RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT Multiple choice questions (i) Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore? (a) Renewable(b) Biotic(c) Flow (d) Non-renewable ► (d) Non-renewable

(ii) Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put?(a) Replenishable (b) Human-made(c) Abiotic(d) Non-recyclable ► (a) Replenishable (iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?(a) Intensive cultivation(b) Deforestation (c) Over irrigation (d) Overgrazing► (c) Over irrigation (iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?(a) Punjab(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (c) Haryana(d) Uttarakhand ► (d) Uttarakhand (v) In which of the following states is black soil found? (a) Jammu and Kashmir(b) Gujarat(c) Rajasthan (d) Jharkhand ► (b) Gujarat Page No: 13 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words: (i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it. (ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil. (iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas? (iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

Answer (i) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are states having black soil.Cotton is mainly grown in black soil. (ii) Alluvial Soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Three features of alluvial soil:→ Alluvial soils are very fertile.→ They are ideal for growing sugarcane, wheat and paddy. → The regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. (iii) In hilly areas, soil erosion can be controlled by ploughing across contour-lines, making use of terrace farming techniques and using strips of grasses to check soil erosion by wind and water. (iv) Biotic Resources: The resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are called Biotic Resources. For example, animals and plants including human beings.Abiotic Resources: The resources which are composed of non- living things are called Abiotic Resources. For example, water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy etc. 3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words. (i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61? (ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources? Ans

(i) Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land.

(ii) Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and industry.

(iii) According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 22.5% is covered by forests, and 3.45% is used for grazing.

(iv) The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.

(v) The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after Green Revolution, developmental works and infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forests areas.

(vi) Industrialisation and urbanisation also decreased the forest area. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.

ANS (ii) Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources on account of various factors such as: → Technological development provides sophisticated equipments. As a result, production increases ultimately leading to consumption of more resources.→ Technological development also leads to economic development. When the economic condition of a country rises, the needs of people also rise. It again results into more consumption of resources.→ Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies. It helps to make or convert various materials found around us into resources. Finally, it results into the consumption of new available resources too. NOTES: Resource: Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals are called natural resources. Resources are materials which can be transformed in such a way that they become more valuable and useful for fulfilling human needs. Types of Resources: Resources are classified into various categories such as natural and human-made, renewable and non-renewable, individual, community, national and international resources. Natural and Human-Made or Man-Made Resources: Natural resources include land, soil, water, vegetation, wildlife, minerals and power resources. Resources created by humans are called human-made resources like engineering, technology, machines, buildings, monuments, paintings and social institutions.

Biotic and Abiotic Resources: Resources obtained from the biosphere like forests, wildlife, fisheries, livestock, human beings, etc., which have life, are called biotic resources. Resources which are obtained from non-living things are called abiotic resources. Iron, copper, gold and lead are abiotic resources. Human Resources: These resources are made up of the human beings living in the world. They are the most important resource of a nation. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources: Some resources have the ability to renew themselves in a given period of time. Plants and animals have the ability to regenerate. Minerals are non-renewable resources. They cannot be remade. Some of the important renewable resources are water, forests, solar, wind and tidal energy. Resource Development: Some natural resources cannot be used directly. While using the natural resources, we must keep in mind the nature, type and the size of the resources. Ocean water, solar energy, wind energy and climate are inexhaustible resources. Iron, tin, copper, gold and silver are exhaustible but reusable resources. We must reuse and recycle the resources. Resource Planning: This is a technique or skill of proper utilisation of resources. Resource planning consists of three stages: — Preparation of inventory of resources — This stage includes surveying, mapping and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources.Evaluation in terms of availability for development — This stage includes the examination of resources from the point of view of technology, economy and need. Planning of exploitation of resources — This stage is related with systematic planning which emphasises on the use and reuse of the resources. Resource planning helps to reduce wastage and keeps the environment pollution free. Conservation of resources — The management of resources by the humans is known as conservation. It is the judicious and planned use of the natural resources.

Land resources — India has a variety of relief features like mountains, plateaus and plains.43% of the country is covered by plains and they provide cultivable land for growing crops.30% of the country is covered by mountains and they provide natural resources like forests and wildlife. 27% of the country is covered by plateaus which contain mineral resources, forests and some arable land. Total area of India is 3.28 million square kilometres. 44% of the total land area of India is the net sown area. 22% is covered by forests, 4% is culturable waste, 11% is fallow land, 4% are permanent pastures, 14% land is not available for cultivation and 1% is covered by miscellaneous tree crops. The land use pattern in India is determined by both physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability, and culture and traditions etc. The degradation of natural vegetation is caused by overgrazing by animals, deforestation, careless management of forests and degradation of land. At present, about 130 million hectares of degraded land exists in India. Soil: The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, which is loose, fragmented and useful for plants is called soil. Soil Formation: The factors that contribute to the formation and fertility of the soil are parent rocks, climate, plant, animal and local topography. The soils are made out of rocks. The rocks disintegrate and decompose under the processes of weathering and erosion. Soil Types: The soils of India are classified into the following types — 1.Alluvial Soil2 Black Soil3 Red Soil4 Laterite Soil 5 Mountain Soil 6 Desert Soil. Alluvial Soil: It is of two types — khadar and bangar. It is found mainly in the Northern Plains and Coastal Strips of the Eastern Coast. Black Soil: It is derived from the Deccan Traps. It occurs in areas like Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. It is known for the cultivation of cotton. Red Soil: It is formed in areas of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is found in parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand.

Laterite Soil: It is the intensively leached soil of the monsoon climate. It is found in the hills of the Deccan, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and parts of Assam and Meghalaya. Mountain Soil: It is characterised by the deposition of organic materials derived from the vegetative cover. It is found in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern ranges, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Desert Soil: It is found in the arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. Soil Erosion: The removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agent is called soil erosion. Conservation of lands and plantation of trees are the methods adopted to reduce soil erosion. • Resources• Classification of Resources→ On the basis of origin→ On the Basis of Exhaustibility→ On the Basis of Ownership→ On the Basis of the Status of Development• Development of Resources• Resource Planning• Land Resources→ Land Resources in India• Land Use Pattern in India• Land Degradation and Conservation measures • Soil as a Resource• Classification of Soils→ Alluvial Soils→ Black Soil→ Red and Yellow Soils→ Laterite Soils→ Arid Soils→ Forest Soils• Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Resources • Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’. Classification of Resources • The resources can be classified as:→ On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic→ On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable→ On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international→ On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves. On the Basis of Origin

• Biotic Resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. • Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals. On the Basis of Exhaustibility • Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc. • Non-Renewable Resources: The resources once consumed cannot be replaced are known as non-renewable resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. For example: Oil, Coal etc. On the Basis of Ownership • Individual Resources: The resources owned privately by individuals are called Individual resources. For example: Plot, houses etc. owned by a person. • Community Owned Resources: The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. For example: Public parks, picnic spots owned by a community. • National Resources: The resources which come under nation are known as National Resources. Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. • International Resources: The resources lying beyond 200 kms of Exclusive Economic Zone in the oceans are called International Resources. No one can use these resources without the permission of international institutions. On the Basis of the Status of Development • Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example: the regions Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy. • Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. • Stock: The resources that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due a lack of technology. For example: water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy but we don't have technical know-how to use them.

• Reserves: The resources that have been surveyed and we can use them with present technology but their use has not been started are known as Reserves. For example: the water in the dams, forests etc. Development of Resources • Resources are vital for human survival. • It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature so, human beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to the following major problems:→ Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.→ Accumulation of resources in few hands which divides the society into rich and poor.→ Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. • For a sustained quality of life and global peace, an equitable distribution of resources has become essential. • For using resources judiciously, we need to adopt sustainable economic development. • Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. Resource Planning • Resource planning is a complex process which involves:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Land Resources • Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.→ It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems. • Land is present in limited size so we must use them effectively. Land Resources in India • About 43 percent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry. • About 30 percent of the total surface area of the country are mountains which ensure perennial flow of some rivers and provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. • About 27 per cent of the area of the country is the plateau region that possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests. Land Use Pattern in India • The use of land is determined by:→ Physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types→ Human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc. • Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. → Also, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed. Land Degradation and Conservation measures • Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying contributed in land degradation. • Measures to control land degradation: → Afforestation→ Planting of shelter belts of plants→ control on over grazing stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes → Proper management of waste lands→ control of mining activities

Soil as a Resource • Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. • It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. Classification of Soils On the basis of the factors responsible for soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soils of India can be classified in different types: • Alluvial Soils: → Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil.→ Also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.→ Fertile soil therefore, fit for agriculture purpose.→ Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.→ Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. • Black Soil:→ Black in colour and are also known as regur soils.→ Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.→ Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.→ Made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material.→ Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.→ Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. • Red and Yellow Soils:→ Found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.→ Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

→ Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. • Laterite Soils:→ Develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.→ Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.→ Suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.→ Low Humus content because decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed due to high temperature. • Arid Soils:→ Found in the western parts of Rajasthan.→ After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable.→ Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high temperature make evaporation faster. → Salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water. • Forest Soils:→ Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.→ Feature differs based on location.→ Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.→ Silt in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile. Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation • Natural ways of Soil erosion: Wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion. • Human activities: Deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc., contributes in soil erosion. Measures to control Soil erosion:→ Strip cropping→ Planting shelter belts→ In the hilly areas, using contour ploughing and terrace farming.

Q-1: Write a short note on classification of resources. Ans: The resources can be classified in the following ways –(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable(c) On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international(d) On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.

Q-2Give the difference between renewable resources and non-renewable resources with examples. Ans:The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. While Non-renewable resources are resources that take millions of years in their formation.

Q-3Give the two factors that determine soil fertility. Ans: 1) Soil fertility depends on is composition. Sandy soil is not suitable for agriculture as they do not retain water which the plant roots need for survival. The ideal soils contain a mixture of sand and clay.2) The humus content determines soil fertility. Organic farm yard manures improve the humus content. Q-4 What is the classification of alluvial soil on the basis of their age ? Mention their characteristics. Ans: Apart from the size of their grains or components, soils are also classified on the basis of their age. According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more .ne particles and is more fertile than the bangar.

Q-5Give a short note on reserves.

ANS:Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know- how’ but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. River water can be used for generating

hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilized only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future.

Q-6Major problem faced due to the indiscriminate use of resources by Man- Discuss.Ans:Human beings used the resources indiscriminately and this has led to the following problems.1) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.2) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two, segments i.e. haves and have-nots or rich and poor.Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises.

Q-7Write a paragraph on resource planning.Ans:Resource planning is a complex process, which involves:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Q-8What was the views of Gandhiji on resource conservation?Ans:Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in the following words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He placed the greedy and sel.sh individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.

Q-9Name the five types of land resource.Ans:Land resources are made up of:

1. Forests2. Land not available for cultivation:(a) Barren and waste land(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land):(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land, (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),(c) Cultivable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years). 4. Fallow lands(a) Current fallow (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),(b) Other than current fallow- (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).5. Net sown area-Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

Q-10 What are the factors that determine the use of land? Ans: The use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, and soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc. Q-11What has significantly contributed to land degradation? Ans: Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial eluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.

Q-12 How can the problem of deforestation be solved? Ans: There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation. 1.Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.2.Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes 3. In industrial and suburban areas, proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial eluents and wastes after treatment. Q-13Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. Explain. Ans: It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system. It takesmillions of years to form soil up to a few cm in depth. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes, which take place in the soil, are equally important. Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials. Q-14Give a brief note on the productivity of alluvial soil.Ans:Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation. The black soils are made up of extremely .ne i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents. They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

Q-16 Give a brief note on arid soil. Ans: Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water. Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture. The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards. The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water. After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.

Q-17Mention any two methods for reducing fallow land.Ans:The two methods for reducing fallow Land are:1. Use fertilizers2. Crop rotation or multiple cropping.

Q-18What are the two disturbing features of land – use pattern?Ans:The two distributing features of land-use pattern are:1.Forests2.Barren wastelands.

Q-19Give two characteristics of alluvial soil.Ans:Two main characteristics of alluvial soil are:1. Alluvial soil is the most widespread soil in India.2. It is made by deposits brought down by the rivers year after year and are very fertile,They are very suitable for cultivation. Q-20What was the root cause for resources depletion at the global level, according to Gandhiji?Ans:(i) Greedy and selfish nature of the individual.(ii) Exploitation nature of modern technology.

Q-21What are the problems faced due to mismanagement of resources?Ans:(i) Over utilization of resources leads to their depletion.(ii) Over utilization of the resources leads to environment degradation.

Q-22What is conservation of resources?Ans:It is defined as the management of the resources by humans. It aims at satisfying the needs of the present generations as well as the aspirations of the future generations.

Q-23 What is resource planning? Ans: It is a widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources, eg Dalhousie has vast forest resources but lacks in infrastructural facilities. Hence planning is required in developing the resources. Q-24Give the importance of human beings as an essential component of resource? Ans: Man transforms material available in our environment into resources uses them. Thus Man is considered as an important component of the Resource. eg. Wood is a material when it is utilized it become a piece of furniture, which is a resource.

Q-25 Define Resource. Ans: Everything available in our environment, which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible, economically flexible and culturally acceptable, can be termed as resource.

ECONOMICS- DEVELOPMENT

Exercises 1. Development of a country can generally be determined by ………… (i) its per capita income(ii) its average literacy level(iii) health status of its people (iv) all the above ► (iv) all the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India? (i) Bangladesh(ii) Sri Lanka(iii) Nepal (iv) Pakistan ► (ii) Sri Lanka 3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family? (i) Rs 7500(ii) Rs 3000(iii) Rs 2000 (iv) Rs 6000 ► (iv) Rs 6000 4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? Ans: Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitation of this criterion are: → It doesn't show distribution of income.→ It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc. 5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? Ans: World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality, healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive. 6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development. Ans: We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. This does not show distribution of thing between people. For an example, if a country has very high per capita income then we can't say that citizen living in that country are very rich

because we are not knowing about the distribution of wealth in that country. Some people might be richer while other people are very poorer in that country. 7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss. Ans: No, I do not agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab because, human development ranking is determined using a combination of factors such as health, education, and income. So, this does not imply that per capita income is not useful. Rather, per capita income is one of the development factors and can not be neglected. The World Bank uses per capita income as the criterion for measuring development and comparing states. But this criterion has certain limitations because of which determination of Human Development Index (HDI) is done using this criterion along with some other development factors like health, education etc. 8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now? Ans: The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cow dung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out. 9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Ans: The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress. Page No: 17 10. "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

Ans: "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough resources- renewable and non-renewable to satisfy everyone's needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keep the environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and use is maintained, and shortages are avoided. 11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you. Ans: Few examples of environmental degradation: → Deforestation→ Soil erosion→ Falling levels of ground water → Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution→ Water Pollution 2. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom. TABLE 1.6 SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2004 Answer (i) Per Capita Income in US$: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar(ii) Life Expectancy at birth: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar (iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Bangladesh(iv) Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Pakistan (v) HDI Rank in the world: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Nepal

13. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions. REFER THE TEXT BOOK: (i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. (ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words. Ans: (i) The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh. (ii) There is enough food in the country, even then 40% of the people in the country are undernourished because:→ A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food. → In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items.→ There is lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many people remain backward and poor. As such, they are unable to get nutritious food. Q.1: Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why? (a) Because people are different.(b) Because life situations of persons are different. ANS: (b) Because life situations of persons are different. The requirements vary according to the living conditions of people. Therefore, people seek those things that are most important to them, i.e. the things which can fulfill their aspirations and desires. Q.2: Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer: (a) People have different developmental goals.(b) People have conflicting developmental goals. ANS: No, the above two statements do not have the same meaning. This can be justified by the following example -A boy from a rich urban family desires to get quality education and capital to invest. On the other hand, an Adivasi from Narmada

valley wants rehabilitation and regular work. These developmental goals are different but not conflicting. Q.3: Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives. ANS: There are factors other than income which are also important aspects in our lives. For example,(1) In the case of rural woman, gender equality is more important factor than income.(2) For scheduled castes and tribes social equality, self-confidence and self-esteem are more important factor than income. (3) Similarly in the case of child labour, proper education and freedom are more important factor than income.(4) Job security is more important than more income for a casual labour. Q.4: Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea, etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning.A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals contracted a local company of Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.

(i) Who are the people who benefitted and who did not?(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?

ANS Q.4: (i) The local company owner and the multinational company benefitted while a large number of innocent local people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.(ii) The developmental goals for this country should be to frame and have proper, strict rules and laws regarding the pollution and safer-environment etc. People or any organization violating these laws, causing environmental hazards should be punished by the government according to these laws. Also the country should create

arrangements for proper disposal of industrial wastes and better healthcare for the people. Q.5: Based on data given in Table 1.2 (COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES, textbook page 9), calculate the average income for both the countries. (i) Will you be equally happy to live in both these countries? (ii) Are both equally developed? ANS: (i) No, we shall not be equally happy to live in both these countries. This is because; country B does not have equitable distribution of income.(ii) No, both countries are not equally developed. Country A has equitable distribution of income. On the other hand in country B, 4 out of 5 citizens are poor. Q.6: Give three examples where an average is used for comparing the situations. ANS: In the following cases, an average can be used for comparing the situations: 1. To compare the performance of cricket players,

2. We find out average daily income to compare income and living status of a casual labour.

3. Average is used for comparing performance of students in an examination.

Q.7: Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain. ANS: For comparison between countries, total income is not useful measure as countries have different populations and so, total income does not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Therefore, average income or per capita income which is the total income of the country divided by its population, as an important criterion for development.

Q.8: Beside size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies? ANS: Per capita income is useful for comparison. But it does not indicate how this income is distributed among people. So, apart from the size of per capita income, equitable distribution of income is important in comparing two or more societies.

Q.9: Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this can we conclude that all sections o the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example. ANS: No, the increase in average income of a country over a period does not mean that all sections of the economy have become better. Let us take an example from India. Average income of India has continuously been increasing since independence except in some particular years, but share of agriculture in total income of the economy has been decreasing.

Q.10: Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country. ANS: To become a developed country, India should accelerate its GDP growth. Special emphasis should be given on agriculture and small scale industries.More than 60% of India’s labour force is engaged agriculture sector which contribute only about 27% in GDP. Moreover, in the globalization process, this sector has been neglected. As a result, the growth rate of this sector has decreased. There is urgent need to increase its growth rate by providing modern agricultural inputs, training, credit, marketing facilities etc. to the farmers. Just to compare nearly 15% of Chinese labour force involved in industry sector contribute more than 50% in Chinese GDP. On the other hand, about 16% of our labour force engaged in industry sector contributes only 25% in India’s GDP. So, we need to develop our infrastructure, labour- intensive techniques, credit & marketing facilities and must reduce corruption and red-tapism in government offices.

Apart from these, there are other areas where India requires to pay more attention are such as health and sanitation, vocational training, employment generation etc.

EXTRA QUESTIONS:

Q.1. On the basis of the given table answer the following questions: [2010 (T-1)]

(a) Calculate the average income of country A and B. (b) Are both the countries equally developed?(c) Which country is better and why? Ans. (a) Average income of country A is – Rs. 10,000Average income of country B is – Rs. 10,000(b) No – Both the countries are not equally developed(c) Country ‘A’ is better because distribution of income is more or less equal.

Q.2. In what respect is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? [2010, 2011 (T-1)] Ans. The World Bank uses ‘‘Per capita’’ income as the sole criterion for measuring development of countries which is not fully accurate. For example, in India suppose two people live; one is Mukesh Ambani and other is a rickshawpuller. Income of Mukesh Ambani is Rs. 50 crore annually while that of rickshawpuller is only Rs. 12000. But when per capita income is calculated then both will be showing having 25 crore and 6 thousand each, which is not true. So UNDP uses a much more realistic method to measure the development. It includes, educational status, health status, and per capita income as well. It provides real development status of the country.

Q.3. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain any four public facilities. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. Public facilities are essential for the social and economic development. Economic development and social development are both dependent on public facilities such as education, health etc. Without these people cannot achieve their full potential. Some important public facilities are :–

Construction of roads, railways, generating electricity, developing ports etc. These are used by people so they have to be developed.(ii) Providing essential goods at cheap rates or below their cost price so that even poor people can afford them. Such activities have to be undertaken by the government.(iii) Providing adequate health and education facilities to each and every citizen is a primary duty of any government. Such services are essential because a healthy and educated citizen is an asset for the country.(iv) Providing safe drinking water, housing and nutritious food

to children etc., are other such public facilities which are essential.

Q.4. What are the two basic criteria used for comparing an underdeveloped countries with developed one? [2010 (T-1)] Ans. The two criterias are:-(i) On the basis of per capita income :- In World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used for classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of Rs. 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs. 37,000 or less are called low-income countries.(ii) On the basis of Human Development Index :- According to this criteria the countries are ranked on the basis of life expectancy, literacy rate and health status etc.

Q.5. What do you mean by Human Development Index? What are its three components? [2010 (T-1)] Ans. Human Development Index means the criteria developed by the UNDP to compare the country’s development out of 177 countries.The main components of Human Development Index are :-(i) Educational levels of the people.

(ii) Health status of the people. (iii) Per capita income.

Q.6. Why is sustainability important for development? Give two suggestions to achieve the sustainability of development. [2010, 2011 (T-1)] Ans. Sustainability is very important for development because if all development activities are carried out without paying attention to environment and other natural factors then development itself will become a danger for mankind. For example, if forests are cut relentlessly then global warming will destroy everything on the Earth. In that scenario what would be the use of development.

To achieve sustainability(a) we must be less dependent on non-renewable resources.(b) we must live according to natural conditions and use natural produce as far as possible.

Q.7. How does World Bank classify different countries? Is it an adequate indicator? [2010 (T-1)] Ans. World Bank classifies different countries on the basis of per capita income. They are —(a) Rich countries :- Whose average per capita income is Rs 4,53,000

or more.(b) Poor Countries :- Whose average per capita income is less than Rs 37000.This indicator is inadequate as it does not provide full picture of development. This gives poor people a notional amount of money which actually does not belong to them.

Q.8. What is development? What are the two aspects of development? [2010, 2011 (T-1)] Ans. Development is a positive growth/change in economy, social and political aspects of the country.Two aspects of development are :-(a) Economic development or rise in income of the people.

(b) Social development which include education, health and public services.

Q.9. Why are countries of the Middle East not called ‘developed’ inspite of high per capita income? [2011 (T-1)] Ans. Although countries of Middle East are very rich countries due to oil reserves and production, money alone is not an indicator of development. Along with money there are other aspects too like education and other social aspects like individual freedom, democracy, gender equality which are not available in those countries.

Q.10. Explain the concepts of Human Development Index (HDI) and that of the per capita income. [2011 (T-1)] Ans. In Human Development Index and Per Capita Income, the status of countries’ development is measured but both are quite different.(i) Human Development Index :- Prepared by the U.N.D.P. It consists of health status, educational status and per capita income to determine the development of the country.

(ii) Per Capita :- This criterion is used by the World Bank to determine development. It\ divides countries into rich and poor countries. The countries whose per capita income is more than Rs. 453,000 is called rich and those whose income is below Rs. 37000 are called poor.

Q.11. Answer the following questions on the basis of the table given below: [2010, 2011 (T-1)]

State Infant Mortality Rate (2003) Literacy Rate (%) (2001)

Q.12. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? Write the limitations of this criterion. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.Per capita income :- When total income of a country is divided by the total population, then per capita income is arrived at. Those countries whose per capita income is more than Rs. 4,53000 per year are called rich countries and those whose income is less than Rs. 37000 are called poor countries.

Limitations:- Although this method is used widely it does not give accurate picture of development. For example, in calculating income, every one is supposed to have that amount but actually large number of poor people donot have that amount.

Q.13. Study the table given below and answer the following questions. [2010 (T-1)] Country Per Capita income In US $ (2004) HDI Rank in the World

Country Per Capita income In IS $ (2004)

HDI Rank in the World

Sri Lanka 4390 93

Inida 3139 126

Pakistan 2225 134

(a) Name anyone country whose Per Capita Income is more than that of India and by how much?(b) What is the HDI Rank of India in the World? Ans. (a) Srilanka, its per capita income is Rs 1251 more than that of India. (b) India’s H.D.I. rank is 126th in the world.

Q.14. Study the table given below and answer the following questions. [2010, 2011 (T-1)]

(a) Which state has the lowest per capita income and why? (b) Which state has the highest per capita income and why? Ans. (i) Bihar has the lowest per capita income as there is no industrialisation and less human development.

(ii) Punjab has the highest per capita income because agricultural and industrial development is the main aspect of Punjab Economy.

Q.15. Why can more jobs be created in the field of education? Give any three reasons. [2011 (T-1)] Ans. More jobs can be created in the field of education:-—(i) In India only 65% people are literate. It means to provide every indian good education, there would be more requirement of schools.(ii) More school means more number of teachers required. This means more jobs.(iii) More schools will necessitate thousands of supporting staff (like office staff). This will lead to more jobs. In that way more jobs will be created.

Q.16. Mention any three characteristics of development. [2011 (T-1)] Ans. (i) Different persons can have different developmental goals.(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may be even destructive for the other.(iii) For development people look at a mix of goals.

Q.17. ‘For development people look at a mix of goals.’ Support the statement with suitable examples. [2011 (T-1)] Ans. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of household work and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

Q.18. Why Kerala has a better human development ranking than Punjab in spite of lower per capita income? [2011 (T-1)] Ans. Kerala has lower per capita income but better human development ranking than Punjab because of many factors. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in the country. The Infant Mortality Rate of Kerala (11) is much less than Punjab (49). Net

Attendance Ratio of Kerala (91) is higher than that of Punjab (81). Kerala has better health and educational infrastructure than Punjab. Kerala also has better public facilities.

NOTES:

1. The idea of development or progress has always been with us. 2. We have aspirations or desires about what we would like to do and how we would like to live. 3. In this chapter, we shall make a beginning for understanding development. 4. It is only through a democratic political process that these hopes and possibilities can be achieved in real life.

WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES – DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS: 1. People seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can fulfill their aspirations or desires. 2. In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting. 3. So two things are quite clear: (i) Different persons can have different developmental goals. (ii) What may be developed for one may not be developed for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS: 1. What people desire are regular work, better wages and decent price for their crops or other products that they produce. In other words, they want more income. 2. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. 3. In some cases, these may be more important than more income or more consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live. 4. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one of the factors on which our life depends on non-material things mentioned above. 5. There are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our

lives. These are often ignored. 6. However, it would be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not important. 7. Similarly, for development people look at a mix of goals. 8. The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about better income but also about other important things in life.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: 1. It is very important to keep in mind that different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development. 2. National development means thinking about fair and just path for all, whether there is a better way of doing things.

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES? 1. Usually, we take one or more important characteristics of persons and compare them based on these characteristics. 2. For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. 3. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. 4. The income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country. 5. For comparison between countries, total income is not such useful measure. 6. Hence, we compare the average income which is the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. 7. In World Development Report brought out by the World Bank, this 8. Countries with per capita income of USD 12736 per annum and above in 2013, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of USD 1570 or less are called low-income countries. 9. India comes in the category of low middle-income countries because its per capita income in 2013 was just US$1570 per income. INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA: 1. Let us compare the per capita income of Maharashtra, Kerala, and Bihar. 2. Maharashtra has the highest per capita income and Bihar is at the bottom.

3. So, if per capita income were to be used as the measure of development, Maharashtra will be considered the most developed state of the three.

PUBLIC FACILITIES: 1. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. 2. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. 3. Normally, your money cannot buy the pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines unless you can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things. 4. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious disease unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT – Development of an individual in such a way that he can able to earn and fulfill his materialistic desire. SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENTS: 1. Since the second half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable. 2. Resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants. 3. In the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resources. 4. Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation-specific. 5. Sustainability of developments comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.