is hydrolyzed, it releases free energyenergy
Th ll l th t The cell couples the energy to endergonicendergonic process process by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to some phosphate group from ATP to some other molecule
PHOSPHORYLATIONPHOSPHORYLATION
Phosphorylated intermediate- more Phosphorylated intermediate more reactive (less stable)
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-Aerobic respiration-Fermentation Fermentation
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“The wholesale release of energy from fuel is difficult to harness efficiently for
i k”constructive work”
Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in one step
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Three metabolic stages1. Glycolysisy y
› Cytosol› Breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
2. Krebs cycle› Mitochondrial matrix› Decomposes pyruvate into CO› Decomposes pyruvate into CO2
3. Electron Transport chain and oxidative phosphorylationphosphorylation
› Inner membrane of mitochondria
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Substrate phosphorylationphosphorylation› When any enzyme
transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADPADP
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Oxidative phosphorylation› Electrons are passed from one electron acceptor › Electrons are passed from one electron acceptor
to another› Energy released at each step is used to make ATP› Accounts for 90% of ATP generated
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1. Energy investment Phasegy2. Energy payoff phase
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Glucose enters the cell
DEBIT: 2 ATP molecules
Ready for splitting
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Downhill reaction
S b t t h h l ti
Water extraction forms double bond
Substrate phosphorylation
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Aka Citric Acid Cycley
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•Occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria
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Inc electronegativityInc electronegativity
Final electron acceptoracceptor
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ETC makes no ATP directly
How does the mitochondrion couple ETC and energy release to ATP synthesis?gy y
CHEMIOSMOSIS
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H+ gradient couples the redox reactions of ETC to ATP synthesisPROTON MOTIVE FORCE
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NADH- 3 pumps= 3 ATPsNADH 3 pumps= 3 ATPsFADH2 – 2 pumps= 2 ATPs
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Fermentation enables some cells to Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
Cellular respiration› Relies on oxygen to produce ATPyg p
In the absence of oxygenyg› Cells can still produce ATP through
fermentation
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GlycolysisGlycolysis› Can produce ATP with or without oxygen, in
aerobic or anaerobic conditionsaerobic or anaerobic conditions› Couples with fermentation to produce ATP
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Fermentation consists ofFermentation consists of› Glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+,
which can be reused by glyocolysiswhich can be reused by glyocolysis
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In alcohol fermentation› Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps,
one of which releases CO2
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D i l ti id f t tiDuring lactic acid fermentation› Pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form
lactate as a waste productlactate as a waste product
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Both fermentation and cellular respiration› Use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other
organic fuels to pyruvate
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Fermentation and cellular respiration› Differ in their final electron acceptorCellular respiration› Produces more ATP
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• Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism• Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolismGlucose
CYTOSOL
PyruvateNo O2 present O presentNo O2 presentFermentation
O2 presentCellular respiration
Ethanolor
lactate
Acetyl CoAMITOCHONDRION
CitricCitricacidcycle
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.18
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Comparison of ETC in Photosynthesis and Respiration Respiration
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Mitochondria ChloroplastMitochondriaElectrons from food molecules (oxidation
ChloroplastDo not need food to make ATPmolecules (oxidation
of food molecules)make ATP
light drives the gelectron flow down an ETC and H+ gradient formationformation.