researcher fellow: csda, university of johannesburg missing the opportunity? participation of young...
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Researcher Fellow: CSDA, University of Johannesburg
Missing the Opportunity? Participation of young people in health centred disaster risk reduction: A
case of Tokwe Mukosi in Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe
DR. EDSON MUNSAKA
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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
• Background: Tokwe Mukosi Disaster• Findings• Conclusion
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The Background: Tokwe Mukosi Flood Disaster • This paper is derived from: proceedings of the Lessons Learnt Workshop [DCP]
a product of an ongoing qualitative research study on the Tokwe Mukosi Dam Disaster of 2014 in Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe.
• Participants• 30 Young persons: Aged btwn 15 & 24 years old;• 4 NGO staff• 8 Senior Government Officials
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Background• The construction of Tokwe Mukosi Dam had been on
cards since 1998• Was intended to provide irrigation and electricity to
communities in the semi-arid southern Masvingo province.
• Areas affected: parts of Chivi, Masvingo Districts, the northern parts of Mwenezi and the western parts of Chiredzi Districts.
• The communities within the basin were to be relocated under a phased relocation plan:
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Background: Phased Relocation Plan
Phase 1 – relocate 1 247 families who were deemed to be at level 660m above sea level and would be in danger of flooding by October 2013.
Phase II – relocate 1 878 families who would be affected when dam was expected to fill up by October 2014.
Phase III – relocate 3 268 families in the Buffer Zone, would be moved to protect the dam by October 2015.
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• 5-12 year old = 8167 primary school going
• 13-16 yrs old 2295 secondary school going Youth population?
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Who was aware of the dam construction?
‘...Young persons knowing about the dam construction? No. Even their parents did not know about the dam construction until towards their relocation’ [Local Government Official 1].
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NATURE DEFINING THE PLANNING
• In early February 2014, communities living in the Tokwe Mukosi basin were inundated by the rising water levels at the Tokwe-Mukosi Dam
• The water levels rapidly rose to 671 meters
above sea level on the 3rd of February 2014 threatening communities within its basin.
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THE THREAT OF FLOODING
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FLOODED HOMESTEAD: CHIVI, 2/2014
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Tokwe Mukosi Dam Disaster 2014
• A State of Disaster was declared on 9th February 2014
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HELICOPTER ASSISTED EVACUATIONS
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THE CHINGWIZI HOLDING CAMP
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THE CHINGWIZI CAMP
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The Chingwizi Camp
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DISASTER SCENE OR CRIME SCENE?
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FINDINGS• Tents: ‘On arrival at camp a family would be allocated a tent and other
items...’ [DCP Official]
‘...It has been difficult and hard to imagine myself sharing a tent with my parents.’ [Teenager 1, 17 yrs]
‘I last shared a room with my parents when I was a toddler..., so it was now like being re-configured a toddler...’ [Teenager 2, 15yrs]
• Stress and Traumatic - natural disasters and other crises can trigger or exacerbate historical trauma
• Trauma: prohibits key understanding of what is happening in one’s body
• It has an impact on one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviour.
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Findings ‘...as a Ministry, we moved swiftly to set up temporary
schools, including in the camp... but you could note that in addition to students enduring psycho-social problems directly linked to camp life, 18 of the children who were supposed to sit for national Grade 7 Exams in October 2014 failed to so.’ [Official Ministry of Education]
‘...boreholes that have been drilled to save the clinic have yielded little amount of water...
‘Well efforts underway to provide piped water to the clinic and the four schools under-construction...’ [Local Government Official]
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Why involve the youths?• Who are the youths?
• Youth participation in disasters helps to – build greater awareness of disaster issues across the
affected communities. – play an essential role in protecting members of the
community in times of impending disasters. – safeguard their futures, investment and expand on hard
earned development gains – build a global culture of safety and resilience.
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CONCLUSIONS
• The dam project was fraught with human rights problems
• the government did not [adequately] consult local residents about their needs, or the effect the dam would have on their lives.
• The rapid nature and evolution of the Tokwe Mukosi flood disaster demonstrated the need to review disaster risk management in Zimbabwe, especially in the face of climate change.
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• Under estimation of water inflow into Tokwe Mukorsi betrayed the planning process further worsened by inaccurate prediction, and absence of weather technology in the catchment areas
• Generally, despite having the cash [and time] for the physical construction of the dam, money is never planned for the social concerns or costs of the dam
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• WHAT IS THE WAY FORWARD?
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Youths: ‘Don’t Decide My Future Without Me’
Conceptualising Participation ‘Ladder of Citizen participation’ (Arnstein, 1969) ‘Typology of community participation’ (Pretty, 1995) ‘Youths’ Context : legally or politically defined?
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• There is also need for more systematic processes to engage children and youth(s) as key stakeholders in HCDRR and to build their resilience into development agendas.
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WHY NOT JOIN US?
12-13 OCTOBER, 2016 SASDiR CONFERENCE, ELEPHANT HILLS, VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE
Positioning Southern Africa for Disaster Risk Reduction
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THANK YOU