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RESOLUTION NO. __________

TITLE: HAWAII OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT

REQUESTING AN ACT OF THE LEGISLATURE TO PROMOTE THE USE OF THE

HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE FOR OFFICIAL PURPOSES IN THE STATE; TO PROVIDEFOR THE USE OF BOTH OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OF THE STATE IN LEGISLATIVEPROCEEDINGS, IN ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE, IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF

JUSTICE, IN COMMUNICATING WITH OR PROVIDING SERVICES TO THE PUBLICAND IN CARRYING OUT THE WORK OF PUBLIC BODIES; TO SET OUT THE

DUTIES OF SUCH BODIES WITH RESPECT TO THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OFTHE STATE; AND FOR THOSE PURPOSES, TO PROVIDE FOR THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF AN OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF OFFICIALLANGUAGES AND TO DEFINE ITS FUNCTIONS; TO PROVIDE FOR THE

PUBLICATION BY THE COMMISSIONER OF CERTAIN INFORMATION RELEVANTTO THE PURPOSES OF THIS ACT; AND TO PROVIDE FOR RELATED MATTERS.

WHEREAS, along with Hawaii, the list of officially multilingual countries and U.S.jurisdictions now numbers no fewer than 44, including Abkhazia, American Samoa, Aotearoa(New Zealand), Belgium, Bolivia, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, China (Hong Kong &Macau), Czech Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, Finland, Guam, both cities of Hialeah & Miami(Florida) and San Francisco (California), India, Israel, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan,Kenya, Kyrgyszstan, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway,Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, Somalia,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilingual_countries_and_regionsandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages

,see Appendix 1, p. 4); andWHEREAS, several other governments provide bilingual services by right for

indigenous minorities, including Australia, England (Wales) and Mexico(http://www.anu.edu.au/linguistics/nash/aust/policy.html,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993, andhttp://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/257.pdf,see Appendix 2, p. 20); and

WHEREAS, the U.S. Public Law 103-150 (1993 Apology Bill) resolved by theSenate and House of Representatives recognizes and commends efforts of reconciliationinitiated by the State of Hawaii.(and) supports reconciliation efforts between the UnitedStates and the Native Hawaiian people (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Public_Law_103-150,seeAppendix 3, p. 34); and

. WHEREAS, the state of Hawaii generally treats Hawaiian language education as ifit were enrichment, foreign language education, and because of this perspective, Hawaiianspeaking children are yet seen as having no right to education in Hawaiian; and fluency inHawaiian is not a minimum qualification for employment in Kula Kaiapuni Hawaii, andtesting of students in Kula Kaiapuni Hawaii through Hawaiian has not been provided inspite of federal government recognition that national standardized tests as used in Hawaii

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are biased against minority children even when such children are educated through English inthat such tests do not have a distinct minority culture focus; as a result, there is presently noguarantee that Hawaiian speaking children may choose Hawaiian medium education andreceive transportation to their schools(http://www.ahapunanaleo.org/eng/resources/resources_nestmovement.html,see Appendix 4, p. 39); and

WHEREAS, some Hawaiian children are leaving Hawaiian immersion programs forfear of being inadequately prepared for getting accepted into the colleges and universities oftheir choice; and

WHEREAS, 40 years after the adoption of their Official Languages Act, Canada hasgrown from a country where English predominates to a country proud of its two officiallanguages, and support for bilingualism among Canadians is at an all time high(http://www.officiallanguages.gc.ca/html/anniversary_anniversaire_e.phpandhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/reports-rapports/cp-rc/2006-2007/ann/images/LinguisticDuality-eng.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/reports-rapports/cp-rc/2006-2007/ann/ann12-eng.asp&usg=__Z1ajcvMVcio-

MaN6f6CVC3e761I=&h=514&w=500&sz=17&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=-bCCBcslFhenhM:&tbnh=131&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dproportion%2Bof%2BCanadians%2Bsupporting%2Blinguistic%2Bduality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-

US:official%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1 ,see Appendix 5, p. 43); and

WHEREAS, the Hawaii Official Language Act 1) establishes the equality of statusand equal rights and privileges as to the use of official languages in all institutions of thelegislature and government of the state, 2) establishes full and equal access to the legislatureand legislative proceedings, to the laws of the state and to courts established by governmentin both official languages, 3) guarantees the right of any member of the public tocommunicate with, and to receive available services from, any institution of the legislature orgovernment in either official language, 4) guarantees officers and employees of government

institutions and public bodies equal opportunities to use the official language of their choicewhile working together in pursuing the goals of those institutions and public bodies, 5)guarantees English-speaking residents of Hawaii and Hawaiian-speaking residents ofHawaii, without regard to their ethnic origin or first language learned, equal opportunities toobtain employment in the institutions of government, 6) establishes the State Legislature iscommitted to achieving, with due regard to the principle of selection of personnel accordingto merit, full participation of English-speaking and Hawaiian-speaking residents of Hawaiiin its institutions, 7) establishes the State Legislature is committed to enhancing the vitalityand supporting the development of English and Hawaiian linguistic minority communities aspart of the two official language communities of the State, and to fostering full recognitionand use of Hawaiian and English in the Hawaiian Islands, 8) estalishes the State Legislature

is committed to cooperating with County and Municipal governments and their institutionsand public bodies to support the development of Hawaiian and English linguistic minoritycommunities, to provide services in both Hawaiian and English languages, to respect theconstitutional guarantees of minority language educational rights and to enhanceopportunities for all to learn both Hawaiian and English languages, 9) establishes the StateLegislature is committed to enhancing the bilingual character of the State Capital District andto encouraging the business community, labor orgnaizations and voluntary organizations inthe State to foster the recognition and use of Hawaiian and English languages, and 10)

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establishes the State Legislature recognizes the importance of preserving and enhancing theuse of languages other than Hawaiian and English while strengthing the status and use of theofficial languages (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/O-3.01//20090812/enandhttp://www.achtanna.ie/en.act.2003.0032.1.htmladapted,see Appendix 6, p. 47); and

WHEREAS, Article 15 of the Hawaii State Constitution declares Hawaiian to be anofficial language except that Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions onlyas provided by law (http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html,see Appendix 7, p. 128); and

WHEREAS, nearly 2,000 residents of Hawaii (including Aha Pnana Leo and threepublic office holders and candidates at State, Municipal and Office of Hawaiian Affairsjudicatories) are members of Hawaii Bilingual, whose positions are 1) Hawaii citizens shalby right receive public services in the official language of their choice, as in Canada, 2) Allpublic service communications shall be published in Hawaiian, in addition to English, and 3)the Hawaii State Board of Education and the University of Hawaii shall adopt universalHawaiian language proficiency graduation standards

(http://apps.facebook.com/causes/124832/13574130?m=387a50eaandhttp://www.maoliworld.com/group/h2ohawaiibilingual,see Appendix 8, p. 130);

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Association of Hawaiian CivicClubs in Convention at Makena, Maui this 7th day of November 2009, that the StateLegislature immediately adopt a Hawaii Official Languages Act similar to those adopted inCanada and Ireland.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Hawaii State Legislature 1) ensure respectfor English and Hawaiian as the official languages of the State and ensure equality of statusand equal rights and privileges as to their use in all governmental institutions, in particularwith respect to their use in the Legislative proceedings, in legislative and other instruments,in the administration of justice, in communicating with or providing services to the publicand in carrying out the work of State, County and municipal institutions, 2) support thedevelopment of Hawaiian and English linguistic minority communities and generallyadvance the equality of status and use of the Hawaiian and English languages within theHawaiian Islands, 3) set out the powers, duties and functions of governmental institutionsand publc bodies with respect to the official languages of the State, including theestablishment of an Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (and to define itsfunctions), as well as 4) provide for the publication by the Commissioner of OfficialLanguages of certain information relevant to the purposes of this Act and related matters.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that a certified copy of this resolution be transmittedto the Governor of Hawaii, State Senate President, State Speaker of the House, State SenateCommittee on Hawaiian Affairs, State House Committee on Hawaiian Affairs, Office ofHawaiian Affairs Chair of the Board of Trustees, Mayor of Honolulu and all County Mayors,and the Chairs of the Boards of Trustees of the Alii Trusts.

INTRODUCED BY: Hawaiian Civic Club of WaimanaloREFERRED TO: ________________________

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ACTION: ______________________________

Appendix 1 (A & B)

A. List of multilingual countries and regions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilingual_countries_and_regions

Jump to: navigation,searchMain article: Multilingualism

Countries that are officially or unofficially multilingual Multiple official languages Singleofficial language, functionally multilingual No official language, functionally multilingual

This is an incomplete list of areas with either multilingualism at the community level or atthe personal level.

There is a distinction between social and personal bilingualism. Many countries, such asBelgium, which are officially multilingual, may have many monolinguals in their population.

Officially monolingual countries, on the other hand, such as France, can have sizablemultilingual populations.

Africa

Central Africa

Cameroon :English &French (official) + Cameroonian Pidgin, Basaa,Bikya,Bung,

Fula,Kanuri,Ngumba, Yeni,Bamum Central African Republic : French (official) +Sango Chad : Arabic & French (official) + more than 100 tribal languages Democratic Republic of the Congo : French (official), + Lingala,Kongo, Swahili &

Tshiluba (national languages) + 238 other languages Equatorial Guinea : Spanish + French + Portuguese Republic of the Congo : French (official) + Lingala & Kitubanational languages +

other dialects, including Kikongo and Kituba (Kikongo creole)

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East Africa

Burundi : French &Kirundi (official) + Swahili Kenya : English & Swahili (official) + other indigenous languages Rwanda : English, French & Kinyarwanda (official languages)

Seychelles : English, French & Seychellois Creole(official languages) Tanzania : Swahili (national) + English, Gujarati & Portuguese Uganda : English (official) + Arabic,Luganda, Swahili + other Bantu languages &

otherNilo-Saharan languages

Horn of Africa

Djibouti :Arabic & French (official) + Somali & Afar Eritrea : no official language with two dominant language families: Semitic (Arabic,

Tigrinya, Tigre and Dahlik) and Cushitic (Afar, Beja,Blin & Saho) + Kunama &Nara+ English, Amharic & Italian

Ethiopia: Amharic (official) Somalia : Somali & Arabic (official)

North Africa

Algeria:Arabic (official) + Tamazight languages (a national language) + French Egypt: Arabic (official) + Egyptian Arabic,English & French Libya: Arabic (official) + Tamazight, Tamahaq + Italian & English Mauritania: Arabic (de facto) + Hassaniya & French Morocco: Arabic + French, Amazigh & Moroccan Arabic

o Western Sahara: Hassaniya, Moroccan Arabic, Spanisho Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Arabic + Spanish

Sudan: Arabic & English + indigenous languages Tunisia: Modern Standard Arabic (official) + Tunisian Arabic, French & several

Tamazight languages

Southern Africa

Botswana : English(official) +Setswana (national) Comores : Arabic,Comorian,French Lesotho : English +Sesotho

Madagascar: French + Malagasy Malawi : Chichewa (national) + English (official) Mauritius : English (official) + French (administrative), Mauritian Creole (lingua

franca), Hindi, Hakka, Bojpoori, Tamil, Urdu, Marathi, Namibia : English (official) +Ovambo (half of the population), Afrikaans &German

(former official languages), Portuguese (Angolan immigrants, both of African &European-descent)

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rg/wiki/Tigrinya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlik_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saho_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunama_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamazighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamahaq_languages&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazigh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesothohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesothohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichewahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritian_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojpoorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovambohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language


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South Africa :Afrikaans, English,Ndebele,Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana,Swati,Tsonga,Venda,Xhosa, Zulu.

Swaziland : English + Siswati Zimbabwe : English (official), Shona,Ndebele

West Africa

Benin: French (official) + many indigenous languages including Fon & Songhay Burkina Faso: French (official) + indigenous Sudanic languages Cape Verde: Portuguese + Cape Verdean Creole Cte d'Ivoire: French (official) + 60 indigenous dialects Gambia:English (official) + Mandinka, Wolof, Fula & others Ghana: English (official) +Akan,Dagaare/Wale, Dagbane, Dangme,Ewe, Ga, Gonja,

Kasem&Nzema + 70 others Guinea: French (official) + Arabic,Fula & Susu Guinea-Bissau: Portuguese (official) +Kriol + indigenous languages Liberia: English (official) + 20 ethnic group languages Togo : French (official) + Ewe, Mina & le Kabiy

Americas

Bolivia is officially multilingual, supporting Spanish and 36 native languages[1]. Canada is officially bilingual under theOfficial Languages Actand the Constitution

of Canada that require the federal government to deliver services in both officiallanguages. As well, minority language rights are guaranteed where numbers warrant.59.3% of the population speak English as their first language while 22.9% are native

speakers of French. The remaining population belong to some of Canada's manyimmigrant populations or to the indigenous population. SeeBilingualism in Canada

The Canadian province ofNew Brunswick, with a large Acadian population(35% French-speaking), is the only province in Canada with two officiallanguages.

The Canadian province ofQuebec, (7.9% English-speaking) Note: Althoughthere is a relatively sizable English-speaking population in Quebec, French isthe only official language. At the same time, most government services areavailable in English and French.

There are also significant French language minorities in the provinces of

Manitoba,Nova Scotia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island. Though theseprovinces are not officially bilingual they do provide a number of services inFrench.

Nunavut is a Canadian territory with a population that is 85% Inuit. Its officiallanguages are the Inuit dialects ofInuktitut and Inuinnaqtunas well as Englishand French.

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kipedia.org/wiki/Ga_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonja_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasem_language&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzema_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilingual_countries_and_regions#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktituthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuinnaqtun


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In many of Canada'sFirst Nations' communities in the more isolated regions,aboriginal languages are retained. English and French are accepted in thecommunity at the community elders' discretion.

In the 2006 Canadian census, information and questions are available in sixty-two languages, including eighteen First Nation languages.

Ecuadordefines Spanish as its official language, but Spanish, Quechua and Shuar- asofficial languages of intercultural relations in the Article 2 of the 2008 Constitution[2].

In Guatemala, the official language is Spanish, however, there are 23 distinct Mayanlanguages. Not all Guatemalans speak Spanish, while some may do so only as asecond or third language.

In Mexico, the government recognizes 62 indigenous languages, includingNahuatlspoken by more than 1.5 million people and Aquacatec spoken by 27 people, alongwith Spanish. There is no official language at the federal level, although Spanish is

the de facto state language.

In theNetherlands Antilles and Aruba, whereDutch is the official language, but mostinhabitants ofCuraao, Aruba and Bonaire are multilingual and speakPapiamento,Dutch and sometimes English and Spanish. Most inhabitants are fluent in all four.

Paraguay, 48% of its population is bilingual in Guaran and Spanish, of whom 37%speak only Guaran and 8% only Spanish but the latter increases with the use ofJopar.

Peru's official languages are Spanish and, in the zones where they are predominant,

Quechua, Aymara, and other aboriginal languages.

In the USA, at the federal level, there is no official language, although there havebeen efforts to make English the official language.

The US state ofLouisianais unofficially bilingual (de facto) in English andFrench.

The US state ofHawaii is officially bilingual in English andHawaiian. Three US territories are also bilingual: American Samoa (Samoan and

English), Guam (English and Chamorro), and Puerto Rico (Spanish andEnglish). One US territory is trilingual:Northern Marianas Islands (English,

Chamorro, and Carolinian) In Florida, at the municipal level, Hialeah recognizes both English and

Spanish while Miami recognizes English,French Creole, and Spanishasofficial government languages.

Asia

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In Iraq,Arabic is the official language of the state, Kurdish is the official language ofthe north where 4 million native speakers live. Other languages also exist amongChristian communities north of and around Baghdad, such asAramaic.

In Lebanon, Arabic is the official language, French,Armenian and English are

spoken alongside Arabic. Many Lebanese are fluent in all four.

In China,Putonghuais the official language and is spoken in all regions. It is used forofficial and formal purposes, by the media and in education as the language ofinstruction. However in every locality and region, local dialects ofspoken variantsofChinese are spoken in daily life. These dialects range from being quite similar toPutonghua, such as Tianjin dialect, to varieties that are mutually unintelligible withPutonghua such as Shanghai dialect(Wu) orGuangzhou dialect (Cantonese). In theautonomous regions, minority languages are used (such as TibetaninTibet orMongolian in Inner Mongolia).

In Hong Kong, both English and Chinese are official languages. WhileCantonese is the dominant Chinese language, Putonghuais gradually havingmore speakers in recent years. Although these three languages are taught inschools and are mandatory subjects, most people only speak Cantonese;relatively few people are fully bilingual in Cantonese and English orPutonghua.

In Macau, both Chinese and Portuguese are official languages. WhileCantonese is the dominant Chinese language, Putonghuais also spoken.Chinese is taught in all schools, while Portuguese is mainly taught ingovernment schools. In addition, English is also taught in many schools.

India. There are 23 official languages in India (Including Hindi and English). Thelargest, Hindi, is spoken natively by 50% of the population and is largely understoodby educated Indians. English is also widely used, although mainly in urban parts ofthe country. An Indian with a high-school education would generally be trilingual -speaking his or her own native language, in addition to Hindi and English, withvarying fluency, both the languages being compulsorily (in select states) taught inmost schools and colleges. Frenchis one of the official languages in the territory ofPuducherry. For more information, see Languages of India,List of national languagesof India.

Pakistan. There are two official languages (English andUrdu) and many regionallanguages and dialects (the latter are often unintelligible from other dialects of the"same language"). As in India, most Pakistanis are trilingual, being perfectly fluent inboth English and Urdu as well as their own regional language. At the same time dueto a higher level of integration and interaction between the various communities thanin India, many Pakistanis have at least some understanding of one or more otherregional language, for example many Punjabis and Pakhtuns are able to understandeach others languages due to interaction, the same is true of Balochis and Sindhis.

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In the South-western Iranian province ofKhuzestan, most people speak nativeKhuzestani Persian,Khuzestani Arabic&Standard Persian, sometimes in addition totheir own community languages such as Lur, Qashqa'i,Domari, Armenian orMandaic where applicable .

Many people in Indonesia are bilingual at an early age. They speak a local nativelanguage with their families whereas the official Indonesian language is used tocommunicate with people from other regions and is taught in schools as a compulsorysubject. Indonesia has over two hundred native languages.

In Israel, Hebrew and Arabic both have official status. The Jewish population largelyspeaks Hebrew, though many Jewish immigrants to Israel (especially from Europe)have a different mother tongue, such as Arabic, Amharic, Yiddish, Ladino, Russian,Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, English, or French. The Arab population of Israelspeaks Arabic, which is also the language of instruction in Arab Israeli schools.Functionally, almost all Arabs in Israel also speak Hebrew. English is widely spoken

and understood as a second language by both Jews and Arabs. Officially, road signsmust be in Hebrew, Arabic, and a romanized Hebrew transliteration.

Many Koreans living in Japan speak both Korean and Japanese.

Everyone in Malaysiais at least bilingual while Malaysians of Chinese and Indiandescent mostly trilingual or even multilingual. Malay, the official language of thecountry, is a compulsory subject learnt in all public schools, and English is thelanguage of instruction for Science and Maths. Tamil and several Chinese dialects arespoken by respective communities. The indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawakspeak their ancestral languages (Dayak etc). Multilingualism is common in Malaysia,

most notably among the Chinese and Indian communities.

Philippines:Filipino and English are official languages in the constitution. Somepeople in native Tagalog areas are bilingual, while in non-Tagalog speaking areas it iscommon to be multilingual in the native and/or regionallanguage/s, Filipino andEnglish.

Singapore: English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil are all official languages. AsEnglish links the different races, a group with diverse races communicate usingEnglish. In addition to English, individuals speak their ethnic language, a dialect(especially for Chinese elders), and usually have some proficiency with a third

language from one of the four, or commonlyJapanese, French orGerman.

Sri Lanka. Sinhala andTamilare official languages.

Taiwan: Mandarin Chinese is the "official" language, but Taiwanese is commonlyused in most people (especially adults and elders). In the Hakka community, somepeople are trilingual in Hakka, Mandarin and Taiwanese. Some 10 Aboriginallanguages are also spoken in the mountain and eastern portion of the island.

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Tajikistan:TajikandRussian are widely spoken.

Kazakhstan: Kazakh and Russianboth have official statusKazakh as the "state"language and Russian as the "official" language of commerce.

Kyrgyzstan:KyrgyzandRussian both have official status.

In Uzbekistan, Uzbek,Tajik, and Russianare all widely spoken.

Europe

see alsoEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Belgium has three official languages: Dutch (59%) in the North,French (31%) in theSouth and a small minority speaks German. Its bilingual capital, Brussels (10%), ismainly French. In Flanders, 59% and 53% of the Flemings know French or Englishrespectively, in Wallonia only 19% and 17% know Dutch or English. In each region,Belgium's third official language, German, is notably less known than Dutch, Frenchor English..[3] Wallonia recognises all of its vernacular dialect groups as regionallanguages, Flanders doesn't.

In the Czech Republic, several municipalities ofZaolzie area have officialbilingualism (Czech and Polish). Bilingual signs are permitted if a minorityconstitutes at least a 10% of the population of the municipality.

Estonia has one official language, Estonian, but also sizaeable Russian-speakingcommunity (30% in 2000). Russian can be used in communication with localgovernment where it's native to most population (Article 52 of theConstitution).Most Estonians can speak Russian.[4]

Finland has two official languages, Finnish andSwedish. Swedish is spoken by aminority, about 5.5% native speakers concentrated along the coast and on the landIslands.

Gibraltaris a British overseas territory whose sole official language is English.However, most of the population is also fluent inSpanish due to it sharing its onlyland border with Spain. Gibraltariansalso useLlanitoas their localvernacular.

Ireland, where three languages have some form of official status. Irish (one of theGoidelic languages) is the first official language while English is the second.Approximately 1.7 million Irish citizens are either fluent or semi-fluent in Irish[citationneeded], making it the most commonly spoken Goidelic language and the second mostspoken Celtic language afterWelsh[citation needed]. However English is far morecommonly used as around 3% speak Irish as their first language, about half of themliving in Gaeltacht regions where Irish is the everyday language.

Italy. The official language overall is Italian, while bilingualism is applied in someterritories. In the province ofBolzano-Bozen German is co-official. In the AostaValley region French is co-official, as isSlovene in some municipalities of theprovinces ofTrieste and Gorizia. Ladin municipalities of Bolzano-Bozen aretrilingual (Italian, Ladin, and German). Italian law n. 482/1999 enforce bilingualism

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also in Sardinia (with Sardu), Friuli (with Friulian), Western Alps in Piedmont(withOccitan) and other linguistic minorities.

Latvia has one official language, Latvian, but also a sizeable Russian-speakingminority (37% in 2000. Russian is spoken by most population.

[5]

Luxembourg is a rare example of a truly trilingual society, in that it not only has threeofficial languages,Luxembourgish,French and German, but has a trilingual educationsystem. For the first four years, Luxembourgish is the medium of instruction, beforegiving way to German, which in turn gives way to French. (In addition, children learnEnglish and another European language, usually Spanish orItalian.) Similarly in thecountry'sparliament, debates are conducted in Luxembourgish, draft legislation isdrafted in German, while the statute laws are in French.

Malta has two official languages,Maltese and English.Italian is also spoken by alarge percentage of the population.

Netherlands has two official languages,Dutch which is the primary language andFrisian which is recognized as a minority language and spoken by between 300.000-700.000 people, mostly in de province ofFriesland (Frysln), where it is the officialfirst language, though a large majority of the population uses Dutch instead.

Poland 20Bilingual communes in Poland (mostly Polish-German) Portugal - although Portuguese is practically universal, the Mirandese language, a

related Leonese language is spoken in Miranda do Douro, in northeastern Portugal, isofficially recognized (see: Languages of Portugal)

In Romania, the official language is Romanian but significant minority languages arerecognized on the local level. The biggest ethnic minority is the Hungariancommunity of 1.4 million (6.6%).

ex-Soviet republics and Warsaw Pact countries: many people fluently speakRussian,especially in Slavic countries within the area of the former USSR (typically inBelarus and Ukraine), along with Moldova, which has a Slavic minority. However,few Polish, SlovakorCzech people speak Russian, despite huge expenditures in thepast.

o Republics of Russia. The language oftitular nation is also official in thoserepublics (though usage of a titular language is often not widespread).

Chuvash, Bashkirand Mari residents ofTatarstan also speak threelanguages: own, Russian and Tatar.

Among the Maris, widespread trilingualism has been reported (Mari-Russian-Tatar; Mari-Chuvash-Russian; Mari-Udmurt-Russian; even

four languages used intermittently: Mari-Tatar-Udmurt-Russian inMari-Turek areas)[6]

In the 1980s, almost all the Karelians were bilingual, speaking bothKarelian and Russian (being Karelian-Finnish bilingual in Finland).Trilingualism Karelian-Finnish-Russian also occurred in the KarelianASSR.[7]

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o Abkhazia. According to Georgian law, Georgian and Abkhazian are officiallanguages; according to Abkhazian law Abkhazian and Russian. Eldergeneration ofAbkhaz spoke Georgian, Russian and Abkhaz language

Slovakia has a Hungarian minorityof 520,000 (9.7%). Slovenia. In the costal area (Koper,Izola and Piran) Italian is also an official

language, in addition to Slovene. In the eastern part ofPrekmurje,Hungarian is usedas an official language next to Slovene. In the bilingual areas, all children are taughtboth languages.

Spain, where many regions have more than one official language: Euskadi andNavarra (Basque-Spanish), Galicia (Galician-Spanish), Valencia,Balearic Islands(Catalan-Spanish) and Catalonia (Aranese-Catalan-Spanish), but especially inCatalonia, where Spanishand Catalanboth enjoy great social esteem and are bothused in almost every social situation). Asturian is recognised by Asturias and Leoneseis recognised by Castile and Len. - see:Languages of Spain.

Sweden. Tornedalen and Haparanda inNorth Bothnia,Finnish-speaking. Switzerland has four national languages; German, French,Italian and Romansh[8] .

The cantons Valais,Fribourg and Bern are bilingual (French and German), whilecanton Graubndenis trilingual (German, Romansh and Italian). In most countries of the FormerSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbian,

Croatian, and Bosnian are understood by all three groups (see Serbo-Croatian) In Carpathian Ruthenia, Ukraine, Slovaks living nearUzhgorodspeak Ukrainian and

Hungarian in addition to their mother tongue, Slovakian. In villages nearMukachevoGermans (Swabian dialect speakers) also speak Hungarian and Ukrainian.

the United Kingdomo Ulster Scots, a variety ofScots, is spoken by some in northern regions, but

again English is far more commonly used and Ulster Scots is less activelyused in media. Irish and Ulster Scots now both have official status inNorthern

Ireland as part of the 1998 Belfast Agreement.o Scotland. 58,652 Gaelic speakers, mostly concentrated in theHighlands andthe Hebrides, the traditional heartland of Gaelic culture. Also Scotswithapproximately 2 to 3 million speakers - a Germanic language closely relatedtoEnglish.

o Wales with 611,000 Welsh speakers, including the majority of the populationin parts of north and west Wales.[9]

Oceania

InNew Zealand, a small percentage of the population has some reasonable degree ofbilingualism with English and Mori, mostly among the Mori themselves; few arefully fluent in Mori.New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language.English is the main language with over 99% of the population speaking it fluently.

Multilingual Cities

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