RESOURCESRESOURCES IN COMMUNITY IN COMMUNITY

CARE, CAPLAN’S MODEL:A CARE, CAPLAN’S MODEL:A

PSYCHIATRIC NURSING PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

APPROACHAPPROACH

Celente FrenchVPEK 874Dr. E. Du Plessis13/3/2014

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Outcomes:Outcomes:Evaluate Caplan’s approach regarding the

contribution of resources in the promotion, maintenance and restoration of mental health in the community.

Analyse psychiatric nursing approaches as professional resource in the promotion, maintenance and restoration of community mental health.

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Evaluate Caplan’s approach regarding Evaluate Caplan’s approach regarding the contribution of resources in the the contribution of resources in the promotion, maintenance and promotion, maintenance and restoration of mental health in the restoration of mental health in the community.community. According to Caplan (1961: 1) we cannot aim at

removing problems from the world in order to ensure satisfaction of everyone, illness and death will always be present, however, by means of assisting leaders in the community to arrange facilities in a manner to solve problems in a healthy way. Caplan (1961:8) states that the use of resources within the community can have a tremendous effect on the wellbeing and health of the population.

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According to Erchull (1995:23) Caplanian mental health consultation began in 1949 when Gerald Caplan was charged with caring for the mental health needs of 16 000 immigrant children in more than 100 institutions, these s=circumstances gave rise to alternative, indirect service model. Instead of meeting clients in central places, staff members travelled to institutions.

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Consultants and principles:Consultants and principles:(Erchull, 1995:25)(Erchull, 1995:25)1. By understanding the ecological field, one can guide

the development of consultation.2. Explicate consultation contracts.3. Maintain non-coersiveness in consultant

relationships.4. Promote consultee-centered consultations.5. Avoid uncovering types of psychotherapy.6. make use of the displacement object.7. foster orderly reflection8. widen frames of reference.9. train those who consult to become consultants.

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According to Boyd (2005:32)

primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of the public health field was embraced in order to understand how statistics of population disorders can be decreased, later it was discovered that the same techniques and methods assist in maintaining and promoting mental health within he community.

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Caplan’s modelCaplan’s modelAccording to Caplan (1961) the term

community health refers to a process of lifting mental health among community members, and decreasing the amount of mental disorders within the community.

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Caplan’s ModelCaplan’s Model According to Boyd (2005:32)

preventative psychiatry was born through Caplan’s model in order to achieve three different goals:

Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention

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Caplan’s Model (Boyd, 2005:32)Caplan’s Model (Boyd, 2005:32)Primary prevention reduce occurrence

of mental health disorders in the community. Restrict access to suicide methods, establishment of community based services, educating public and healthcare professionals.

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(Boyd, 2005:32)(Boyd, 2005:32)Secondary prevention hotlines and

short term hospitalizations for patients with attempted suicide or mental disorders to lower the prevalence of this condition. Reduce the duration of the disorder in order to reduce their prevalence within the community. Early diagnosis and treatment.

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(Boyd, 2005:32)(Boyd, 2005:32)Tertiary prevention aims at decreasing

the residual disabilities my means of reducing dysfunctional roles within the occupation. Rehabilitation services aimed at returning the ill to optimal health.

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Caplans modelCaplans modelAccording to Boyd (2005:32) community

prevention programs are based according to global rick factors or target risk factors.

Global risk factors: poverty, prejudice, inadequate living environments.

Target risk factors: biophysical stressors related to mental health disorders.

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Analyse psychiatric nursing Analyse psychiatric nursing approaches as professional resource approaches as professional resource in the promotion, maintenance and in the promotion, maintenance and restoration of community mental restoration of community mental health.health.According to Woodhouse (2010:178) there is

an increasing need for promotion of mental health in various countries. Mental well-being is an essential resource to enhance coping with stressors and challenges, communities require support in order to achieve and maintain their mental health.

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Mental health promotion requires

collaboration of services, settings and resources and it is aimed at the development of approaches to enhance the functioning of individuals and communities to understand and respond to mental health issues. (Woodhouse, 2010:178)

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According to Woodhouse (2010:178)

mental health prevention, and promotions fall within the same category and are aimed at the same goal. Psychiatric nurses within the community setting have become the addressors of psychiatric illness within the community, and they are the ones responsible for clarifying issues and misunderstandings related to mental health in the community. 15

Woodhouse (2010:180) states that evidence based practice of using community members as a resources. Actively engaging these members leads to promotion of services.

The implemantation of health within schools, geriatric centers and other resources in the community has also led to a wider based range of care in the community and has granted better access for all.

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Woodhouse (2010:181) states that nationally and internationally it is clear that mental health prevention and promotion programs are effective in families, young people, as well as in children but one of the biggest challenges of nurses is translating and application of evidence based practice into our everyday practice.

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Woodhouse (2010:182) suggests that self reflection is essential to ensure best practice in patients and communities, knowing who we are in relation to practice and promotion can lead us and prepare us for future roles we might have in our work. In order to promote our role as community mental health nursing, we need patience, persistence, and tenacity.

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Mental illness and mental health needs to be valued and understood by communities, mental health nurses have a crucial role to facilitate acceptance by promoting the acknowledgement of patients, and fulfilling our role of promotion, education, consultation, and support (Woodhouse, 2010:187)

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Application in nursingApplication in nursing According to Carnes(1992) professionals have been impacted by

HIV, testing and caring for patients can cause emotional and cognitive responses and the high level of care required by patients can increase burnout in staff. Carnes (1992) suggests that professionals should be allowed to consult with one another as a psychological support program can ensure the functionality of nurses. The cooperation between psychiatric nursing specialists and other staff has proved to be efficient to provide emotional support for nurses. Carnes (19992) suggests that Caplan’s consultation model and the use thereof can provide efficient support for professionals to enhance their coping abilities and reduce burnout in the workplace.

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According to Caplan (1961:12) patients

have a drastic influence on the coping and functioning of professionals, thus Caplan suggests that caretakers need to be able to consult with other professionals in order to maintain their own mental health and stability. Supporting professionals can improve the level of care they render to their patients, thus the community is seen as a whole.

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Caplan (1961) states that nursing has it’s own

subculture and the quality of care we render to patient’s may have an impact on their mental health in the future. According to Caplan (1961) the persona of the nurse changes due to her working environment and her individual personality and professional persona may start to overlap or even conflict, this can have a negative impact on nurse as well as her patients, the consultation model will help to develop “professional armour” that the nurse can use to maintain her personal life, while playing the role of a professional.

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summarysummary Mental health consultation has a holistic approach that is not just

focused on patient’s but also on the professionals who care for patients.

According to Caplan (1961:12) patients have a drastic influence on the coping and functioning of professionals, thus Caplan suggests that caretakers need to be able to consult with other professionals in order to maintain their own mental health and stability.

Carnes (1992) suggests that professionals should be allowed to consult with one another as a psychological support program can ensure the functionality of nurses. The cooperation between psychiatric nursing specialists and other staff has proved to be efficient to provide emotional support for nurses.

If nurses are well sought after, their level of care towards the community will improve, and thus the mental health of the community will increase.

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BibliographyBibliography Boyd, M,A. Psychiatric nursing. Contemporary practice. 2004. Philadelphia.

Lippincott Willliams & Wilkins. http://books.google.co.za/books?id=aGcGVtBnqQC&pg=PA32&dq=psychiatric+nursing+caplans+models&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9s09U5HfGqK27Qaju4GoCQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=psychiatric%20nursing%20caplans%20model&false Date of access: 1/4/14

Caplan, G. 1961. The international bahavioural and social sciences library. An approach to community mental health. New York. Routledge. http:books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Baj8AQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=caplan+an+approach+to+community+mental+health&ots=Heubsmaky&sig=t3jimaBrBVbYPf92plWshVjb3Vk#v=onepage&q=caplan%20an%20approach%20to%20community%20mental%20health&f=false Date of access: 1/4/14

Carnes, B.A. 1992. Caring for the professional caregiver: the application of Caplan's model of consultation in the era of HIV. Issues Ment Health NursIing. 13(4):357-67. PubMed PMID: 1478862. Date of access: 4/4/14

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Erchul, W. 1995. A contemporary View of Mental Health Consultation: Comments on “Types

of mental health consultation” by Gerald Caplan (1963). Journal of educaional and psychological consuktation, 6(1), 32-30. http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.nwulib.nwu.ac.za/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=30679ad3-a304-4b59-b2a2-6eb37cd6a668%40sessionmgr4003&vid=2&hid=4111 Date of access: 2/4/14

Woodhouse, A. 2010. Is there a future in mental health promotion and consultation for nurses? Contemporary nurse 34(2): 177-189. http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.nwulib.nwu.ac.za/ehost/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=33a6dfc6-7f2f-4e37-83a9-acb59a52e05a%40sessionmgr400&hid=4202 Date of access: 2/4/14

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