reservoir induced seismicity-2
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Department of Earth SciencesKFUPM
Introduction to Seismology
Reservoir Induced Seismicity (Reading Assignment: pp.384-386)
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
Ali [email protected].
sa
![Page 2: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Previous LectureReservoir Induced Seismicity •Earthquake Types•Volcanic Earthquakes•Humans Induced Seismicity
•Dam filling•Example: Koyna Dam, India (M6.3, 1967)•Triggered earthquakes at Koyna (1967-200)
•Waste water injection•Oil extraction and Seismicity
•Example: The Romashkino Oil Field of Russia•Example: Interrelationship between Seismicity and Gas Injection in Talco area.
•Hot water extraction•Mining•Nuclear tests
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 3: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 4: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Dam Completed 1965• M 6.2 seven months later, after rapid filling to 80m
Kremasta Dam, GreeceIn
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 5: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Monticello Dam, South Carolina
• Reservoir for cooling of nuclear power plant• Seismometers in place since 1973
• Reservoir filled December 1977-Feb. 1978• Earthquakes start 3 weeks after filling starts
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 6: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Monticello seismicity concentratedunder reservoir
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 7: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Monticello: Filling vs. seismicityIn
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 8: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Filling curves & Seismicity RateIn
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 9: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Filling curves & large earthquakesIn
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 10: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Earthquakes are associated with change in water level: with large scale filling of the dam, possibly with emptying• Seismicity often tapers off within ten years of water level stabilization• Variable time delays may occur between dam filling and earthquakes
General characteristics of reservoirtriggered seismicity
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 11: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cause of reservoir triggered seismicity?
•Stress increase from weight of the water?•Stress at surface usually equal to 1-3 bars•Stress at earthquake depths much less than that•Earthquake stress drop is about 30 bars• Pore pressure increase reduces confining stress on faults?
Frictional stress = coefficient of friction x pressure of rock (pressure of water)
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 12: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Gas extraction greatly decreases pore pressure• Subsidence/earthquakes occur• Many small earthquakes in the Lacq Gas Field, France• Gazli gas field, Uzbekistan. Gas withdrawal started 1966; max production 1968-71. 2. M 7earthquakes in 1976, one in 1984. Were they induced??• Some people have wondered about 1983 M 6.5 Coalinga earthquake, M 5.8
Does oil and gas extraction causeearthquakes?
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 13: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
http://www.orfeus-eu.org/newsletter/vol3no2/ekofisk.html Mw=4.1-4.4
The May 7, 2001 Earthquake in the Ekofisk Oil Field Area, North Sea
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 14: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The seismic event was induced owing to stress changes caused by water injection (Ottemo¨ ller, et al., 2005, JGR, Vol.110)..
Conclusion for 2001 EQ(M=4.4)In
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 15: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Induced Event: Mmax: 4.3-1984In
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 16: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
British ColumbiaIn
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 17: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Injection rate Seismicity
M max=4.3
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 18: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Location of the Valhall and Ekofisk oil fields are shown in a map of the southern Norwegian North Sea (a).A profile along line AA' illustrates the dome structure of the Valhall oil field (b).
A
B
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 19: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Microseismicity of Valhall Oil AreaIn
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 20: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 21: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Seismicity Induced by Petroleum and Geothermal Activities
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 22: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Carthage Gas Field, East TexasIn
trod
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 23: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Two event sub-clusters each delineating the intersection of two planes. Looking along line of intersection (top) and face-on views (bottom).
Linear trends can be seen along fracture faces (bottom). The event sequences indicate earlyfluid invasion along linear trends.
![Page 24: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Event rate changes correlate with production rate changes.
Seismic response lags production by 2–3weeks.
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 25: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fracture planes are delineated by production-induced events occuring over a 6-month monitor period.
Composite fault plane solutions indicate thrust displacement along the mapped, low-angle fractures. Induced stress changes are very small (<0.1 MPa).
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 26: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Small magnitude events were detected above thereservoir by placing a downhole receiver array within the upper 800 feet of an abandoned well. Event occurrence terminates near the base of the serpentine unit.
WELL-BORE DEFORMATION
The Geysers, California
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM
![Page 27: Reservoir Induced Seismicity-2](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/557cb408d8b42a9c528b4b89/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Both the above reservoir and the deeper reservoir seismicity show correlations with reservoir injection activity in the study area.
WELL-BORE DEFORMATION
The Geysers, California
Intr
od
uct
ion t
o S
eis
molo
gy-K
FUPM