Tishk International UniversityEngineering FacultyPetroleum and Mining Engineering Department

Reservoir Management

Fourth Grade- Fall Semester 2020-2021

TOPIC: Data Acquisition, Analysis and Management

Instructor: Sheida Mostafa Sheikheh

Content:

■ Data Acquisition, Analysis and Management

■ Data Types

■ Data Acquisition and Analysis

■ Data Validation

■ Data Storing and Retrieval

■ Data Application

Data Acquisition, Analysis and Management

■ Throughout the life of a reservoir, from exploration to abandonment, an enormous

amount of data are collected.

■ An efficient data management program consisting of acquisition, analysis,

validating, storing, and retrieving plays a key role in reservoir management.

■ It requires planning, justifying, prioritizing and timing.

■ As emphasized earlier, an integrated approach involving all functions is necessary to

lay the foundation of reservoir management.

Data Types

■ The types of data collected before and after production under the various broad

classification including the timing of acquisition and the professionals responsible

for acquisition and analyses are introduced here.

■ It is emphasized that the multidisciplinary professionals need to work as an

integrated team to develop and implement an efficient data management program.

Data Types

Classification Data Acquisition Timing Responsibility

Seismic Structure, stratigraphy,

faults, bed thickness,

fluids, interwell

heterogeneity

Exploration Seismologists,

Geophysicists

Data Types

Classification Data Acquisition Timing Responsibility

Geological Depositional

environment,

diagenesis, lithology,

structure, faults and

fractures

Exploration, discovery &

development

Exploration &

development geologists

Data Types

Classification Data Acquisition Timing Responsibility

Logging Depth, lithology,

thickness, porosity,

fluid saturation, gas/oil,

water/oil and gas/water

contacts, and well-to-

well correlations

Drilling Geologists,

Petrophysicists, and

engineers

Data Types

Classification Data Acquisition Timing Responsibility

Coring Basic Depth, lithology,

thickness, porosity,

permeability, and

residual fluid saturation

Drilling Geologists, drilling and

reservoir engineers,

and laboratory analysts

Special Relative permeability,

capillary pressure, pore

compressibility, grain

size, and pore size

distribution

Data Types

Classification Data Acquisition Timing Responsibility

Fluid Formation volume

factors,

compressibilities,

viscosities, gas

solubilities, chemical

compositions, phase

behavior, and specific

gravities

Discovery, delineation,

development and

production

Reservoir engineers,

and laboratory

analysists

Data Types

Classification Data Acquisition Timing Responsibility

Well Test Reservoir pressure,

effective permeability

thickness, stratification,

reservoir continuity,

presence of fractures or

faults, productivity and

injectivieity indices, and

residual oil saturation

Discovery, delineation,

development,

production and

injection

Reservoir and

production engineers

Data Types

Classification Data Acquisition Timing Responsibility

Production and

Injection

Oil, water, and gas

production rates, and

cumulative productions,

gas and water

injections rates and

cumulative injections,

and injection and

production profiles

Production and

injection

Production and

reservoir engineers

Data Acquisition and Analysis

■ Multidisciplinary groups (i.e., geophysicists, geologists, petrophysicists, drilling,

reservoir, production and facilities engineers) are involved in collecting various types

of data throughout the life of a reservoir.

■ Land and legal professionals also contribute to the data collection process.

■ Most of the data, except for the production and injection data, are collected during

delineation, and development of the fields.

Data Acquisition and Analysis

■ It is essential to establish

the specification of what

and how much data

need to be gathered and

the procedure and

frequency to be followed.

■ A logical, methodical,

and sequential data

acquisition and analysis

program is:

Data Validation

■ Field data are subjected to many errors (i.e., sampling, systematic, radon, etc.).

■ Therefore, the collected data need to be carefully reviewed and checked for

accuracy as well as for consistency.

■ In order to assess validity:

• Core and log analyses data should be carefully correlated, and their frequency

distributions made to identify different geologic facies.

• Log data should be carefully calibrated using core data for porosity and saturation

distributions, net sand determination, and geological zonation of the reservoir.

Data Validation

• The reservoir fluid properties can be validated by using the equation of state

calculations and by empirical correlations.

• The reasonableness of geological maps should be established by using the

knowledge of depositional environment.

• The presence of faults and flow discontinuities are evidenced in a geological study

can be investigated and validated by pressure interference and pulse and tracer

tests.

Data Validation

▪ The reservoir performance should be closely monitored while collecting routine

production and injection data including reservoir pressures.

▪ If past production and pressure data are available, classical material balance

techniques and reservoir modeling can be very useful to validate the volumetric

original hydrocarbons-in-place and aquifer size and strength.

▪ Laboratory rock properties, such as oil-water and gas-oil relative permeabilities, and

fluid properties, such as PVT data, are not always available. Empirical correlations

can be used to general these data.

Data Validation

▪ The reservoir performance should be closely monitored while collecting routine

production and injection data including reservoir pressures.

▪ If past production and pressure data are available, classical material balance

techniques and reservoir modeling can be very useful to validate the volumetric

original hydrocarbons-in-place and aquifer size and strength.

▪ Laboratory rock properties, such as oil-water and gas-oil relative permeabilities, and

fluid properties, such as PVT data, are not always available. Empirical correlations

can be used to general these data.

Data Storing and Retrieval

▪ The reconciled and validated data from the various sources need to be stored in a

common computer database accessible to all interdisciplinary end users.

▪ As new geoscience and engineering data are available, the database will require

updating.

▪ The stored data are used to carry out multipurpose reservoir management functions

including monitoring and evaluation the reservoir performance.

Data Application

▪ A better representation of the reservoir is made from 3-D seismic information.

▪ Geological maps such as gross and net pay thickness, porosity, permeability, saturation,

structure and cross- section are prepared from seismic, core and log analysis data.

▪ These maps are used for:

• Reservoir delineation

• Reservoir characterization

• Well location

• Estimates of original oil and gas –in-place

Data Application

▪ The well log data that provide the basic information needed for reservoir

characterization are used for:

• Mapping

• Perforations

• Estimation of original oil and gas in-place

• Evaluation of reservoir perforation

▪ Production logs can be used to identify remaining oil saturation in undeveloped

zones in existing production and injection wells.

Data Application

▪ The more commonly used logging systems are:

1. Open Hole Logs:

Resistivity, Induction, Spontaneous Potential, Gamma Ray, Density, Sonic, Compensated

Neutron, Sidewall neutron Porosity, Dielectric and Caliper

2. Cased Hole Logs:

Gamma Ray, Neutron (except SNP), Carbon/ Oxygen, Chlorine, Pulsed Neutron and

Caliper.

Data Application

■ Log sample for:

• Gamma Ray

• Resistivity

• Neutron Porosity

Data Application

▪ Core analysis is classified into conventional, whole – core, and side wall analysis.

▪ Core analysis gives direct measurement of the formation properties and the core

data are used for calibrating well log data.

▪ These data can have a major on the

• Estimates of hydrocarbon –in-place

• Production rates

• Ultimate recovery

▪ The properties are determined in the laboratories using equilibrium flash or

differential tests.

Data Application

Determination of Fluid Properties

Data Application

▪ The fluid data are used for:

• Volumetric estimates of reservoir oil and gas –in-place

• Reservoir type (i.e. oil, gas or gas condensate)

▪ Reservoir performance analysis

Data Application

■ Determination of

reservoir type by using:

• Phase diagram

Data Application

■ Determination of

Solution gas oil ratio and

the oil formation volume

factor versus pressure

Data Application

▪ The well test data are very useful for:

• Reservoir characterization

• Reservoir performance evaluation.

▪ Pressure build up or falloff tests provide the best estimate of the effective

permeability- thickness of the reservoir, in addition to reservoir pressure,

stratification, and presence of the faults and fracture.