Research ArticlePreparation and Study of Resin Translucent Concrete Products

Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi

School of the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Shen Juan shenjuan092800163com and Zhou Zhi zhouzhidluteducn

Received 21 February 2019 Accepted 27 March 2019 Published 14 April 2019

Academic Editor Shazim A Memon

Copyright copy 2019 Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

e development of new building materials is a crucial engine for promoting the development of green energy efficient buildingsIn this paper based on the excellent properties of light guiding of resin materials a new type of resin translucent mortar-basedconcrete (RTMC) was researched meanwhile transmittance properties mechanical properties and thermal performance werestudied respectively e results showed that the resin material possessed excellent light transmittance within the thickness of100mm which can be as high as 93 Moreover when the area ratio was within 5 the compressive strength of RTMCwas closeto that of plain concrete Besides RTMC had excellent thermal performance that the thermal conductivity of RTCM was03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete

1 Introduction

Against the background of the intensified energy crisis energyconservation has obtained the worldwide attention for de-cades [1] In the meantime ever since it had emerged for thefirst time concrete impressed people with its rough heavyand cold image [2] which set up a huge barrier to the ar-chitectrsquos design and creation Given this it is of great sig-nificance to develop a new kind of building material whichcan organically integrate green energy saving with aestheticsIn 2001 the concept of transparent concrete was first putforward by the Hungarian architect Aron Losonzi [3] efirst transparent concrete block named as LiTraCon wassuccessfully produced in 2003 [4] Since this kind of concreteis the mixture of the optical fiber or plastic resin and ordinaryconcrete light can pass through it However the cost of anoptical fiber as the light guide is extremely high and the layouttechnology of the optical fiber is complicated which hindersthe large-scale production and popularization of transparentconcrete In view of this in 2010 the Italian Cement Groupdeveloped a new type of light-transmitting concrete (Figure 1)by using transparent resin which was to embed preformedresin in fine-grained concrete to achieve light transmission[5] Subsequently the Italian cement group produced itsproducts applied them to the Italian pavilion at the Shanghai

World Expo and received extensive attention from scholars[6] BYD Company Limited [7ndash9] disclosed a productionprocess of transparent resin concrete in 2015 in whichsemihardened concrete was first drilled and resin was pottedinto holes In 2014 Xingang and Xuna [10] proposed a way ofpremolding resin guide light first and embedding them intoconcrete as shown in Figure 2

Although researches on the transparent concrete haveobtained some achievements over the past decades trans-parent concrete cannot be regarded as a mature buildingmaterial e method mentioned above can achieve theproduction of transparent resin concrete [11ndash13] Howeverthe primary focus of the transparent concrete technologypreviously has been on its aesthetic appeal and its appli-cation in artistic design [14ndash16] us as a new constructionmaterial studies on the transparent concrete are still veryrare especially the mechanical transmittance and thermalproperties [17ndash21] In order to improve the above in-sufficiency this paper designed a new type of resin trans-lucent mortar-based concrete (RTMC) by using theunsaturated polyester resin as the light guide material esilica gel is used as the mold for molding the resin light guidebody and providing a device for producing this type ofsilicone mold e process was simple in operation low incost and high in production efficiency Furthermore it

HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2019 Article ID 8196967 12 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520198196967

overcomes the shortages of the existing light-transmittingconcrete production process in terms of production effi-ciency cost and product quality Besides the light trans-mission characteristic mechanical properties and thermalperformance of RTMC were researched respectively [22]

2 Materials and Methods

21 RawMaterials In order to prepare the slurry with goodworkability PO425R ordinary Portland cement (DalianXiaoyetian Cement Co Ltd) river sand with a finenessmodulus of 29 grade I fly ash and the polycarboxylic acidsuperplasticizer (powder) were used as raw materials Afterseveral trials the optimum mix ratio of self-compactingcement mortar was determined as shown in Table 1

As a kind of energy-saving building material light-transmitting concrete needs to use light transmittance asthe key evaluation index for the selection of the light guidebody [23] Glass is the only light-transmitting materialadopted in large-scale applications in buildings Its lighttransmission rate can reach more than 80 plastic opticalfiber (POF) can transmit light as high as 93 and un-saturated polyester resin can reach as high as 94e abovethree materials meet the requirement in light transmittancebut their performance in density mechanical properties andthermal performance are different

As shown in Table 2 the density of glass is much higherthan organic glass and unsaturated polyester resin It meantthat the glass is featured with the highest weight that isinconsistent with the requirement of high strength and lightweight of green building materials Glass is fragile when

subjected to impact has many safety hazards and its heat-insulating performance is relatively low Meanwhile glassand POF should be processed under high temperatureconditions However unsaturated polyester resin can bemolded at room temperature and had obvious advantages interms of high transmittance and thermal performance [24]Moreover the price of resin is nearly five times lower thanthat of optical fiber and the corresponding price of RTMC ismuch lower erefore in this paper unsaturated polyesterresin was chosen as the light guide material

22 Preparation of Resin Translucent Concrete ProductsUsually the key process of making transparent concrete wasthat POFs were through the holes of two plastic sheets whichwere fixed on the slots of steel form work shown as Figure 3[25] e fabrication was complex and time-consumingus this paper made a resin light guide body (Figure 4)that could be molded one time and the production time canbe saved e prefabrication of the body was the core ofRTMC fabrication and its quality directly determined thelight-transmitting performance of RTMC [26] e processof resin light-transmitting concrete production includedfour steps of the manufacture of the light guide body modelthe manufacture of the silicone mold the manufacture of thelight guide body and the embedding of cement matrix

221 Manufacture of the Light Guide Body Prototypee RTMC prepared in this experiment was the standardcube of 100times100times100mm For example the body had atotal of 16 light guide branches and the cross section di-ameter was 16mm Meanwhile in order to connect eachlight guide branch as a whole the connecting part with thelength of 90mm and the thickness of 9mm was set in themiddle e original shape of the light guide body was madeof plastic and wood in a 1 1 ratio (Figure 5)

222 Manufacture of the Silicone Mold e silicone and thecuring agent were weighed according to the ratio of 100 2next mixed rapidly and thoroughly for half a minute andthen slowly poured into the mold (Figure 6) Reduced by halfthe silicone mold to completely cure within four hours and itwas used as a pedestal and flipped back into themold andNo8 wax was evenly coated on the contact surface of the mold tofacilitate mold splitting Next the certain amount of siliconeand curing agents was prepared in the same proportion andpoured into the mold e silicone liquid surface just reachedthe upper end of the light guide model (Figure 7(a)) Finallythe whole was divided into two parts of the upper and lowermold (Figure 7(b)) after curing for four hours

223 Manufacture of the Light Guide Body First the resinand the accelerator were mixed in the ratio of 100 08 and

Figure 1 Translucent concrete of Italian pavilion

Figure 2 Resin transparent concrete

Table 1 Mix ratio of self-compacting cement mortar

Item Cement Sand Water Fly ash Water reducerQuality (g) 302 523 114 85 25

2 Advances in Civil Engineering

stirred evenlyen add the curing agent in the ratio of 100 1 and stir evenly again In addition the order of preparationcannot be reversed because of the direct mixing of the curingagent or the accelerator may cause fire Next the container

containing the resin was vacuumed in a vacuum machineand the pressure was maintained at 006ndash008MPa for15ndash20 s en the upper and lower silicone molds wereaccurately integrated through the connector after evenlyspraying a layer of release agent inside them Finally theprepared resin was poured from one of the holes until thegap is filled completely and the molded resin light guidebody was taken out from the silicone molds after curing fortwo hours as shown in Figure 8

224 Embedding Cement Matrix e self-compacting sandmortar that is prepared according to the mixing ratio (asshown in Table 1) was poured into the steel formwork(Figure 9(a)) which was placed with the preformed resinlight guide body and fully vibrated on the shaking table eRTMC block (Figure 9(b)) can be obtained by grinding andcuring for 28 d after removing from the mold

e RTMC panel of 200times 200times 20mm can be obtainedby the same method (Figure 10(a)) e diameter of the lightguide branch cross section was 15mm and the thickness ofthe connecting part was 6mm (Figure 10(b))

23 Testing Method for Light-Transmitting Property

231 Evaluation Index of Transmittance and Its CalculationMethod ere are many performance indicators to be con-sidered whether the transparency of material is good or notsuch as transmittance haze refractive index birefringence anddispersion [27 28] In this paper the transmittance was used to

Table 2 Comprehensive performance comparison of various types of light-transmitting materials

Material category Transmittanceparameter test

Density(gcm3)

Mechanicalproperties Process performance ermal conductivity

(Wmmiddotk) Pricedm3

Glass 80 250 Fragile ermal forming 110 5$dm3

POF 93 118 Unbreakable ermal forming 019 32$dm3

Unsaturated polyesterresin 94 155 Unbreakable Normal temperature

molding 016 6$dm3

Figure 3 Fabrication of POF transparent concrete

Figure 4 Resin light guide body

Figure 5 Cube prototypes

Figure 6 Devices for the silicone mold

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

increase the transmission quality of RTMC It can be directlycalculated by the ratio of the incident energy and transmissionenergy of light expressed by the following equation

T W1

W0timesAr

Attimes 100 (1)

whereW0 is the incident light energyW1 is the transmittedlight energy Ar is the section area of the transparent ma-terial and At is the total area of the section of the product

232 Experimental Devices As shown in Figure 11 in thetest the LED floodlight was used as the light source eNewport 2832-C dual-channel optical power meter and two818-SL probes were adopted to measure the incident and

transmitted optical power of the test piece respectively Inaddition the photosensitive area of the 818-SL probe was1 cm2 and the wavelength in the range of 400ndash1100 nm eincident light energy and transmission light energy wereread simultaneously e light transmittance of the materialcan be obtained according to formula (1)

233 Testing Method for Optical Power

(1) 3e Zero Adjustment of the Probe e premise of usingthe dual-channel optical power meter was that the initialstates of the two channels were exactly the same ereforethe two probes need to be set to zero under the same lightsource condition before testing

(a) (b)

Figure 7 Fabrication of the silicone mold (a) Silicone top mold casting (b) e upper and lower mold

(a) (b)

Figure 8 Resin light guide body

(a) (b)

Figure 9 Fabrication of RTMC block (a) Pouring mould (b) Resin translucent concrete block

4 Advances in Civil Engineering

(2) 3e Positioning of the Probe and the Test Piece e twoprobes were placed on both sides of the test piece re-spectively Moreover the photosensitive surface of the probefaces directed towards the side of the light source and wasparallel to the front and back planes of the test piece

(3) 3e Positioning of Light Source To ensure that the lightreaching the probe was approximately parallel light it wasknown from the basic experiment that the light source needsto be placed on the vertical split line of the two probes edistance of the light source was over two meters away fromthe probe the measured transmittance tended to be stableerefore in this experiment the light source was about3meters away from the probe and was located on the verticalbisector line of the two probes (Figure 12)

24 Testing Method of Single-Axial Compressive Strength

241 Preparation of Specimens e test blocks were madeof 100times100times100mm and the area ratio of resin were113 20 362 454 and 62 respectively Differenttypes of light guide body were manufactured to study theinfluence of the light guide branch and the interfacestructure on the compression strength

242 Testing Method of Compressive Strength A certainconcrete is poured in the formwork and fully vibrated on theshaking table After 24 hours of room temperature curingthe mould was removed and then the specimens were cured

under standard curing conditions for 28 days with referenceto the ldquoStandard for Testing Methods for Mechanical Per-formance of Ordinary Concreterdquo e compressive strengthtest was carried out on the specimens with the help of apressure tester which had a measuring range of 3000KNTesting force can be loaded kept and unloaded automati-cally with controlling the displacement and the loading rateof 1mmmin (Figure 13)

25 Testing Method of 3ermal Performance

251 Experimental Devices ermal conductivity was ob-tained with the help of the equipment DRH-type thermalshield thermal conductivity tester (Figure 14) It was basedon the principle of one-way stability and heat conductionWhen the upper and lower sides of the test piece were indifferent stable temperature fields the one-way heat flowflowed vertically through the plate-shaped test piece eone-dimensional constant heat flux and the temperature ofthe hot and cold surface of the test piece were measuredFinally the following formula was employed to calculate thethermal conductivity of the test piece

λ Wd

A t1 minus t2 1113857 (2)

whereW was the heat plate power (W) d was the thicknessof the test block (m) A was the calculated area of the testblock (m2) t1 was the temperature of the calorimetric plate(degC) and t2 was the temperature of the cold plate (degC)

Figure 11 Devices of the transmittance test Figure 12 Transmittance test of RTMC

(a) (b)

Figure 10 Fabrication of RTMC panel (a) Equipment for making mold and the silicon mold (b) Resin translucent concrete panel

Advances in Civil Engineering 5

252 Preparation of Specimens As a poor conductor ofheat the resin material possesses good thermal performancee connecting part can not only connect light guidebranches into a whole but also prevent heat transferring Asthe tester requires the test piece with the thickness of 15ndash25mm the RTMC panel was made of 200times 200times 20mmen the diameter of the light guide branch cross sectionwas 15mm and the thickness of the connecting part was6mm (Figure 15)

253 Testing Method of Experiment Each type of test piececonsisted of 3 pieces in a group and all kinds of specimens

were tested successively Firstly turn on the power switch ofcooling water to ensure the temperature of cold plate was25degC and the temperature of the hot plate was set to 40degCen start the electric furnace to make the hot plate tem-perature reach the setting temperature Finally when thetemperature was stable for about ten minutes record therelevant data and substitute them into equation (2) to obtainthe thermal conductivity of the test panel

3 Results and Discussion

31 Results and Analysis of Light-Transmitting Propertye diameter of the resin cylindrical rod was 22mm and thelength was 20mm 60mm and 105mm e results of thelight transmittance of the specimen under different wave-length conditions are shown in Figures 16ndash19

From Figures 16 and 17 it can be seen that in the rangeof 1000mm the incident light power and transmission lightpower decreases slowly with the wavelength in the range of1000 nm and increases sharply with the wavelength over1100 nm is is because that nearly 70 of the radiation ofthe lamp is infrared the radiation energy at the wavelengthof 1100 nm is the strongest and the optical power increasessharply us it can be seen that in the visible light rangethe light transmittance of the test specimens increased slowlywith the wavelength In the range of 1000 nm and increasessignificantly over the range of 1100 nm (Figure 18) Besidesfrom Figure 19 it can be found that the shorter the length ofthe light guide was the higher the light transmission wasFurthermore the light guide had excellent light trans-mittance which can be as high as 93 within the thickness of100mm and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

32 Results and Analysis of Compressive Strength

321 Analysis of Damage Morphology Figures 20 and 21show the compressive failure diagrams of plain concrete andRTMC respectively From Figure 20 it can be seen that theplain concrete block was pyramid-shaped due to the hoop

(a)

(b)

Figure 13 Pressure testing machine

Figure 14 DRH-guarded hot plate thermal conductivity tester

Figure 15 Panels needed for the experiment

6 Advances in Civil Engineering

eect after concrete crushing and spalling Instead fromFigure 21 the RTMC block remained good for integrity afterfailure and there was no large exfoliation and fragementationon the surface of the specimenemain reason was that thelight guide body played the role of pulling the knot andwinding mortar in the concrete

322 Comparison and Analysis of Compressive Strength ofSpecimens under Dierent Contents of Resin Table 3 showsthe test axial pressure data of RTMC with dierent contentsof resin It can be seen from Figure 22 that when the arearatio was 454 its strength reduced by 19When the area

ratio was 62 the strength reduced by 35 e mainreason was that the large the resin volume ratio was the largethe interface area was leading to crack rapidly along theinterface and the strength of the specimen will be reducedSo the area ratio should be controlled within 5 the in-uence of the embedded resin on the strength of the testpiece was relatively small and the axial compressive strengthof RTMC was close to that of plain concrete

33 Results and Analysis of ermal Performance

331 Results and Analysis of the Experiment Data Asshown in Figure 23 the thermal conductivity of the resin

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tran

smitt

ed li

ght p

ower

(nw

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 17 Relationship between the wavelength and transmittedlight power of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ligh

t tra

nsm

ittan

ce (

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 18 Relationship between the wavelength and light trans-mittance of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Inci

dent

opt

ical

pow

er (n

w)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 16 Relationship between the wavelength and incidentoptical power of specimens with dierent lengths

d = 40mmd = 22mmd = 18mm

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Lig

ht tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

20 40 60 80 100 120 1400Length (mm)

Figure 19 Eect of the specimen length on the light transmittance

Advances in Civil Engineering 7

material was 01603w(mmiddotK) which was close to 012w(mmiddotK) of the thermal insulation material e thermalconductivity of RTMC was 03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete is was becausethe resin light guiding body itself was the poor conductor ofheat and it could prevent heat transferring well Further-more the connection can not only link the light guide bodyas a whole but also block the transferring of heat

332 Numerical Simulation on the Heat TransferPerformance

(1) Establishment of the Finite Element Mode ANSYSsoftware was adopted to establish the model of RTMC panel

and carried out the numerical analysis of heat transferen the selected unit was SOLID90 for the three-dimensional steady state and transient thermal analysisAs RTMC was composed of cement mortar and resin thethermal conduction mainly occurred between the upperand lower surface of the panel us the analysis wassimplied by only considering the one-dimensional heatconduction and the nite element model of RTMC wasshown in Figure 24 In accordance with the experimentalprocess the temperature load on the upper surface node ofthe model was set to 40degC and the load on the lower surfacewas set to 25degC (Figure 25)

(2) Results and Analysis of Simulation According to Fig-ure 26 the inner temperature of RTMC decreased from thetop to the bottom varying from 40degC to 25degCe signicantdierence with the homogeneous material was that thetemperature eld was not of parallel layer distribution It

Table 3 Test axial pressure data of specimens with dierentcontents of resin

Area ratio () 0 113 20 362 454 62

Axial pressure(kN)

46428 46118 46282 46018 45834 4524546012 46343 45844 45634 45467 4487946873 46271 45946 46009 45301 44345

Average value(kN) 46438 46244 46024 45887 45534 44823

01603

Resin material Resin translucent concrete

Plain concrete

03815

08944

0

02

04

06

08

1

Thermal conductivity (w(mmiddotK))

Figure 23 ermal conductivity of specimens

Figure 20 Destructive form of plain concrete

Figure 21 Destructive form of RTMC

470

46546438

4624446024 45887

45534

44823

460

455

450

445

440

4350 113 2 362

Area ratio ()

Axi

al p

ress

ure (

kN)

454 62

Axial pressure (kN)Curve fitting

Figure 22 Relationship between the area ratio and axial pressure ofspecimens

8 Advances in Civil Engineering

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

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Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

stirred evenlyen add the curing agent in the ratio of 100 1 and stir evenly again In addition the order of preparationcannot be reversed because of the direct mixing of the curingagent or the accelerator may cause fire Next the container

containing the resin was vacuumed in a vacuum machineand the pressure was maintained at 006ndash008MPa for15ndash20 s en the upper and lower silicone molds wereaccurately integrated through the connector after evenlyspraying a layer of release agent inside them Finally theprepared resin was poured from one of the holes until thegap is filled completely and the molded resin light guidebody was taken out from the silicone molds after curing fortwo hours as shown in Figure 8

224 Embedding Cement Matrix e self-compacting sandmortar that is prepared according to the mixing ratio (asshown in Table 1) was poured into the steel formwork(Figure 9(a)) which was placed with the preformed resinlight guide body and fully vibrated on the shaking table eRTMC block (Figure 9(b)) can be obtained by grinding andcuring for 28 d after removing from the mold

e RTMC panel of 200times 200times 20mm can be obtainedby the same method (Figure 10(a)) e diameter of the lightguide branch cross section was 15mm and the thickness ofthe connecting part was 6mm (Figure 10(b))

23 Testing Method for Light-Transmitting Property

231 Evaluation Index of Transmittance and Its CalculationMethod ere are many performance indicators to be con-sidered whether the transparency of material is good or notsuch as transmittance haze refractive index birefringence anddispersion [27 28] In this paper the transmittance was used to

Table 2 Comprehensive performance comparison of various types of light-transmitting materials

Material category Transmittanceparameter test

Density(gcm3)

Mechanicalproperties Process performance ermal conductivity

(Wmmiddotk) Pricedm3

Glass 80 250 Fragile ermal forming 110 5$dm3

POF 93 118 Unbreakable ermal forming 019 32$dm3

Unsaturated polyesterresin 94 155 Unbreakable Normal temperature

molding 016 6$dm3

Figure 3 Fabrication of POF transparent concrete

Figure 4 Resin light guide body

Figure 5 Cube prototypes

Figure 6 Devices for the silicone mold

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

increase the transmission quality of RTMC It can be directlycalculated by the ratio of the incident energy and transmissionenergy of light expressed by the following equation

T W1

W0timesAr

Attimes 100 (1)

whereW0 is the incident light energyW1 is the transmittedlight energy Ar is the section area of the transparent ma-terial and At is the total area of the section of the product

232 Experimental Devices As shown in Figure 11 in thetest the LED floodlight was used as the light source eNewport 2832-C dual-channel optical power meter and two818-SL probes were adopted to measure the incident and

transmitted optical power of the test piece respectively Inaddition the photosensitive area of the 818-SL probe was1 cm2 and the wavelength in the range of 400ndash1100 nm eincident light energy and transmission light energy wereread simultaneously e light transmittance of the materialcan be obtained according to formula (1)

233 Testing Method for Optical Power

(1) 3e Zero Adjustment of the Probe e premise of usingthe dual-channel optical power meter was that the initialstates of the two channels were exactly the same ereforethe two probes need to be set to zero under the same lightsource condition before testing

(a) (b)

Figure 7 Fabrication of the silicone mold (a) Silicone top mold casting (b) e upper and lower mold

(a) (b)

Figure 8 Resin light guide body

(a) (b)

Figure 9 Fabrication of RTMC block (a) Pouring mould (b) Resin translucent concrete block

4 Advances in Civil Engineering

(2) 3e Positioning of the Probe and the Test Piece e twoprobes were placed on both sides of the test piece re-spectively Moreover the photosensitive surface of the probefaces directed towards the side of the light source and wasparallel to the front and back planes of the test piece

(3) 3e Positioning of Light Source To ensure that the lightreaching the probe was approximately parallel light it wasknown from the basic experiment that the light source needsto be placed on the vertical split line of the two probes edistance of the light source was over two meters away fromthe probe the measured transmittance tended to be stableerefore in this experiment the light source was about3meters away from the probe and was located on the verticalbisector line of the two probes (Figure 12)

24 Testing Method of Single-Axial Compressive Strength

241 Preparation of Specimens e test blocks were madeof 100times100times100mm and the area ratio of resin were113 20 362 454 and 62 respectively Differenttypes of light guide body were manufactured to study theinfluence of the light guide branch and the interfacestructure on the compression strength

242 Testing Method of Compressive Strength A certainconcrete is poured in the formwork and fully vibrated on theshaking table After 24 hours of room temperature curingthe mould was removed and then the specimens were cured

under standard curing conditions for 28 days with referenceto the ldquoStandard for Testing Methods for Mechanical Per-formance of Ordinary Concreterdquo e compressive strengthtest was carried out on the specimens with the help of apressure tester which had a measuring range of 3000KNTesting force can be loaded kept and unloaded automati-cally with controlling the displacement and the loading rateof 1mmmin (Figure 13)

25 Testing Method of 3ermal Performance

251 Experimental Devices ermal conductivity was ob-tained with the help of the equipment DRH-type thermalshield thermal conductivity tester (Figure 14) It was basedon the principle of one-way stability and heat conductionWhen the upper and lower sides of the test piece were indifferent stable temperature fields the one-way heat flowflowed vertically through the plate-shaped test piece eone-dimensional constant heat flux and the temperature ofthe hot and cold surface of the test piece were measuredFinally the following formula was employed to calculate thethermal conductivity of the test piece

λ Wd

A t1 minus t2 1113857 (2)

whereW was the heat plate power (W) d was the thicknessof the test block (m) A was the calculated area of the testblock (m2) t1 was the temperature of the calorimetric plate(degC) and t2 was the temperature of the cold plate (degC)

Figure 11 Devices of the transmittance test Figure 12 Transmittance test of RTMC

(a) (b)

Figure 10 Fabrication of RTMC panel (a) Equipment for making mold and the silicon mold (b) Resin translucent concrete panel

Advances in Civil Engineering 5

252 Preparation of Specimens As a poor conductor ofheat the resin material possesses good thermal performancee connecting part can not only connect light guidebranches into a whole but also prevent heat transferring Asthe tester requires the test piece with the thickness of 15ndash25mm the RTMC panel was made of 200times 200times 20mmen the diameter of the light guide branch cross sectionwas 15mm and the thickness of the connecting part was6mm (Figure 15)

253 Testing Method of Experiment Each type of test piececonsisted of 3 pieces in a group and all kinds of specimens

were tested successively Firstly turn on the power switch ofcooling water to ensure the temperature of cold plate was25degC and the temperature of the hot plate was set to 40degCen start the electric furnace to make the hot plate tem-perature reach the setting temperature Finally when thetemperature was stable for about ten minutes record therelevant data and substitute them into equation (2) to obtainthe thermal conductivity of the test panel

3 Results and Discussion

31 Results and Analysis of Light-Transmitting Propertye diameter of the resin cylindrical rod was 22mm and thelength was 20mm 60mm and 105mm e results of thelight transmittance of the specimen under different wave-length conditions are shown in Figures 16ndash19

From Figures 16 and 17 it can be seen that in the rangeof 1000mm the incident light power and transmission lightpower decreases slowly with the wavelength in the range of1000 nm and increases sharply with the wavelength over1100 nm is is because that nearly 70 of the radiation ofthe lamp is infrared the radiation energy at the wavelengthof 1100 nm is the strongest and the optical power increasessharply us it can be seen that in the visible light rangethe light transmittance of the test specimens increased slowlywith the wavelength In the range of 1000 nm and increasessignificantly over the range of 1100 nm (Figure 18) Besidesfrom Figure 19 it can be found that the shorter the length ofthe light guide was the higher the light transmission wasFurthermore the light guide had excellent light trans-mittance which can be as high as 93 within the thickness of100mm and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

32 Results and Analysis of Compressive Strength

321 Analysis of Damage Morphology Figures 20 and 21show the compressive failure diagrams of plain concrete andRTMC respectively From Figure 20 it can be seen that theplain concrete block was pyramid-shaped due to the hoop

(a)

(b)

Figure 13 Pressure testing machine

Figure 14 DRH-guarded hot plate thermal conductivity tester

Figure 15 Panels needed for the experiment

6 Advances in Civil Engineering

eect after concrete crushing and spalling Instead fromFigure 21 the RTMC block remained good for integrity afterfailure and there was no large exfoliation and fragementationon the surface of the specimenemain reason was that thelight guide body played the role of pulling the knot andwinding mortar in the concrete

322 Comparison and Analysis of Compressive Strength ofSpecimens under Dierent Contents of Resin Table 3 showsthe test axial pressure data of RTMC with dierent contentsof resin It can be seen from Figure 22 that when the arearatio was 454 its strength reduced by 19When the area

ratio was 62 the strength reduced by 35 e mainreason was that the large the resin volume ratio was the largethe interface area was leading to crack rapidly along theinterface and the strength of the specimen will be reducedSo the area ratio should be controlled within 5 the in-uence of the embedded resin on the strength of the testpiece was relatively small and the axial compressive strengthof RTMC was close to that of plain concrete

33 Results and Analysis of ermal Performance

331 Results and Analysis of the Experiment Data Asshown in Figure 23 the thermal conductivity of the resin

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tran

smitt

ed li

ght p

ower

(nw

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 17 Relationship between the wavelength and transmittedlight power of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ligh

t tra

nsm

ittan

ce (

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 18 Relationship between the wavelength and light trans-mittance of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Inci

dent

opt

ical

pow

er (n

w)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 16 Relationship between the wavelength and incidentoptical power of specimens with dierent lengths

d = 40mmd = 22mmd = 18mm

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Lig

ht tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

20 40 60 80 100 120 1400Length (mm)

Figure 19 Eect of the specimen length on the light transmittance

Advances in Civil Engineering 7

material was 01603w(mmiddotK) which was close to 012w(mmiddotK) of the thermal insulation material e thermalconductivity of RTMC was 03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete is was becausethe resin light guiding body itself was the poor conductor ofheat and it could prevent heat transferring well Further-more the connection can not only link the light guide bodyas a whole but also block the transferring of heat

332 Numerical Simulation on the Heat TransferPerformance

(1) Establishment of the Finite Element Mode ANSYSsoftware was adopted to establish the model of RTMC panel

and carried out the numerical analysis of heat transferen the selected unit was SOLID90 for the three-dimensional steady state and transient thermal analysisAs RTMC was composed of cement mortar and resin thethermal conduction mainly occurred between the upperand lower surface of the panel us the analysis wassimplied by only considering the one-dimensional heatconduction and the nite element model of RTMC wasshown in Figure 24 In accordance with the experimentalprocess the temperature load on the upper surface node ofthe model was set to 40degC and the load on the lower surfacewas set to 25degC (Figure 25)

(2) Results and Analysis of Simulation According to Fig-ure 26 the inner temperature of RTMC decreased from thetop to the bottom varying from 40degC to 25degCe signicantdierence with the homogeneous material was that thetemperature eld was not of parallel layer distribution It

Table 3 Test axial pressure data of specimens with dierentcontents of resin

Area ratio () 0 113 20 362 454 62

Axial pressure(kN)

46428 46118 46282 46018 45834 4524546012 46343 45844 45634 45467 4487946873 46271 45946 46009 45301 44345

Average value(kN) 46438 46244 46024 45887 45534 44823

01603

Resin material Resin translucent concrete

Plain concrete

03815

08944

0

02

04

06

08

1

Thermal conductivity (w(mmiddotK))

Figure 23 ermal conductivity of specimens

Figure 20 Destructive form of plain concrete

Figure 21 Destructive form of RTMC

470

46546438

4624446024 45887

45534

44823

460

455

450

445

440

4350 113 2 362

Area ratio ()

Axi

al p

ress

ure (

kN)

454 62

Axial pressure (kN)Curve fitting

Figure 22 Relationship between the area ratio and axial pressure ofspecimens

8 Advances in Civil Engineering

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

increase the transmission quality of RTMC It can be directlycalculated by the ratio of the incident energy and transmissionenergy of light expressed by the following equation

T W1

W0timesAr

Attimes 100 (1)

whereW0 is the incident light energyW1 is the transmittedlight energy Ar is the section area of the transparent ma-terial and At is the total area of the section of the product

232 Experimental Devices As shown in Figure 11 in thetest the LED floodlight was used as the light source eNewport 2832-C dual-channel optical power meter and two818-SL probes were adopted to measure the incident and

transmitted optical power of the test piece respectively Inaddition the photosensitive area of the 818-SL probe was1 cm2 and the wavelength in the range of 400ndash1100 nm eincident light energy and transmission light energy wereread simultaneously e light transmittance of the materialcan be obtained according to formula (1)

233 Testing Method for Optical Power

(1) 3e Zero Adjustment of the Probe e premise of usingthe dual-channel optical power meter was that the initialstates of the two channels were exactly the same ereforethe two probes need to be set to zero under the same lightsource condition before testing

(a) (b)

Figure 7 Fabrication of the silicone mold (a) Silicone top mold casting (b) e upper and lower mold

(a) (b)

Figure 8 Resin light guide body

(a) (b)

Figure 9 Fabrication of RTMC block (a) Pouring mould (b) Resin translucent concrete block

4 Advances in Civil Engineering

(2) 3e Positioning of the Probe and the Test Piece e twoprobes were placed on both sides of the test piece re-spectively Moreover the photosensitive surface of the probefaces directed towards the side of the light source and wasparallel to the front and back planes of the test piece

(3) 3e Positioning of Light Source To ensure that the lightreaching the probe was approximately parallel light it wasknown from the basic experiment that the light source needsto be placed on the vertical split line of the two probes edistance of the light source was over two meters away fromthe probe the measured transmittance tended to be stableerefore in this experiment the light source was about3meters away from the probe and was located on the verticalbisector line of the two probes (Figure 12)

24 Testing Method of Single-Axial Compressive Strength

241 Preparation of Specimens e test blocks were madeof 100times100times100mm and the area ratio of resin were113 20 362 454 and 62 respectively Differenttypes of light guide body were manufactured to study theinfluence of the light guide branch and the interfacestructure on the compression strength

242 Testing Method of Compressive Strength A certainconcrete is poured in the formwork and fully vibrated on theshaking table After 24 hours of room temperature curingthe mould was removed and then the specimens were cured

under standard curing conditions for 28 days with referenceto the ldquoStandard for Testing Methods for Mechanical Per-formance of Ordinary Concreterdquo e compressive strengthtest was carried out on the specimens with the help of apressure tester which had a measuring range of 3000KNTesting force can be loaded kept and unloaded automati-cally with controlling the displacement and the loading rateof 1mmmin (Figure 13)

25 Testing Method of 3ermal Performance

251 Experimental Devices ermal conductivity was ob-tained with the help of the equipment DRH-type thermalshield thermal conductivity tester (Figure 14) It was basedon the principle of one-way stability and heat conductionWhen the upper and lower sides of the test piece were indifferent stable temperature fields the one-way heat flowflowed vertically through the plate-shaped test piece eone-dimensional constant heat flux and the temperature ofthe hot and cold surface of the test piece were measuredFinally the following formula was employed to calculate thethermal conductivity of the test piece

λ Wd

A t1 minus t2 1113857 (2)

whereW was the heat plate power (W) d was the thicknessof the test block (m) A was the calculated area of the testblock (m2) t1 was the temperature of the calorimetric plate(degC) and t2 was the temperature of the cold plate (degC)

Figure 11 Devices of the transmittance test Figure 12 Transmittance test of RTMC

(a) (b)

Figure 10 Fabrication of RTMC panel (a) Equipment for making mold and the silicon mold (b) Resin translucent concrete panel

Advances in Civil Engineering 5

252 Preparation of Specimens As a poor conductor ofheat the resin material possesses good thermal performancee connecting part can not only connect light guidebranches into a whole but also prevent heat transferring Asthe tester requires the test piece with the thickness of 15ndash25mm the RTMC panel was made of 200times 200times 20mmen the diameter of the light guide branch cross sectionwas 15mm and the thickness of the connecting part was6mm (Figure 15)

253 Testing Method of Experiment Each type of test piececonsisted of 3 pieces in a group and all kinds of specimens

were tested successively Firstly turn on the power switch ofcooling water to ensure the temperature of cold plate was25degC and the temperature of the hot plate was set to 40degCen start the electric furnace to make the hot plate tem-perature reach the setting temperature Finally when thetemperature was stable for about ten minutes record therelevant data and substitute them into equation (2) to obtainthe thermal conductivity of the test panel

3 Results and Discussion

31 Results and Analysis of Light-Transmitting Propertye diameter of the resin cylindrical rod was 22mm and thelength was 20mm 60mm and 105mm e results of thelight transmittance of the specimen under different wave-length conditions are shown in Figures 16ndash19

From Figures 16 and 17 it can be seen that in the rangeof 1000mm the incident light power and transmission lightpower decreases slowly with the wavelength in the range of1000 nm and increases sharply with the wavelength over1100 nm is is because that nearly 70 of the radiation ofthe lamp is infrared the radiation energy at the wavelengthof 1100 nm is the strongest and the optical power increasessharply us it can be seen that in the visible light rangethe light transmittance of the test specimens increased slowlywith the wavelength In the range of 1000 nm and increasessignificantly over the range of 1100 nm (Figure 18) Besidesfrom Figure 19 it can be found that the shorter the length ofthe light guide was the higher the light transmission wasFurthermore the light guide had excellent light trans-mittance which can be as high as 93 within the thickness of100mm and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

32 Results and Analysis of Compressive Strength

321 Analysis of Damage Morphology Figures 20 and 21show the compressive failure diagrams of plain concrete andRTMC respectively From Figure 20 it can be seen that theplain concrete block was pyramid-shaped due to the hoop

(a)

(b)

Figure 13 Pressure testing machine

Figure 14 DRH-guarded hot plate thermal conductivity tester

Figure 15 Panels needed for the experiment

6 Advances in Civil Engineering

eect after concrete crushing and spalling Instead fromFigure 21 the RTMC block remained good for integrity afterfailure and there was no large exfoliation and fragementationon the surface of the specimenemain reason was that thelight guide body played the role of pulling the knot andwinding mortar in the concrete

322 Comparison and Analysis of Compressive Strength ofSpecimens under Dierent Contents of Resin Table 3 showsthe test axial pressure data of RTMC with dierent contentsof resin It can be seen from Figure 22 that when the arearatio was 454 its strength reduced by 19When the area

ratio was 62 the strength reduced by 35 e mainreason was that the large the resin volume ratio was the largethe interface area was leading to crack rapidly along theinterface and the strength of the specimen will be reducedSo the area ratio should be controlled within 5 the in-uence of the embedded resin on the strength of the testpiece was relatively small and the axial compressive strengthof RTMC was close to that of plain concrete

33 Results and Analysis of ermal Performance

331 Results and Analysis of the Experiment Data Asshown in Figure 23 the thermal conductivity of the resin

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tran

smitt

ed li

ght p

ower

(nw

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 17 Relationship between the wavelength and transmittedlight power of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ligh

t tra

nsm

ittan

ce (

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 18 Relationship between the wavelength and light trans-mittance of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Inci

dent

opt

ical

pow

er (n

w)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 16 Relationship between the wavelength and incidentoptical power of specimens with dierent lengths

d = 40mmd = 22mmd = 18mm

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Lig

ht tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

20 40 60 80 100 120 1400Length (mm)

Figure 19 Eect of the specimen length on the light transmittance

Advances in Civil Engineering 7

material was 01603w(mmiddotK) which was close to 012w(mmiddotK) of the thermal insulation material e thermalconductivity of RTMC was 03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete is was becausethe resin light guiding body itself was the poor conductor ofheat and it could prevent heat transferring well Further-more the connection can not only link the light guide bodyas a whole but also block the transferring of heat

332 Numerical Simulation on the Heat TransferPerformance

(1) Establishment of the Finite Element Mode ANSYSsoftware was adopted to establish the model of RTMC panel

and carried out the numerical analysis of heat transferen the selected unit was SOLID90 for the three-dimensional steady state and transient thermal analysisAs RTMC was composed of cement mortar and resin thethermal conduction mainly occurred between the upperand lower surface of the panel us the analysis wassimplied by only considering the one-dimensional heatconduction and the nite element model of RTMC wasshown in Figure 24 In accordance with the experimentalprocess the temperature load on the upper surface node ofthe model was set to 40degC and the load on the lower surfacewas set to 25degC (Figure 25)

(2) Results and Analysis of Simulation According to Fig-ure 26 the inner temperature of RTMC decreased from thetop to the bottom varying from 40degC to 25degCe signicantdierence with the homogeneous material was that thetemperature eld was not of parallel layer distribution It

Table 3 Test axial pressure data of specimens with dierentcontents of resin

Area ratio () 0 113 20 362 454 62

Axial pressure(kN)

46428 46118 46282 46018 45834 4524546012 46343 45844 45634 45467 4487946873 46271 45946 46009 45301 44345

Average value(kN) 46438 46244 46024 45887 45534 44823

01603

Resin material Resin translucent concrete

Plain concrete

03815

08944

0

02

04

06

08

1

Thermal conductivity (w(mmiddotK))

Figure 23 ermal conductivity of specimens

Figure 20 Destructive form of plain concrete

Figure 21 Destructive form of RTMC

470

46546438

4624446024 45887

45534

44823

460

455

450

445

440

4350 113 2 362

Area ratio ()

Axi

al p

ress

ure (

kN)

454 62

Axial pressure (kN)Curve fitting

Figure 22 Relationship between the area ratio and axial pressure ofspecimens

8 Advances in Civil Engineering

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

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Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

(2) 3e Positioning of the Probe and the Test Piece e twoprobes were placed on both sides of the test piece re-spectively Moreover the photosensitive surface of the probefaces directed towards the side of the light source and wasparallel to the front and back planes of the test piece

(3) 3e Positioning of Light Source To ensure that the lightreaching the probe was approximately parallel light it wasknown from the basic experiment that the light source needsto be placed on the vertical split line of the two probes edistance of the light source was over two meters away fromthe probe the measured transmittance tended to be stableerefore in this experiment the light source was about3meters away from the probe and was located on the verticalbisector line of the two probes (Figure 12)

24 Testing Method of Single-Axial Compressive Strength

241 Preparation of Specimens e test blocks were madeof 100times100times100mm and the area ratio of resin were113 20 362 454 and 62 respectively Differenttypes of light guide body were manufactured to study theinfluence of the light guide branch and the interfacestructure on the compression strength

242 Testing Method of Compressive Strength A certainconcrete is poured in the formwork and fully vibrated on theshaking table After 24 hours of room temperature curingthe mould was removed and then the specimens were cured

under standard curing conditions for 28 days with referenceto the ldquoStandard for Testing Methods for Mechanical Per-formance of Ordinary Concreterdquo e compressive strengthtest was carried out on the specimens with the help of apressure tester which had a measuring range of 3000KNTesting force can be loaded kept and unloaded automati-cally with controlling the displacement and the loading rateof 1mmmin (Figure 13)

25 Testing Method of 3ermal Performance

251 Experimental Devices ermal conductivity was ob-tained with the help of the equipment DRH-type thermalshield thermal conductivity tester (Figure 14) It was basedon the principle of one-way stability and heat conductionWhen the upper and lower sides of the test piece were indifferent stable temperature fields the one-way heat flowflowed vertically through the plate-shaped test piece eone-dimensional constant heat flux and the temperature ofthe hot and cold surface of the test piece were measuredFinally the following formula was employed to calculate thethermal conductivity of the test piece

λ Wd

A t1 minus t2 1113857 (2)

whereW was the heat plate power (W) d was the thicknessof the test block (m) A was the calculated area of the testblock (m2) t1 was the temperature of the calorimetric plate(degC) and t2 was the temperature of the cold plate (degC)

Figure 11 Devices of the transmittance test Figure 12 Transmittance test of RTMC

(a) (b)

Figure 10 Fabrication of RTMC panel (a) Equipment for making mold and the silicon mold (b) Resin translucent concrete panel

Advances in Civil Engineering 5

252 Preparation of Specimens As a poor conductor ofheat the resin material possesses good thermal performancee connecting part can not only connect light guidebranches into a whole but also prevent heat transferring Asthe tester requires the test piece with the thickness of 15ndash25mm the RTMC panel was made of 200times 200times 20mmen the diameter of the light guide branch cross sectionwas 15mm and the thickness of the connecting part was6mm (Figure 15)

253 Testing Method of Experiment Each type of test piececonsisted of 3 pieces in a group and all kinds of specimens

were tested successively Firstly turn on the power switch ofcooling water to ensure the temperature of cold plate was25degC and the temperature of the hot plate was set to 40degCen start the electric furnace to make the hot plate tem-perature reach the setting temperature Finally when thetemperature was stable for about ten minutes record therelevant data and substitute them into equation (2) to obtainthe thermal conductivity of the test panel

3 Results and Discussion

31 Results and Analysis of Light-Transmitting Propertye diameter of the resin cylindrical rod was 22mm and thelength was 20mm 60mm and 105mm e results of thelight transmittance of the specimen under different wave-length conditions are shown in Figures 16ndash19

From Figures 16 and 17 it can be seen that in the rangeof 1000mm the incident light power and transmission lightpower decreases slowly with the wavelength in the range of1000 nm and increases sharply with the wavelength over1100 nm is is because that nearly 70 of the radiation ofthe lamp is infrared the radiation energy at the wavelengthof 1100 nm is the strongest and the optical power increasessharply us it can be seen that in the visible light rangethe light transmittance of the test specimens increased slowlywith the wavelength In the range of 1000 nm and increasessignificantly over the range of 1100 nm (Figure 18) Besidesfrom Figure 19 it can be found that the shorter the length ofthe light guide was the higher the light transmission wasFurthermore the light guide had excellent light trans-mittance which can be as high as 93 within the thickness of100mm and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

32 Results and Analysis of Compressive Strength

321 Analysis of Damage Morphology Figures 20 and 21show the compressive failure diagrams of plain concrete andRTMC respectively From Figure 20 it can be seen that theplain concrete block was pyramid-shaped due to the hoop

(a)

(b)

Figure 13 Pressure testing machine

Figure 14 DRH-guarded hot plate thermal conductivity tester

Figure 15 Panels needed for the experiment

6 Advances in Civil Engineering

eect after concrete crushing and spalling Instead fromFigure 21 the RTMC block remained good for integrity afterfailure and there was no large exfoliation and fragementationon the surface of the specimenemain reason was that thelight guide body played the role of pulling the knot andwinding mortar in the concrete

322 Comparison and Analysis of Compressive Strength ofSpecimens under Dierent Contents of Resin Table 3 showsthe test axial pressure data of RTMC with dierent contentsof resin It can be seen from Figure 22 that when the arearatio was 454 its strength reduced by 19When the area

ratio was 62 the strength reduced by 35 e mainreason was that the large the resin volume ratio was the largethe interface area was leading to crack rapidly along theinterface and the strength of the specimen will be reducedSo the area ratio should be controlled within 5 the in-uence of the embedded resin on the strength of the testpiece was relatively small and the axial compressive strengthof RTMC was close to that of plain concrete

33 Results and Analysis of ermal Performance

331 Results and Analysis of the Experiment Data Asshown in Figure 23 the thermal conductivity of the resin

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tran

smitt

ed li

ght p

ower

(nw

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 17 Relationship between the wavelength and transmittedlight power of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ligh

t tra

nsm

ittan

ce (

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 18 Relationship between the wavelength and light trans-mittance of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Inci

dent

opt

ical

pow

er (n

w)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 16 Relationship between the wavelength and incidentoptical power of specimens with dierent lengths

d = 40mmd = 22mmd = 18mm

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Lig

ht tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

20 40 60 80 100 120 1400Length (mm)

Figure 19 Eect of the specimen length on the light transmittance

Advances in Civil Engineering 7

material was 01603w(mmiddotK) which was close to 012w(mmiddotK) of the thermal insulation material e thermalconductivity of RTMC was 03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete is was becausethe resin light guiding body itself was the poor conductor ofheat and it could prevent heat transferring well Further-more the connection can not only link the light guide bodyas a whole but also block the transferring of heat

332 Numerical Simulation on the Heat TransferPerformance

(1) Establishment of the Finite Element Mode ANSYSsoftware was adopted to establish the model of RTMC panel

and carried out the numerical analysis of heat transferen the selected unit was SOLID90 for the three-dimensional steady state and transient thermal analysisAs RTMC was composed of cement mortar and resin thethermal conduction mainly occurred between the upperand lower surface of the panel us the analysis wassimplied by only considering the one-dimensional heatconduction and the nite element model of RTMC wasshown in Figure 24 In accordance with the experimentalprocess the temperature load on the upper surface node ofthe model was set to 40degC and the load on the lower surfacewas set to 25degC (Figure 25)

(2) Results and Analysis of Simulation According to Fig-ure 26 the inner temperature of RTMC decreased from thetop to the bottom varying from 40degC to 25degCe signicantdierence with the homogeneous material was that thetemperature eld was not of parallel layer distribution It

Table 3 Test axial pressure data of specimens with dierentcontents of resin

Area ratio () 0 113 20 362 454 62

Axial pressure(kN)

46428 46118 46282 46018 45834 4524546012 46343 45844 45634 45467 4487946873 46271 45946 46009 45301 44345

Average value(kN) 46438 46244 46024 45887 45534 44823

01603

Resin material Resin translucent concrete

Plain concrete

03815

08944

0

02

04

06

08

1

Thermal conductivity (w(mmiddotK))

Figure 23 ermal conductivity of specimens

Figure 20 Destructive form of plain concrete

Figure 21 Destructive form of RTMC

470

46546438

4624446024 45887

45534

44823

460

455

450

445

440

4350 113 2 362

Area ratio ()

Axi

al p

ress

ure (

kN)

454 62

Axial pressure (kN)Curve fitting

Figure 22 Relationship between the area ratio and axial pressure ofspecimens

8 Advances in Civil Engineering

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

252 Preparation of Specimens As a poor conductor ofheat the resin material possesses good thermal performancee connecting part can not only connect light guidebranches into a whole but also prevent heat transferring Asthe tester requires the test piece with the thickness of 15ndash25mm the RTMC panel was made of 200times 200times 20mmen the diameter of the light guide branch cross sectionwas 15mm and the thickness of the connecting part was6mm (Figure 15)

253 Testing Method of Experiment Each type of test piececonsisted of 3 pieces in a group and all kinds of specimens

were tested successively Firstly turn on the power switch ofcooling water to ensure the temperature of cold plate was25degC and the temperature of the hot plate was set to 40degCen start the electric furnace to make the hot plate tem-perature reach the setting temperature Finally when thetemperature was stable for about ten minutes record therelevant data and substitute them into equation (2) to obtainthe thermal conductivity of the test panel

3 Results and Discussion

31 Results and Analysis of Light-Transmitting Propertye diameter of the resin cylindrical rod was 22mm and thelength was 20mm 60mm and 105mm e results of thelight transmittance of the specimen under different wave-length conditions are shown in Figures 16ndash19

From Figures 16 and 17 it can be seen that in the rangeof 1000mm the incident light power and transmission lightpower decreases slowly with the wavelength in the range of1000 nm and increases sharply with the wavelength over1100 nm is is because that nearly 70 of the radiation ofthe lamp is infrared the radiation energy at the wavelengthof 1100 nm is the strongest and the optical power increasessharply us it can be seen that in the visible light rangethe light transmittance of the test specimens increased slowlywith the wavelength In the range of 1000 nm and increasessignificantly over the range of 1100 nm (Figure 18) Besidesfrom Figure 19 it can be found that the shorter the length ofthe light guide was the higher the light transmission wasFurthermore the light guide had excellent light trans-mittance which can be as high as 93 within the thickness of100mm and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

32 Results and Analysis of Compressive Strength

321 Analysis of Damage Morphology Figures 20 and 21show the compressive failure diagrams of plain concrete andRTMC respectively From Figure 20 it can be seen that theplain concrete block was pyramid-shaped due to the hoop

(a)

(b)

Figure 13 Pressure testing machine

Figure 14 DRH-guarded hot plate thermal conductivity tester

Figure 15 Panels needed for the experiment

6 Advances in Civil Engineering

eect after concrete crushing and spalling Instead fromFigure 21 the RTMC block remained good for integrity afterfailure and there was no large exfoliation and fragementationon the surface of the specimenemain reason was that thelight guide body played the role of pulling the knot andwinding mortar in the concrete

322 Comparison and Analysis of Compressive Strength ofSpecimens under Dierent Contents of Resin Table 3 showsthe test axial pressure data of RTMC with dierent contentsof resin It can be seen from Figure 22 that when the arearatio was 454 its strength reduced by 19When the area

ratio was 62 the strength reduced by 35 e mainreason was that the large the resin volume ratio was the largethe interface area was leading to crack rapidly along theinterface and the strength of the specimen will be reducedSo the area ratio should be controlled within 5 the in-uence of the embedded resin on the strength of the testpiece was relatively small and the axial compressive strengthof RTMC was close to that of plain concrete

33 Results and Analysis of ermal Performance

331 Results and Analysis of the Experiment Data Asshown in Figure 23 the thermal conductivity of the resin

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tran

smitt

ed li

ght p

ower

(nw

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 17 Relationship between the wavelength and transmittedlight power of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ligh

t tra

nsm

ittan

ce (

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 18 Relationship between the wavelength and light trans-mittance of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Inci

dent

opt

ical

pow

er (n

w)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 16 Relationship between the wavelength and incidentoptical power of specimens with dierent lengths

d = 40mmd = 22mmd = 18mm

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Lig

ht tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

20 40 60 80 100 120 1400Length (mm)

Figure 19 Eect of the specimen length on the light transmittance

Advances in Civil Engineering 7

material was 01603w(mmiddotK) which was close to 012w(mmiddotK) of the thermal insulation material e thermalconductivity of RTMC was 03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete is was becausethe resin light guiding body itself was the poor conductor ofheat and it could prevent heat transferring well Further-more the connection can not only link the light guide bodyas a whole but also block the transferring of heat

332 Numerical Simulation on the Heat TransferPerformance

(1) Establishment of the Finite Element Mode ANSYSsoftware was adopted to establish the model of RTMC panel

and carried out the numerical analysis of heat transferen the selected unit was SOLID90 for the three-dimensional steady state and transient thermal analysisAs RTMC was composed of cement mortar and resin thethermal conduction mainly occurred between the upperand lower surface of the panel us the analysis wassimplied by only considering the one-dimensional heatconduction and the nite element model of RTMC wasshown in Figure 24 In accordance with the experimentalprocess the temperature load on the upper surface node ofthe model was set to 40degC and the load on the lower surfacewas set to 25degC (Figure 25)

(2) Results and Analysis of Simulation According to Fig-ure 26 the inner temperature of RTMC decreased from thetop to the bottom varying from 40degC to 25degCe signicantdierence with the homogeneous material was that thetemperature eld was not of parallel layer distribution It

Table 3 Test axial pressure data of specimens with dierentcontents of resin

Area ratio () 0 113 20 362 454 62

Axial pressure(kN)

46428 46118 46282 46018 45834 4524546012 46343 45844 45634 45467 4487946873 46271 45946 46009 45301 44345

Average value(kN) 46438 46244 46024 45887 45534 44823

01603

Resin material Resin translucent concrete

Plain concrete

03815

08944

0

02

04

06

08

1

Thermal conductivity (w(mmiddotK))

Figure 23 ermal conductivity of specimens

Figure 20 Destructive form of plain concrete

Figure 21 Destructive form of RTMC

470

46546438

4624446024 45887

45534

44823

460

455

450

445

440

4350 113 2 362

Area ratio ()

Axi

al p

ress

ure (

kN)

454 62

Axial pressure (kN)Curve fitting

Figure 22 Relationship between the area ratio and axial pressure ofspecimens

8 Advances in Civil Engineering

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

eect after concrete crushing and spalling Instead fromFigure 21 the RTMC block remained good for integrity afterfailure and there was no large exfoliation and fragementationon the surface of the specimenemain reason was that thelight guide body played the role of pulling the knot andwinding mortar in the concrete

322 Comparison and Analysis of Compressive Strength ofSpecimens under Dierent Contents of Resin Table 3 showsthe test axial pressure data of RTMC with dierent contentsof resin It can be seen from Figure 22 that when the arearatio was 454 its strength reduced by 19When the area

ratio was 62 the strength reduced by 35 e mainreason was that the large the resin volume ratio was the largethe interface area was leading to crack rapidly along theinterface and the strength of the specimen will be reducedSo the area ratio should be controlled within 5 the in-uence of the embedded resin on the strength of the testpiece was relatively small and the axial compressive strengthof RTMC was close to that of plain concrete

33 Results and Analysis of ermal Performance

331 Results and Analysis of the Experiment Data Asshown in Figure 23 the thermal conductivity of the resin

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tran

smitt

ed li

ght p

ower

(nw

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 17 Relationship between the wavelength and transmittedlight power of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ligh

t tra

nsm

ittan

ce (

)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 18 Relationship between the wavelength and light trans-mittance of specimens with dierent lengths

l = 20mml = 60mml = 105mm

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Inci

dent

opt

ical

pow

er (n

w)

600 800 1000 1200400Wavelength (nm)

Figure 16 Relationship between the wavelength and incidentoptical power of specimens with dierent lengths

d = 40mmd = 22mmd = 18mm

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Lig

ht tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

20 40 60 80 100 120 1400Length (mm)

Figure 19 Eect of the specimen length on the light transmittance

Advances in Civil Engineering 7

material was 01603w(mmiddotK) which was close to 012w(mmiddotK) of the thermal insulation material e thermalconductivity of RTMC was 03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete is was becausethe resin light guiding body itself was the poor conductor ofheat and it could prevent heat transferring well Further-more the connection can not only link the light guide bodyas a whole but also block the transferring of heat

332 Numerical Simulation on the Heat TransferPerformance

(1) Establishment of the Finite Element Mode ANSYSsoftware was adopted to establish the model of RTMC panel

and carried out the numerical analysis of heat transferen the selected unit was SOLID90 for the three-dimensional steady state and transient thermal analysisAs RTMC was composed of cement mortar and resin thethermal conduction mainly occurred between the upperand lower surface of the panel us the analysis wassimplied by only considering the one-dimensional heatconduction and the nite element model of RTMC wasshown in Figure 24 In accordance with the experimentalprocess the temperature load on the upper surface node ofthe model was set to 40degC and the load on the lower surfacewas set to 25degC (Figure 25)

(2) Results and Analysis of Simulation According to Fig-ure 26 the inner temperature of RTMC decreased from thetop to the bottom varying from 40degC to 25degCe signicantdierence with the homogeneous material was that thetemperature eld was not of parallel layer distribution It

Table 3 Test axial pressure data of specimens with dierentcontents of resin

Area ratio () 0 113 20 362 454 62

Axial pressure(kN)

46428 46118 46282 46018 45834 4524546012 46343 45844 45634 45467 4487946873 46271 45946 46009 45301 44345

Average value(kN) 46438 46244 46024 45887 45534 44823

01603

Resin material Resin translucent concrete

Plain concrete

03815

08944

0

02

04

06

08

1

Thermal conductivity (w(mmiddotK))

Figure 23 ermal conductivity of specimens

Figure 20 Destructive form of plain concrete

Figure 21 Destructive form of RTMC

470

46546438

4624446024 45887

45534

44823

460

455

450

445

440

4350 113 2 362

Area ratio ()

Axi

al p

ress

ure (

kN)

454 62

Axial pressure (kN)Curve fitting

Figure 22 Relationship between the area ratio and axial pressure ofspecimens

8 Advances in Civil Engineering

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

material was 01603w(mmiddotK) which was close to 012w(mmiddotK) of the thermal insulation material e thermalconductivity of RTMC was 03815w(mmiddotK) which was 60lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plain concrete is was becausethe resin light guiding body itself was the poor conductor ofheat and it could prevent heat transferring well Further-more the connection can not only link the light guide bodyas a whole but also block the transferring of heat

332 Numerical Simulation on the Heat TransferPerformance

(1) Establishment of the Finite Element Mode ANSYSsoftware was adopted to establish the model of RTMC panel

and carried out the numerical analysis of heat transferen the selected unit was SOLID90 for the three-dimensional steady state and transient thermal analysisAs RTMC was composed of cement mortar and resin thethermal conduction mainly occurred between the upperand lower surface of the panel us the analysis wassimplied by only considering the one-dimensional heatconduction and the nite element model of RTMC wasshown in Figure 24 In accordance with the experimentalprocess the temperature load on the upper surface node ofthe model was set to 40degC and the load on the lower surfacewas set to 25degC (Figure 25)

(2) Results and Analysis of Simulation According to Fig-ure 26 the inner temperature of RTMC decreased from thetop to the bottom varying from 40degC to 25degCe signicantdierence with the homogeneous material was that thetemperature eld was not of parallel layer distribution It

Table 3 Test axial pressure data of specimens with dierentcontents of resin

Area ratio () 0 113 20 362 454 62

Axial pressure(kN)

46428 46118 46282 46018 45834 4524546012 46343 45844 45634 45467 4487946873 46271 45946 46009 45301 44345

Average value(kN) 46438 46244 46024 45887 45534 44823

01603

Resin material Resin translucent concrete

Plain concrete

03815

08944

0

02

04

06

08

1

Thermal conductivity (w(mmiddotK))

Figure 23 ermal conductivity of specimens

Figure 20 Destructive form of plain concrete

Figure 21 Destructive form of RTMC

470

46546438

4624446024 45887

45534

44823

460

455

450

445

440

4350 113 2 362

Area ratio ()

Axi

al p

ress

ure (

kN)

454 62

Axial pressure (kN)Curve fitting

Figure 22 Relationship between the area ratio and axial pressure ofspecimens

8 Advances in Civil Engineering

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

indicated that the resin material can well hinder thetransferring of heat inside the panel

As shown in Figure 27 the heat flux density in themortar matrix area was significantly higher than the lightguide body the heat avoided the resin material and wascollected in the mortar area e main reason was that thethermal conductivity of cement mortar was much higherthan that of resin material and the thermal resistance wasrelatively lower is further explained that the existence ofthe resin material can greatly improve the thermal resistanceof RTMC and make it have better function of heat pres-ervation and insulation

Figure 28 showed the temperature variation of RTMC indifferent areas along the thickness direction e blue curvewas temperature variation in the light guide branch area andthe decline rate did not change too much e red curve wastemperature variation in the mortar matrix area which wasdivided into three stages the first stage was in the uppermortar and the temperature dropped slowly from 40degC to38degC the second stage was the resin layer and the temperaturedropped rapidly from 38degC to 27degC the third stage was thesame decline rate as the first stage from 27degC to 25degC emain reason was that the thermal conductivity of the resinwas obviously lower than the mortar which can hinder more

heat transferring and result in the temperature of lower layermortar much lower than the upper layer mortar

(3) Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Values of3ermal Conductivity e relationship between thermalflux and thermal conductivity of homogeneous material canbe expressed as

λx minusqPrimex

t1 minus t2 1113857d (3)

where qPrimex represents the heat flux density (Wm2) in thisdirection

RTMC was the heterogeneous material and differentlocation nodes have different heat flux values ereforethe average thermal conductivity can be obtained bythe average of heat flux of each node and the value qPrimex ofRTMC can be calculated as 02653Wm2 e value λx canbe obtained as 03537 w(mmiddotK) with formula (3) Com-paring the experimental value 03815 w(mmiddotK) it was foundthat the simulated value was close to the measured valueand the error was within 8 It showed that the simulationresults were effectiveness and feasibility and the model canbe used in the evaluation of thermal performance of RTMC

34 Microstructure Analysis of RTMC e microstructureof RTMC was studied by SEM as shown in Figure 29Figure 29(a) was the image of the self-compacted concretematrix from which it can be found that the microscopicstructure was featured with small apertures less harmfulpores and high density e reason was that the com-paction of fly ash can reduce the pore volume and fill thepores in the slurry which was extremely beneficial to thedurability of concrete Figure 29(b) shows the interfacebetween the resin and the matrix which indicated both ofthe two parts were much closely combined Due to theplasticity of the resin translucent body the surface of theresin translucent body can be made more rough so as toenhance the adhesion of resin with matrix and improve thedurability of the concrete

4 Conclusions

(1) Taking transparent resin and self-compactingmortar as raw materials a new novel light-transmitting concrete product RTMC was de-veloped by using self-designed production equip-ment and production technology e wholeprocess was characterized by low production costand high production efficiency

(2) e light-transmitting properties of RTMC weremeasured by using an optical power meter e resinmaterial had excellent light transmittance within thethickness of 100mm which can be as high as 93and the light transmittance was 60 with thethickness exceeding 100mm

Figure 25 Temperature load loading model

Figure 24 Finite element model

Advances in Civil Engineering 9

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

(3) e compressive strength of RTMC decreased withthe increase of content of the resin When the arearatio was within 5 the compressive strength ofresin concrete was close to plain concrete

(4) RTMC had excellent thermal performance that thethermal conductivity of RTCM was 03815w(mmiddotK)which was 60 lower than 089w(mmiddotK) of plainconcrete e ANSYS simulation results of thermal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

24

28

32

36

40

Tem

pera

ture

Node number

Light guide regionMortar matrix region

Figure 28 Overall temperature distribution diagram

25 261 275 317 372 40

Figure 26 Overall temperature distribution diagram (degC)

ndash060 ndash049 ndash038 ndash027 ndash016

Figure 27 Overall heat ux density distribution diagram (J(m2middots))

10 Advances in Civil Engineering

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

performance were eectiveness and feasibility andthe model can be used in the evaluation of thermalperformance of RTMC

(5) e SEM of RTMC demonstrated that the micro-structure of the matrix not only had small aperturesand less harmful pores but also high density theentire surface of resin was reasonably rough and canbe well meshed with the matrix

Data Availability

e data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

is study was funded by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no 61675038) eauthors Shen Juan and Zhou Zhi have received researchgrants from the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC)

References

[1] A B Kamdi ldquoTransparent concrete as a green material forbuildingrdquo International Journal of Structural and Civil En-gineering Research vol 2 no 3 pp 172ndash175 2013

[2] A Losonczi ldquoBuilding block comprising light transmittingbers and a method for producing the samerdquo US Patent8091315 2012

[3] B K Kashiyani V Raina J Pitroda and B K Shah ldquoA studyon transparent concrete a novel architectural material toexplore construction sectorrdquo International Journal of Engi-neering and Innovative Technology vol 2 pp 83ndash87 2013

[4] S Cangiano and A Carminati ldquoComposite panel based oncementitious mortar with properties of transparencyrdquo USPatent 13702178 2011

[5] A G Mainini T Poli M Zinzi and S Cangiano ldquoSpectrallight transmission measure and radiance model validation ofan innovative transparent concrete panel for faccediladesrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 30 pp 1184ndash1194 2012

[6] X Ye Preparation Method and Mechanical Property of ResinLight Conduction Concrete Nanchang University NanchangChina 2014

[7] C Duarte P Raftery and S Schiavon ldquoDevelopment ofwhole-building energymodels for detailed energy insights of alarge omacrce building with green certication rating in Sin-gaporerdquo Energy Technology vol 6 no 1 pp 84ndash93 2018

[8] W Xingang Y Xuna S Guquan and H Jie ldquoResin lightguide concrete and preparation methodrdquo Chinese Patent CN103086660 2013

[9] X Zuo ldquoSilicone mold and its applications in rapid toolingrdquoFoundry Technology vol 31 no 6 pp 784ndash787 2010

[10] W Xingang and Y Xuna ldquoDesign preparation and char-acterization of resin light conductive cementitious materialsrdquoJournal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) vol 38no 1 pp 42ndash44 2014

[11] J He Z Zhou and J P Ou ldquoStudy on smart transparentconcrete product and its performancesrdquo in Proceedings of the6th InternationalWorkshop on Advanced Smart Materials andSmart Structures Technology Dalian China July 2011

[12] T R N Porto F A J Wanderley A G B De LimaW M P B De Lima and H G G M Lima ldquoMolding ofpolymeric composite reinforced with glass ber and ceramicinserts mathematical modeling and simulationrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2018 Article ID2656425 14 pages 2018

[13] Z Zhou G Ou Y Hang G Chen and J Ou ldquoResearch anddevelopment of plastic optical ber based smart transparentconcreterdquo in Proceedings of the Smart Sensor PhenomenaTechnology Networks and Systems vol 7293 72930F-1 SanDiego CA USA April 2009

[14] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoResearch on the lighttransmitting cement mortarrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 450-451 pp 397ndash401 2012

15kV times170 100microm

(a)

15kV times35 500microm

Resin

Matrix

(b)

Figure 29 SEM images of RTMC (a)e self-compacted concretematrix (b) Resinmatrix interface

Advances in Civil Engineering 11

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

[15] Y Li Z Y Xu Z W Gu and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparation of lighttransmitting cement-based material with optical fiber em-bedded by the means of parallel arrangerdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 391-392 pp 677ndash682 2012

[16] L D Zhou ldquoStudy on cement-based light-transmittingblocksrdquo Concrete vol 6 pp 118-119 2013 in Chinese

[17] A Karandikar N Virdhi and A Deep ldquoTranslucent concretetest of compressive strength and transmittancerdquo InternationalJournal of Engineering Research ampTechnology (IJERT) vol V4no 7 2015

[18] M Sangeetha V Nivetha S Jothish R M Gopal andT Sarathivelan ldquoAn experimental investigation on energyefficient lightweight light translucent concreterdquo InternationalJournal for Scientific Research amp Development vol 3 no 2pp 127ndash130 2015

[19] A Altlomate F Alatshan F Mashiri and M Jadan ldquoEx-perimental study of light-transmitting concreterdquo In-ternational Journal of Sustainable Building Technology andUrban Development vol 7 no 3-4 pp 133ndash139 2016

[20] S K Karthikeyan T Keerthana and Y ShanmugapriyaldquoTransmitting mortar blocksrdquo International Journal of En-gineering Research ampTechnology vol 5 no 2 pp 153ndash1562016

[21] M Zielinska1 and A Ciesielski ldquoAnalysis of transparentconcrete as an innovative material used in civil engineeringrdquoIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineeringvol 245 article 022071 2017

[22] A Yadav S Shekhar A Anand A Badal and B Zaman ldquoAninvestigating study on a new innovative material transparentconcreterdquo International Journal of Engineering Research andAdvanced Development vol 4 no 1 DIP 180306201804012018

[23] T Awetehagn S M Shitote and O Walter ldquoExperimentalevaluation on light transmittance performance of translucentconcreterdquo International Journal of Applied Engineering Re-search vol 13 no 2 2018

[24] T Kawasaki and S Kawai ldquoermal insulation properties ofwood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulatedwalls and floorsrdquo Journal of Wood Science vol 52 no 1pp 75ndash83 2006

[25] Y Wu Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and ItsPerformance Dalian University of Technology Dalian China2010

[26] Z Zhou and X Gao ldquoMethod and device for manufacturingresin transparent concrete blockrdquo China Patent ZL201510206465 2015

[27] Y Li Z Y Xu ZW Guo and Z Z Bao ldquoPreparationmethodof light transmitting concrete using optical fiber fabricsrdquoChina Patent ZL2011100220192 2012

[28] X Liu and L Liu ldquoA light transmitting concrete componentand its manufacturing processrdquo China Patent CN101906836A2010

12 Advances in Civil Engineering

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Active and Passive Electronic Components

VLSI Design

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Shock and Vibration

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Volume 2018

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

SensorsJournal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

International Journal of

RotatingMachinery

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Modelling ampSimulationin EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation

International Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Navigation and Observation

International Journal of

Hindawi

wwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Multimedia

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom