EastWestArcRe-thinkingGrowthintheLondonRegion

RESEARCHREPORTNovember2018

www.eastwestarc.co.uk

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TheUniversityofWestminsterSchoolofArchitectureandCitiesNEUMANMichael(ProfessorofSustainableurbanism)m.neuman@westminster.ac.ukTCHAPIMireille(PhD,Researchfellow-Sustainablecommunities)m.tchapi@westminster.ac.ukGELGOTAAlec(ResearchassistantandDoctoralstudent)alec.gelgota@my.westminster.ac.ukITOVAIrena(ResearchassistantandDoctoralstudent)w1654623@my.westminster.ac.ukSHARKEYMegan(ResearchassistantandDoctoralstudent)m.sharkey@my.westminster.ac.ukAlongwiththesemester-longresearchanddesignworkofthreemodulesofstudents’workattheUniversityofWestminster:MasterofArtsinUrbanDesign‘MasterPlanning’moduleMasterofArchitecture‘MiltonKeynes’designstudioBachelorofDesigningCities‘UrbanRegeneration’designstudioLondon,November2018Frontpagedrawing:Image©2018MargaritaAndreeva.SomeRightsReserved.

www.eastwestarc.co.uk

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ContentsTheEast-WestArc,Re-thinkingGrowthintheLondonRegion................................................3

CityRegionsinthe21stCentury...............................................................................................5

PurposeandObjectives............................................................................................................6

TheJune2018EastWestArcSymposium................................................................................9

MorningPanelsandPresentations....................................................................................10

AfternoonWorkshops........................................................................................................12

EARLYWARNTheEastWestArcResearchandDevelopmentNetwork................................15

References..............................................................................................................................16

Appendix................................................................................................................................17

Notesoftheworkshops’discussions.................................................................................17

Panelsandstudents’presentations...................................................................................29

Presentations’slidesfromthemorningpanellistsandthestudentsarealsoavailableontheEastWestArcwebsitewww.eastwestarc.co.uk

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TheEast-WestArc,Re-thinkingGrowthintheLondonRegionThe East-West Arc spans 30 local councils comprising the growth corridor from OxfordthroughMiltonKeynesandNorthamptontoCambridge.Itspopulationofoverthreemillionis the fastestgrowingregion in theUK.1 SeeFigure1. It formsthenorthern fringeof thegreaterLondoncityregiontowhichitisprofitablytied,justnorthoftheGreenBelt.History,knowledge, technology, agriculture and nature combine in a rich tapestry that has longcontributed to the commonwealth of the United Kingdom. In a globalizing world wheredistancesofallkindsareslashed,theArcismorethanakeypartofthegreaterLondonregion.ItisagatewaynorthtotheMidlandsandtheNorthernPowerhouse.TheOxford-MiltonKeynes-CambridgeGatewayisoneofthemost innovativeanddynamicareas of theUK. Its potential is recognised by the government as a once-in-a-generationopportunity for the region to become a ‘knowledge-intensive growth cluster, competingglobally’.Yetthatpotentialiscappedbyinadequateinfrastructureandexpensivehousing,aswellasecologicalconstraints.AsHS2,alongwiththetrainandexpresswaylinkingOxfordandCambridgebecomerealities,thisvitalregioncanbeseenbetterasagatewayinalldirections,thushelpingtorebalancegrowthacrosstheUK.Theday-longsymposiumontheEast-WestArcheldattheUniversityofWestminsterinJuneof2018addressedthesechallengesfromarangeofperspectives.TraversingtheArcfromsouthtonorthistheproposedhigh-speedraillineHS2,aswellastheplannedeast-westexpresswayandeast-westrail linelinkingOxfordtoCambridgethroughMiltonKeynes.Thesetransportlinks,takentogether,areintendedtoenhanceconnectivity,mobilityandproductivityacrosstheregion.Thiswillfurtherboostgrowthwhilepresentingfinancingandenvironmentalchallengesalongwithitsbenefits.TheNationalInfrastructureCommission(NIC)reportfrom2017,PartneringforProsperity:AnewdealfortheCambridge-MiltonKeynes-OxfordArc,setoutonevisionandapproachtoinfrastructure-leddevelopment linkedtoplacemaking. ItalsosetoutnewthinkingonthehousingchallengeintheregionthatisequivalenttoanewcitythesizeofBirmingham.Otherimpactsofgrowthalsoneedtobeaddressed,suchaslastmileconnectivityandmulti-modaltransport,social inequities, landconsumptionofagricultureandforests,greaterfloodrisk,pollution,andlossofecologicalfunctionandintegrityofhistoricalregionincludingitsvillagesandtowns.Thesearebutafewoftheimpactsthatneedtobeaddressedbyanassessmentof growth scenarios and their impacts, in advance of the foreseen major infrastructureprojects.Governmenthas long recognised the strategic importanceof theArc, andnot just to theregionitself,comprisedofthreerecently-formedregionalgrowthboardsinMiltonKeynes,OxfordandCambridge.CentraltotheArcisitsrelationshiptoLondon,thewestofEnglandandthesynergieswiththeMidlandsandfurthernorth.ThisgreaterLondonRegioncontainstheUK’sprimarytransporthubsandcorridors,includingthemainnorth-southroadandrailroutes,togetherwithkeyinternationalgatewayssuchasHeathrowandBirminghamairports

1CambridgeEconometricsandSQW(2016),Cambridge,MiltonKeynes,Oxford,NorthamptonGrowthCorridor.FinalReportpreparedfortheNationalInfrastructureCommission.

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andtheseaportsofHarwich,FelixstoweandtheThamesGatewayintheeast.Whilethelonghistory of this greater region has unfolded piece meal, it is now interconnected into afunctioningmega-regionthatneedsacoherentstrategyfoundedbycogentanalysis.In this context, it is critical to envision the East-West Arc as gateway that enables in alldirections,andnotmerelyasaself-containedsub-regionorasanorthernfringeofLondon.

Figure1Governance–TheexistingLocalGovernmentbodiesacrossthecorridor–potential30localauthorities.Source:author,modifiedfrom5thStudio–FinalReport,Nov.2017,p.107.

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CityRegionsinthe21stCenturyCityregionsdominatehumanactivityonthisplanet,increasinglyso.Currentestimatesoftheplanet’stotalpopulationof7.5billionsuggestthatbetween55%and85%areurban2.Inthisresearch project, we investigate their nature, and the nature of their development andoutsizedomination,inrelationtotheEastWestArcandtheGreaterLondoncityregion.Theirimpactsofalltypesaretoobigandimportanttoignore.Inparticular,wequestiontherelationoftheEastWestArctoitssurrounds.Centraltoanydebateaboutthefutureistheverynatureofthecityregion.Thatis,howweliveandthereforewhoweare.Whataretheyandwhatwilltheybe?Whatdowecallthem?What images do they conjure? Will the Oxford Cambridge initiative be seen as a self-containedcorridororagateway?WhataboutitslinksnorthandtotheMidlandsandbeyond,andsouthtoLondon?Isthereanewgeographytakinghold?World-wide, urban agglomerations are expanding to encompass greater areas andpopulations,andconsumingmoreresourcestosupportthem.IntheUKaselsewhere,thesetrendsareprojectedtocontinueintotheindefinitefuture.Megaregionstaketheplaceofoldnotionsoftownseparatefromcountry,yetthelatterpersists,bothinthepopularimaginaryandingovernmentarrangements. Thishasledtothedecliningrolesofregionalplanning,spatialstrategy,planningandinfrastructure.In terms of guiding their futures, our fragmented landscapes and cities can only mirrorfragmented governance,whichbringsback thequestionof regional planning and its longtraditioninUK.WillEnglandresumethistraditionofleadershipinregionalplanningnearlyacentury long,and leadership in transport infrastructure twocenturies long? Whoare thePatrickGeddes’s,PatrickAbercrombies,andPeterHallsoftoday?Willcurrentbifurcatingtrendssuchasincreasingwealthandinequality,increasingecologicaldestructionyetimprovingqualityoflifeforsomepersist,orcanwechange?Arecityregionstoocomplextogovern?Outstandingquestionsforresearch,policyandgovernanceincludewhetherthereneedstoexistaunitaryagencytomanagetheregionanditsplanning,andwhat is thenatureof thepolicy to guide its growthanddevelopment– suchas a spatialstrategy or plan. The projected levels of investment in infrastructure, in housing and inbusinessthroughoutthecorridor,withattendantgrowthinpopulationandjobsmeanthatcoordinatingstrategiesandinvestmentsonthisscaleiscritical.

2UnitedNationsandEuropeanUnionestimates

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PurposeandObjectivesInvestment in infrastructure isvital tosustainbothcontinuedcompetitivenessandoverallqualityoflife.Further,infrastructureplaysothercrucialroles:tore-balancetheeconomybysupporting growth across the entire region; and to do this sustainably so that theenvironment does not suffer and less advantaged populations benefit. In this way,opportunity is distributed more evenly while stewarding the environment and resourcescarefully.AkeyopportunitytoattainthisisbylinkingtheOxbridgeGatewayinitiativetotheGreater London Region. The Government through its budget and industrial and housingstrategies,alongwiththeNationalInfrastructureCommissionthroughitsreports,havegivenstrongsignalsofsupporttotheEast-WestArcbypromotingstrategicgrowthopportunitiesthatthedeliveryofinfrastructureandhousingcanunlock.EncompassingEngland’seconomicheartland,theArcissimultaneouslyacentreofknowledgeandtechnologyinnovation,aswellasrenownedforitsenvironmentalqualitiesandhistoricplacessuchastheCotswalds,OxfordandCambridge.Providingdesirableplacestoliveandwork is essential to maintaining the region’s competitiveness, especially in securinginvestmentandtalent.Given the scale and complexity of the Arc’s continuing development, foresight based onanalysisatmultiplescalesacrossmultiple issuesisvital.Weenvisagefivekeythemesthatneed to be addressed, also acknowledged by Government, councils and the NationalInfrastructureCommission.Theyandthequestionsthattheyaddressare:

1. VisionandStrategyRealisingtheregion’spotentialwillrequireaclearandintegratedvisionsupportedbyacoherentintegrateddeliverystrategythatwillinvolvenewcollaborationsbetweenpublicandprivatesectors.

v Whatisthenatureofthecityregion?Destinationorgateway?Connectedorautonomous?Equitableorpolarized?Cohesiveorfragmented?

v Whatis/arethedefiningimagesthatportraytheregion?v Whoseregionisit?Whopays,whobenefits,whogetstoliveandworkthere?v What is thebestway forvettingcompeting scenarios for the future?What

evaluationcriteriashouldbeapplied,andbywhom?v How to integrate the vision and spatial strategy into existing national

strategies,policiesandstatutoryplans?v Doesastand-alonespatialstrategyorstrategicplanfortheregionaddvalue

andcoherencethatindividualagencyandLEP/councilplanscannot?

2. InfrastructureandDevelopmentBuildingthisregionwillalsoentailre-thinkingtraditionalgrowthmodels,especiallyifprojected infrastructure networks are to be developed and prospective housingdemandsaretobemet.

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v Howdovariousvisions,scenariosandstrategiescomparewiththeNationalIndustrialStrategy?TheNationalHousingStrategy?

v HowtoaligntheEast-Westrailline,theEast-WestexpresswayandHS2witheachotherandthecommunitiesthattheyserve?Sharedrightsofway?

v Howtobestplansothatinfrastructurenetworksofalltypesareintegratedasseamlesslyaspossibleintoboththeexistingurbanfabricandnewgrowth?

v How toenvision infrastructureasmulti-layerednetworks comprising roads,rails and houses but also nature, agriculture and water; to envisage moreholisticandhealthyplacesthatrealisethebestpotentialfortheregion?

3. SharedValueandSustainability

Oftenurbandevelopmentoccursthatisguidedbylimitedcriteria,suchasregulatorycomplianceorprofit.Weseektoestablishthenormsthatcompelsharedvaluethatgobeyondbalancing‘competing’intereststosynergizethemtogainmultiplebenefitsforallconcerned.

v What are the opportunities to create and share value among all sectors –public,private,andnotforprofit?

v How to measure and account for non-commensurate types of value? Forexample,monetaryandnon-monetary?

v Howtoreconciletheeconomyandtheenvironmentsothattheyaremutuallysupportiveratherthanseenastrade-offs?

4. LeadingandGoverning

Strongyetflexibleleadershipofplaceandcompetitivenessthataddresseslongtermchallenges and opportunities through short term, incremental steps responsive tocurrentandforeseeablepoliticalandeconomiccontexts.Thisentailstheredesignofinstitutionsforsuitablegovernancestructuresandprocesseswithsufficientresourcesandflexibilitiestodeliveranintegratedstrategyacrosstheregion.

v Whogoverns?v Whatarethearrangementsandrelationsamongthepolitiescomprisingthe

region?Centralized,decentralized,network,composite?v Howareplacesandtheirgovernancemechanismselaborated?Howarethe

region,sub-regions,localcouncilsandtheircollaborationsarticulated?v Howtoevaluatehowthebenefitsandcostsaredistributedfairlybyre-aligning

governmentinstitutions?v Developprocessesandestablishcollaborativeconsortiatoconductviabroad

consensustheanalysis,strategy,anddeliveryforthecorridorlinkedwiththegreaterLondonregion.

5. FinanceandDeliveryThereexiststheneedtobuild investorandvoterconfidenceinordertocreatetheright investment structures to attain balanced and fair public and private sector

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involvementtoforwardfundinfrastructureplanninganddevelopmentthatbalanceseconomic,socialandenvironmentalvalue.

v How to align individual projects, whether housing estates or infrastructurefacilities, with regional and national strategies on the one hand, and localprioritiesandplansontheother?

v HowwilltheestablishedtheEastWestRailcompanyundertakealignment–rightofwayandinstitutional–withtheproposedEast-WestExpresswayandthelocalesthattheyserve?

v Whatarethebestpartnershipandinstitutionalarrangementmodelstoenableinvestmentthatiseffectiveyetequitableforallparties?

v Howbesttoengagestrategicdevelopmentandinvestmentpartnerssuchaskey landholderssuchasuniversities,councils,MinistryofDefence,NationalRail,etc.?

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TheJune2018EastWestArcSymposiumOn June 19, 2018, the University of Westminster’s Faculty of Architecture and the BuiltEnvironmenthostedaday-longsymposiumon theEastWestArc. Itwasattendedbyonehundred leaders and interested persons from across London and the Oxford-Cambridgecorridorregion,representingawiderangeofsectors,levelsofgovernment,professions,agesandethnicities.ThesymposiumaddressedkeyissuesofthefutureoftheregionanditslinkstoLondonandbeyond, as well as its governance. There were three provocative panels in the morningsession, representing a rich range of interests and places. One of the panels includedpresentations by student from three design studios that completed design and planningprojectsonthecorridor.ThesestudentscamefromthreedifferentcoursesinWestminster’sFaculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, reflecting the multi-disciplinaryperspectivesengenderedinteachingandresearch.Inaddition,therewerefourinteractiveworkshopsafterlunch.Theseworkshopsdevelopedandinterrogatedrobustideastoguidethe framework for future steps todesign anddeliver theOxford-Cambridge corridor as aviable,sustainableplacelongintothefuture.Thepanelsandworkshopsaredescribedbelow.Perhapsmostimportantly,befittingtheroleoftheuniversityinsociety,thiseventestablishedaForumontheLondonCityRegioninwhichdialoguecanoccurontheEast-WestArcandother contemporary development issues. Establishing the University ofWestminster as aforum for futuredialogue fulfils an importantpartofouruniversity’smission,which is toadvanceknowledgeanddebateonimportantquestionsfacingBritishsociety.Thesymposiumaccomplishedthisbyprovidinganeutralsettingtodiscusstheevidenceandideasimpartially.In a timewhenparticularised interests play an outsize role in determining our fates, thisfunction of the forum takes on increased importance as it continues a long-standing andhighlyprizedroleofacademiainadvancingknowledgeforthegreatergood.ThesymposiumwasthefirstinanongoingseriesofeventsoftheLondonCityRegionForum.TheUniversityofWestminsterisplanningatravelingsetofsymposiainOxford,MiltonKeynesand Cambridge. These events aremulti-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, free and open to thepublic.Asapublicuniversityincollaborationwithotherpublicinstitutionsandsectors,weprovide an open, informed, reasoned, and impartial while passionate public forum fordialogueanddebate.

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MorningPanelsandPresentationsOpeningAddress

SadieMorganProfessorattheUniversityofWestminsterCommissionerfortheNationalInfrastructureCommissionDirectoratdRMMArchitects

Panel1-FuturesoftheCityRegion

§ MarkusAppenzeller,MLA+Partner/HeadofUrbanism,AcademyofArchitecture,Amsterdam

§ JohnAcres,PresidentoftheRoyalTownPlanningInstituteRTPI§ CouncillorLewisHerbert,ChairofGreaterCambridgePartners,

ChairFastGrowthCitiesNetwork§ RachelFisher,DeputyDirector,CitiesandLocalGrowthUnit,MinistryofHousing,

Communities&LocalGovernment§ ProfessorMichaelNeuman,UniversityofWestminster,moderator

Today, debates surrounding the city region aremore complex than ever. They aremulti-disciplinary, multi-sectoral and multi-scalar; and they are exploding in size andcomplexity.Whenweconsideredmetropolisesandcity regions in thepast, the focuswasmore internal, on trade, commuting and capital flows between the inner core and thesurrounding hinterland. The impetus today responds to globalization, rapid urbanization,neo-liberalisation, climatechange,migrationandother factors.Dowehave themeans tograspanddealwiththesenewrealities?Understandingthecomplexityofthecontemporarycityregionandtheforcesthatshapeithasproventoomuchachallengeforasinglemindordiscipline–hencearangeofexpertsonthepanel.TheyexaminedthisnewlogicinrelationtotheOxford-MiltonKeynes-Cambridgecorridorand its linkstoLondoninwaysthatcould informitsplanningandgoverning.Thisregionalchallengewillrequireourbestthinkingandcooperation.The presentations highlighted the need of regional and sub-regional strategic planning,although the plans were abandoned. Existing decision processes are not democratic ortransparent,increasingthetensionsbetweenauthorities.TheArccouldbeanopportunitytobringholisticlong-termplanningwithafreshapproach,basedonaninteractivecombinationof bottom-up and top-down initiatives. The example of the Netherlands is revealing: theliberalization and decentralization of the spatial development, without a common vision,broughtmitigatedresults,andledtheauthoritiestore-considerspatialplanning.Fromthegovernmentperspective,totacklethisissueandbuildonacommonvisionandthegoals of housing, economic growth & investment and transport, an across-departmentprogramme has been developed ‘to ensure decisions on connectivity, place-making andeconomicgrowtharemadeinajoined-upway’.Theoptionstoachievetheonemillionnewhomesarestillunderexploration.Oneofthemajorchallengesliesintacklingun-affordabilityacross the region,which requirea specificplanaddressingdifferent levelsof affordability

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among home buyers, renters and social renters; and encompassing land value capture.Growthneedstobemoresustainableeverywhere.Astrategicspatialframeworkamongallthedifferentshiresisalsoneeded,toavoidtheexclusivefocusonOxford-Cambridgecorridor.Thediscussionwentfurtherintheaudience,questioningtheweightofLondonasaplayerforthisregionandtheissueofboundariesformanyofthesmallerlocalities.Thesmallercouncilsshouldbepartoftheoveralldiscussionandbemoreinvolvedintheprocess.StudentPresentations,UniversityofWestminster

§ OlgaIvanova,MasterofArtsinUrbanDesign§ MartinMiranda,BachelorDesigningCities§ PareshParmar,MasterofArchitecture

Duringthisspringacademicterm,threedifferentstudentmodulesworkedontheOxford-MiltonKeynes-Cambridgecorridor.Theirworkwaspresentedbythestudents.Theyworkedatthreescalessimultaneously–thegreatercityregion,thecorridorsub-region,andlocal–acrossawiderangeoffactors.Theirworkisindependent,inspired,informativeandrelevant;fullofbrightideasandfreshthinking.Thedepthof theirpresentationsguided theaudience toward thedifferentpossibilitiesofconnectivity in the corridor, apart from transport. Their work was at three scalessimultaneously:local,corridor,andLondoncityregion.Thestudentsmentionedthelackoflinkagesbetweenacademicandenterprisesectors,whichseemtoberathercompetingthancollaborating from theirpointof view.How tobuildapartnershipmodel for governance,comprisingseveralgovernmentslevels,intoacoherententity?Whichidentityforthisregion?Panel2–GoverningandDeliveringtheCityRegion

§ ProfessorCeciliaWong,UniversityofManchester§ AdrianColwellExecutiveDirectorofPlaceandGrowth,

CherwellandSouthNorthamptonshireCouncils§ PeterSharratt,WSPandProfessor,UniversityofWestminster§ ProfessorJohanWoltjer,UniversityofWestminster,moderator

Akeygovernanceimperativeforthe21stcenturyislongtermsustainabilityandgrowthincityregions.Sustainability,however,isoftenovershadowedbyeconomicdevelopmentandcompetitiveness.Anunderlyingconcernisaboutthelong-termconsequencesofprevailingsettlementpatternsandthe“lock-in”theysignifyintermsofunsustainablepractices.“Lock-in”because thesepatterns are instantiated in institutionalizedgovernance structures andpractices. Government currently lack a coherent framework and supportive metrics forpromotingsustainabilityandgrowthatthecity-regionscale.Cityregiongovernanceiscomplicatedbymanyfactors,nottheleastofwhichbeingthattheylackclearagency.Anotherconcernistheextenttowhichcityregionscan“learn”togovernthemselves,todevelopsustainably,togrowequitably,andsoon.The“learningregion”hasdirect implications for the issues that the corridor faces.Webelieve that Ifwe are to be

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prosperousandsustainableinthefuture,changingcityregiongovernancepracticesinvitesradicalrethinking.Thequestionof‘creatingvalueacrossacomplexeco-system’,andthusmanagingcomplexitybetweendifferentstakeholders,fromsupra-nationalentitiestothepublic&privatesectorsandthecivilsociety,canbeunderstoodasadesignproblemofastrategicnature.Howtosignificantlyinfluencethemovetowardanintegratedapproachwiththeweightofasystemun-adapted to transformational changes?At a smaller scale, theexampleofpolicy-drivengrowth for Cherwell was presented, as a corollary to the complexity of governance in acorridorcomprisedof22-30localauthorities,severalLEPs,growthdeals,overlappinghousingandjobareas,etc.Fromalargerperspective,recallingthecompetitivemulti-cityregionalismintheUSA,andtheChineseplantohave19megacityregionalclustersby2020–involvingseveral mega clusters larger than Switzerland – provided interesting insights. It led thediscussion to the fact that governance should reach a wider scale consensus about theplanninganddevelopmentoftheArc.ItisexpectedthattheArcshallrelievegrowthpressureon London, and also capture massive investment and infrastructure over the nextgenerations,fromwhichotherpartsofUKcouldalsobenefitfromsuchemphasis.Galvanisedbythedebate,themorningsessionconcludedontheglobalscaleandglobalcompetitiveness,othercriticalpointsthathavefailedtobeaddressedsofar.AfternoonWorkshopsNotescapturingthefourworkshops’discussionscanbefoundintheappendix.Vision MichaelNeumanandKrystalliaKamvasinou,facilitatorsThisworkshopexploredwhattheOxford–MiltonKeynes–Cambridgecorridorregionshould/couldlooklikeinthefuture.Isitagateway?Aregionuntoitself?Anintegralpartofthegreater London city region?What forces impact on its future? Is there only one possiblefuture? Is it a ‘natural’ geography? Or is it a new, largely human geography? Can it beintegratedandwhole,oris itdestinedtoremainfragmented?Howcanwe,asindividuals,organisationsandgovernments,activelyshapethisdynamicandcomplexplace?Concretely,whatcanweasindividualsandasgovernmentagenciesdotodesignavisionandbringitintobeing?Theworkshopadvancedthediscussionaboutthemeaningandvalueofhavingavisionandidentityforthe localcommunities inthecorridor.Additionally,theequal involvementandrepresentationofallstakeholdersinthedevelopmentofthisprocessisfundamentalforthesenseofownershipofthevision.Asinglevision-imageormultipleimagesencompassingadiversityofvisionsisapowerfulwaytocommunicatenewideas,towhichpeoplecanrelate.TheEast-West-Archasnoidentityinitselfandthereforetheregionalredevelopmentprojectlackcoherencyacrossthemultiplelocalgovernments.Agoodvisionisavehicleofidentity,whichembracestangibleandintangiblecomponents.Agoodvisionisonethatpeoplecanrelateto,andcanbeshared, representingacommon identity.Currently, residentsdonothaveaspecific imageoridentitytorelatetoinregardstothisregion.Althoughonesingle

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visionisalottopinonaplace,ifthisvisionisrealisticandachievable,thenitshouldrepresentthesingleambitionoftheregion.Thisambitioncanhelptoshapeandalignthefutureshortandlongtermplansofthedifferentlocalauthorities.The workshop did not end with a single conclusion. A concept was sketched out thatpresentedan ideatoextendthecatchmentareasbetweentheexistingsmallerand largercitiesbycreatingattractionsthatcanofferhealthyandaffordablequalityoflife.Thiscouldpotentiallyencourageinhabitantstomoveinnewdevelopments.LeadershipandGovernance JohanWoltjerandGiulioVerdini,facilitatorsThisworkshopaddressedthequestionsofwhetherexisting institutionalarrangementsaresufficienttoplan,design,finance,deliver,andgovernoverthelongtermthecomplexandinterrelatedcorridorinitiative.Withupto30councils,10shires,governmentagencies,andotherlocalauthorities;whatarethegovernancestructuresandprocessesforinteractionanddecisionmakingthatcanbestguidethisregionoverthenextdecades?Whatlaws,financemechanisms,andcontractualarrangementsamongstsectorsandactorsneedtobeadoptedoramended?Aretherebetter,not-yet-devisedmeansthatreconcileinterestsandmarshalresources? In the current absence of regional planning and government, what structuralarrangementbestcoordinatesandalignsthisplethoraofentities:distributed,bottom-up,orunitaryapproaches?Whattypesofprocessesofcollaborationandcoordinationareneededtoreachdifficultconsensusandagreementacrosstheentirecorridorbytheparties?Regionalstrategyformationandexecutioninfast-growingplacesputsapremiumontiming,yet coordinated strategy development and implementation across this scale takes asignificantinvestmentintime,talentandresourcesforittobedoneproperlyandeffectively.Are the key players, especially national and local governments, able to marshal theseresourcesandstayfocusedoverthetimerequired?Theobstaclesandoppositiontosuchanendeavour cannot be taken lightly, and in fact need to be included in the structures andprocessesinordertoensureoutcomesthatasmanyaspossiblearesatisfiedwith.Infrastructure-LedGrowth CeciliaWongandRoudainaAlkhani,facilitatorsDemandforaffordablehousingandsustainablemobilityintheArcbothoutpacesupplybylarge margins. These factors combine to hinder growth and sustainability. These factorsrepresent a high risk for the long-term competitiveness and liveability in the Arc. Thisworkshopexploredthepossibleleversforbuildingacomprehensiveapproachthatintegrateshousing,jobs,road-railandblue-greeninfrastructuresintoacoherentgrowthstrategy.Whattypesof infrastructurebestaccommodategrowth,whereshouldtheybelocatedandhowshouldtheybeinterconnected?Howtobalancelocal,regionalandnationalinterestswhileshapingaregionalvisionforinwhichinfrastructuredeliversprosperityandsustainability?Theworkshophighlightedmajorconcerns,whichstartedbythewayinfrastructureseemstobeunderstoodintherecentstudiesanddebates,withamainfocusontransport-housingandthe emphasis on the housing and jobs as the main drivers of growth. Some plannersemphasizedwhattheybelieveis‘anobsessionwithhousingnumbers’,withnocontrolontheproperdevelopmentmadebyprivatesectors,whomayeludetheissuesofaffordabilityand

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services.Thesearecorroboratedbytheworryingfactthatnoland-usecapacityassessmentstudieshavebeencarriedout so far to support the road-rail infrastructureplans.Suchasassessment involves thenatural, agricultural, historical and cultural landuses for amulti-layeredandholisticapproach.Thediscussionattemptedtotakethemeasureofpreviousmistakes,suchastheSouthEastLondon plan, where communities opposed development, natural protected areas wereharder to cross, vehicular usage increased significantly, and agricultural lands weresimultaneouslyrisinginvalueandfragmentedbyinfrastructuresanddevelopment,leadingtoreducedlong-termviabilityofthefoodsystem.TheseissuesledtoquestionssuchasarewebuildingfortheArcortheArcismadeforthebuildingsector?Whichinfrastructurearebestsuitedtosustainlong-termemployment?Lastly,thediscussionhighlightedanoversightintheArcdebate,namelyBrexit.Asmassivenationalinvestmentsareplannedforthecomingdecades,acriticismconcernedtheequityoffuturefundsforaregion,whichisalreadyverywealthy,whileotherpartsofUnitedKingdomaresufferingfromlong-termdeprivation.FinanceandInvestment JimColemanandMeganSharkey,facilitatorsAshighlightedbyrecentstudiescommissionedbytheNationalInfrastructureCommission,theArccontainshighgrowthcitiesandrenowneduniversitiesaswellasnineoftheUK’stop100highgrowthtechfirms.Thisworkshopaddressedthekeyissuesthataffecthowtopayfor,operateandmaintaintheinfrastructuresandhousingstockdrivingthisactivity.TheArc’ssingulareconomicgeographyandfuturegrowthpotentialcallsforinnovationinfinancesothatallsectorscontributeequitablyinthecostsandimpactsofgrowth.Howtobalancepublicandprivatesectorsothat investmentacrosstheArc isviableoverthe longterm?Howtosecurelife-cyclefinancingyetmitigaterisksustainably?Asalways,theissuesoffinanceanddeliveryarecentraltotheprojectandtheArc’slong-termsuccess.Thetypicalquestionregardinghowthingsgetpaidforbecomesincreasinglycomplexdueto thescaleof thedevelopmentand itsdiverserangeofstakeholders.Thesemattersworked to stimulate interesting conversation among participants. Upfront costs werehighlightedasamajorconcern,notingtheimportanceofinfrastructure-leddesign,butthelimitsofavailablefinancingandthefamiliar“chickenandegg”conundrumdogdebatesandaction.In addition, participants discussed packaging infrastructure holistically across the regioninsteadoftheusualseparationandfundingofindividualinfrastructureprojectssuchasHS2,east-westexpressway,east-westraillineandactivetransport.Throughoutthediscussionandtorectifyconcerns,theimportanceoflandvaluecaptureandavarietyofotheroptionstopayforinfrastructureweredebated.Althoughnodefinitivesolutionwasreached,thegroupacknowledged that the current arrangement creates distortions. The discussion alsoemphasized that new means of financing projects necessitate new approaches to thegovernanceofinfrastructureprojectsandEast-WestArcregionitself.Thefindingsfromthisworkshopfurthersupporttheimportanceofdevelopingaregionalstrategythatbalancesthelocalandregionalscaleswiththesocio-economicdiversityoftheregion.

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EARLYWARNTheEastWestArcResearchandDevelopmentNetworkFollowing up the June Symposium, a research consortium and interconnected researchprojectsthatstudytheEast-WestArcareintheprocessofformationanddevelopment.Thequestionsand issuesraisedbytheSymposium,andtheNIC’soverallvisionthat isnowbetakenupbygovernmentdepartments,formastartingpointforthenetworkofentitiesthatcomprisetheconsortium,thatwedenoteastheEast-WestArchResearchandDevelopmentNetwork–EARLYWARN.TheEARLYWARNproposal isdesignedtoprovidetheanalyticaltoolsneededtoassessthebeneficialandharmfulimpactsoftheexplosivegrowthoccurringandprojectedtocontinuetooccuroverthenextthirtyyearsintheOxfordCambridgeCorridor,denominatedtheEastWest Arc by the National Infrastructure Commission (NIC, 2017). These impacts includesoaringjobsandeconomicgrowth,housingcosts,climatechange,environmentalpollution,trafficcongestion,andacuteandchronicinfrastructurestressing;justtomentionthemostprominent.Combinedwithscenariodevelopmentandassessment,theresearchintentistodevelopandapplyadvancedandintegrateddataandanalyticstodeterminethemostsuitableplacestodevelopinthefuture,includinginfrastructuretosupportthem.Thepurposeofthisresearchanddevelopmentnetworkistoprovideaforumandanarenatoconduct research, along with policy development and its analysis, that provide soundevidencefordialogue,debateanddecisionsaboutthefuturetrajectoryofthegreaterOxford-Cambridgegrowthregion.Thisregion,upto30localcouncilsacross11shires,isprojectedtogrowbyonetotwomillionpersonsandby7000,000toonemillionjobsby2050,dependingon scenario estimates (Cambridge Econometrics and SQW, 2016, National InfrastructureCommission, 2017). Accordingly, the government through its National InfrastructureCommissionsince2016hasbeenassessingthissituation.NowthatithasconcludeditsworkontheCambridge-MiltonKeynes-Oxfordcorridor,ithaspassedfurtherdevelopmentoftheconceptsandtheirexecutiontogovernmentdepartmentsandlocalities.Yetthereisnosingleentityorconsortiumthathasbeendesignatedorthathasemergedtocopewithallthedataandactivitiesthatarenecessitatedbysuchalargeregionundergoingrapidandmassivegrowth.Thishasbeenmadeworsebythevoidinregionalplanningandpolicybythegovernment’sdecisionin2011toabolishregionalplanningandpolicyfromitsgovernancearsenal.Thishasleftavoidinwhichthemarketsandindividualagentsactwithoutcompleteknowledgeandabilitytocoordinate.Part of the mission of the network is to develop the groundwork for the institutionalframeworkforplanninganddecisionmakingintheregion.Initialworkentailsdefiningthegeographicextentoftheregionandwhatfactorsneedtobeassessedtogovernitsgrowth,alongwithwhichactorsneedtobeengagedinresearchanddevelopmentdecisionmaking.Anotherpartofthemissionistoconductarigorousassessmentofallthepertinentfactorsinordertoguidethearea’sgrowthanddevelopment.Thisexerciseprovidesbaselinedatatodevelop and then to assess several growth scenarios, which will be conducted by aconsortium. In sum, this phaseof the researchwould constitute aneconomic and spatialplanning effort to determine the long-term suitability and sustainability of the types ofeconomicdevelopmentandpopulationgrowthexpectedinthisvitalregion.

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ReferencesNationalPlanningPolicyFramework–ConsultationProposals,MinistryofHousing,CommunitiesandLocalGovernment,March2018.Governmentresponsetotheplanningfortherighthomesintherightplacesconsultation–AsummaryofconsultationresponsesandtheGovernment’sviewonthewayforward,MinistryofHousing,CommunitiesandLocalGovernment,March2018.Next-doorNeighbours:CollaborativeWorkingAcrosstheLondonBoundary.2018.CentreforLondonandtheSouthernPolicyCentre.Cambridge-MiltonKeynes-Oxfordcorridor:Interimreport,NationalInfrastructureCommission,2017.Cambridge,MiltonKeynes,Oxford,NorthamptonGrowthCorridor:FinalReportforTheNationalInfrastructureCommission,CambridgeEconometricsandSQW,2016.PartneringforProsperity:AnewdealfortheCambridge-MiltonKeynes-OxfordArc,NationalInfrastructureCommission,2017.5thStudioFinalreportonOxford-MiltonKeynes-CambridgeCorridor,submittedtotheNationalInfrastructureCommission,Nov2017.FastGrowthCities:TheOpportunitiesandChallengesAhead.2016.MarieWilliams,CentreforCities.TheFuturesoftheCityRegion.MichaelNeumanandAngelaHull,editors.2011.London:Routledge.“TheResurgenceofRegionalDesign”.MichaelNeumanandWilZonnenfeld.2018.EuropeanPlanningStudies,26(7):1297-1311.“RegionalDesign:RecoveringaLandscapeArchitectureandUrbanPlanningTradition”.2000.MichaelNeuman.LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,47:115-128.

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AppendixNotesoftheworkshops’discussionsVisionworkshopParticipants:MargaritaAndreeva,Masterstudent,UniversityofWestminsterMarkusAppenzeller,PartneratMLA+AyaDibsi,ArchitectfromHungary,residentialprojectsandspacemakingIrenaItova,PhDstudent,UniversityofWestminsterOlgaIvanova,Masterstudent,UniversityofWestminsterDr.KrystalliaKamvasinou,seniorlecturer,UniversityofWestminsterLeaMarin,MasterstudentinInternationalHRMMartinMiranda,Bachelorstudent,UniversityofWestminsterUgochukwuNjoku,Constructionstudent,CollegeofNorth-WestLondonAllanRankine,MiltonKeynesCouncillor,BletchleyParkWardStuartTurner,PractitionerofArchitectureandUrbanismDoraVersisugi,ITdeveloper,passivehouseconsultant,PMbuildingpassivehousingClaireWarburton,PrincipalAdviser,GreenInfrastructure,NaturalEnglandModerator:Prof.MichaelNeuman,UniversityofWestminsterDiscussion:Q:Thegroupwasaskedtostartidentifyingwhatmakesavision?WhatconstitutesagoodvisionforaregionlikeOx-MK-Cam?Isitmorethanjustacorridor?A:Thegroupstartsbyansweringitisacombinationofgoodideas.Thevisionstartsbygeneratinganideaoraconcept.Avisionneedstorepresent ideasthatcanbereached–agoalexpressedbyanimage.Q:Thishelpsdefinewhatavisionis,butthequestioniswhatconstitutesagoodvision?A:Aconceptthatisoverarchingandincludingtheresidentsandindustryinvolvedtobuildittogether.Asharedvision,whichimpliessomekindofprocessormethodtodevelopasharedvision.Q:Whatothercomponentsandaspectsareconstituentsofagoodvision?A:Somethingthatisambitiousbutreachable.Itneedstobeplacespecific.Q:Whatcriteriashouldagoodvisionrespondto?A:Peopleneedtobeinthecoreforagoodvisionbecauseweareplanningforpeople.Agoodvisionneedstounderstanditscontextandwhereitsitswithinthewidercontext.Q:WhatcouldwesayaboutthevisionfortheArcasitexistsnow?Doesacurrentvisionexistordoesitstillneedtobedeveloped?A:Thevisionneedstomakepeopleengagedandexcited.WhatnowexistsaboutthevisionoftheArcisforittobecametheUKequivalenttotheSiliconValley.AninnovativecentreutilisingsomeofthemostprestigiousBritishassetsatthemoment--OxfordandCambridgeuniversitiesandthefastestgrowingcityinBritain,MiltonKeynes.Combiningthemcouldcreateholisticviewofthewholeareaanditsinternationalpotential.

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Q: Is a potential enough to sustain a vision, or is there something else that can be used as ageographicalpositionofaterritoryinordertocaptureitsidentity?Sometimesanamemaybepartoftheidentity,suchtheexampleoftheRuhrregioninGermany.A:Thenamehastobeuniquetostandouttomakepeopletotalkaboutitandattractattentionandthatishowthevisiondevelopsfromideaintosomethinginteresting.Q:Doesavisionhavetohaveavisualreference?Sincewearetalkingaboutcommunication,images,peoplearealwayschallengedbytheidea—doesithavetohaveavisualreference,somethingstrongandpowerfultoallowittocommunicate,toallowtheideatobecommunicated?Oristhetextinthewrittenstatementsufficientwithinitself?Ormaybeitisboth?A:Thereweremanyideasbutnobodyistalkingaboutcommunicatingthevisionofthecommunitythatislivingthere.Weshouldnottalkfromtop-downperspectivealone.Weneedtounderstandandincludethelocalidentity.A:TheprocessofdevelopingavisioncommencedbytheNIChadincludedstakeholderrepresentationfromthestatutoryauthorities,commercialandbusinesspartiesandcommunityfoundationswhichestablishedanetworkonorganizedbasiswhohasplaceditsrepresentationinthediscussionaroundthecorridor.ThisnetworkexertsastronginfluenceonMPIainStewart,yet,thisgroupalsohadthefeelingthattheywerenotalwaysbeingheardandrepresentedbyotherparties.A:TheoldtransportrouteinthepastwasviaBletchley.TheVarsityraillinewasservicinginthepasttheconnectionbetweenOxfordandCambridgeevenbeforetheexistenceofMiltonKeynes.Itwasaconnectionofthelocalcommunitiesbetweenbothcities,andthecommunitymembersacknowledgethisconnectionandappreciatesitsvalue.Thisconnectioncanbereactivatedasanassetbutwithnewmeaning,aprocessthatcanbepartofthevision.Q:Doesavisionneedtobeseen?Imagesarenotonlyforrepresentation.Whenyouchangeyourmindaboutsomething,whatdoyoureallychange?Youchangeyourmentalimageinyourmind.Cognitivescienceshaveshownthatthisisthewaythehumanmindworks,aroundimages.Whatwearetalkingaboutinthiscaseiscompletetransformationofaregion,whichinvolvesexistinglawsetc.Theroleofanimagecanbeusedtotransformthinking.Whatcouldtheimageofthisregionbe?A:Goodlifestyle.Usingtransportinfrastructureandhousingasthestartingpointisnottherightwaytogo.Thisisthevisionlaidoutbythegovernment;themotorwayandthefasttrainlineareproposedininsolationwithlittlerelationshiptothesurroundings.Althoughpeopleappreciatetheprovisionofmoreandaffordablehousing,itcanhaveanegativeimage.Transportcanhaveapositiveimageforpeoplebecauseitshowsapossibilityofmovements.Howevereventransport isnotalwaysagoodstartingpointbecausewhiletransportprovidesmobility,yetaccessibilityismoreimportant.Carsincitycentresarenotapoliticalpriorityanylonger,butalternativemodesofmobilitysuchasbicycles.Coulditbethatthisacorridorthatisnotonlybasedonrailsandroads?Q: Is there a concept that drives this region into the future? Is it a gateway, is it a corridor, adiamond,atriangle?A:Becauseoftheposition/locationofthecorridorwithrespecttotherestofsouthernEngland,itisa heart. It could be the centre and the engine of the region. The key would be to link it to thegeographicterritoryinsomewaythatcanbuildbetterrelationshipsamongcitiesandtownsintheregion.

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Ideastoconsider:*TheRandstad–ringcity–isanimageintheNetherlandsthathasbeencirculatingforoverthreedecades,butitisalsoarealterritory.Anyimageisjustabstractionfromrealitybutalsoverypowerful.Anyimage,orname,oridentity,hastolinktotheterritorialrealitytobemosteffective.*OxfordandCambridgeisknowntobeanacademiclocation.Weshouldusetheactualhistoryofthisregiontocomeupwithanimage.Often,whenwethinkofplaces,wethinkofthehistorybehindthemandwhat they are known for. This region is the knowledge region of England.We can keep thathistorical tradition, but we do not want to discourage other cities and towns around London byimplyingthatknowledgeisonlyinOxbridge.* The Fourth Industrial revolution is all about data and technology. Maybe the brain-image canrepresentbeing in the frontof thenew industrial revolution.Nevertheless, in termsof theheart-image,thisterritoryisalreadyknownastheheartlandofEngland.Thisentireregionasahearth,asaneconomiccentreofEngland.Becauseitisverycomplex,itcanbeacombinationofimages.*InEkaterinburg,Russia,thereisastrategicprojectfordevelopingthevisionofEkaterinburgforthenext50years,andtheteamdidnottry to imaginewhatthecity is. Instead, theyhad interviewedpeopleonthestreetsandaskedthemtowritedowntheideaabouttheimageoftheircity.Theywrotedowntheideasandpublishedtheminabook.Attheend,theauthoritiescouldnotconcludeonanysingleoneoftheimages,anddecidedtocallEkaterinburgthecityof100ideas.* You need a vision that captures hearts andminds combined. The Arc is about innovation andknowledge,wherewecamefrom,whereweareandwherewearegoing.Howareyourespondingtothecuttingedge,tobejustalittlebitaheadoftherestoftheworld?Maybe,theambitiondoesnothavetobeattainable,buttohaveonethatwilldriveaspirations.*OnechallengeintheArcisaboutconnectingcities.Forexample,aretheexistingairportsintheArcregionsufficienttoconnecttotherestoftheworld?Tocompete,forexample,withSiliconValley,thisregionwouldneedasignificantairport,asGatwickandHeathrowarefar.* Short termgains-long termvision. Short-termgainshave tobe smaller and immediately visible,peopleneedtofill themimmediately.Weshouldnotwaitfortwentyyearsforthetrain linetobecompleted.Weshoulddosomethingintheshorttermtoconnectthecities,withaspecialbus-line.*Thecities intheArcatthemomentarecompetingfortheattentionofLondonandBirmingham.Insteadofcompeting,howdotheycollaboratewitheachotherinstead?*Atthismoment,thegovernmentsareemployingan“Ifyoubuild,theywillcome”mentality.Itisnotacoherentvision.Whatismissingfromthegovernmentvisionaretwofundamentalaspects.Oneisconnecting it beyond the corridor towards London and towards theNorth. Another key aspect issustainability.*SiliconValleyisapowerfulcomparisonormetaphor,but inaway,that isyesterday’svision.Thefuture may not necessarily be silicon-based and may not be linear. Research conducted on thestrengthsbehindSiliconValleyfoundthattheinterconnections,thesocialnetworksandthenatureofthe networking among firms and employees, had much to do with face-to-face interactions andsharing,withtransportnetworksanddigitalconnectivityinsupportingroles.

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*ByconnectingOxford,CambridgeandMiltonKeynesbytransport,itisbettertoconnectplacesbycreatingconnectionbyattractionsthatwillinspirepeopletraveltootherlocations.Maybeitcouldbegreenareasin-betweentheseplacesthatattractpeopleanditaddstothesustainabilityelement.*Thenerves thatconnectall theseplaces together is theentire infrastructure.This replicates thesynapsesoftheneuralnetworkasaprocess,wherethetransformationofinformationisconnectingalltheplacestogether.Likeinaneuralnetwork,oneneuronactivatesanotherbysynapses--electricaldischarge.MaybethecorridorcanbethegatewayfromtheNorthtotheSouthtounlockeconomicpotential.Maybethisregionisdefinedbytheseknowledgeconnections,theknowledgenetworks.*MaybethisregioncanbeidentifiedasadifferentmetropolisthantheLondonmetroregion.WhatwehavenotaddressedyetishowconnectedisthisregiontotheLondonMetropolitanRegion.Thereare104trainsadayfromLondontoMiltonKeynesperday.AboutthesametoOxfordandCambridge.Q:Whatisthesourceoftheimageoftheregion,theimage,thetermoftheregion?Theplannerofthefutureisnotasingleperson?Oraprocesscomprisedofacollectionofpeople?A: To a degree (strength and aweakness) the image can be attractive to a politician, economist.However, if a resident is living in one of the areas, s/hewouldwant to bemore relatable to theinhabitants,theimageshouldprojectthelocalidentity.Anoverarchingvisionmaybeabittoodifficulttobeappealingtoalltypesofpeople.Itisnotaboutsingleidentity,butavisionthatportraysmultipleidentities.A: We should create boundaries based on social patterns, yet we can always go beyond theseboundaries. Instead talking of housing,we have to talk aboutwellbeing and quality of living andinsteadoftalkingabouttransportinfrastructure,weneedtotalkaboutmobilityandconnectivity.A;TheGDPcountshouldbereplacedbyqualityoflivingindicators.Ifyouusethis,youwillendupwith a happy placewhere peoplewant to live. For example, San Francisco is driving families outbecauseofnon-affordablelifestyle.Londonandsomeothercitiesarelikethataswell.Themiddleandworkingclassescannotaffordtoliveinthesetypesofattractivecitiesanylonger.A:ThecommonimageofMiltonKeynesisgreenopenspace, interconnectedthegridroadsystem,thatwasa strong statement.Thenetworked infrastructurehasbecomea symbolof that city thatpeopleareproudof,theyrelatetoit.Nevertheless,howdoesthisimagefitintothestrategicvisionofthefutureofMiltonKeynes?Q:WhatmakesOxfordandCambridgesoattractivethatscientistswanttogothere?A:Becausethesecitiesoffermany“soft”factorssuchashumanscaleanda“smallhousesfeeling”whichplaybigrolesinthequalityoflife.Thesesoftfactorsneedtoplaymuchbiggerroleincreatingtheimageofthecity.SummaryWedidnothaveasingleconclusion.Ontheideaofasingleimageorvisionfortheregion,itisalottopinonaplace.That isnottosaythat itshouldnothavethosethings,but it isanambitioussetofcriteriaforagoodvision,anditshouldbethatway.TheEast-West-Arcasatermhasnoidentity.Thereisnocurrentlyidentifiable“brand”.Agoodvisionisavisionthatpeoplecanrelatetoit,ithastobeshared.Identityissomethingthatpeopleneedtoidentifywithandthereforeithastobeconcrete,specific.

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LeadershipandGovernanceParticipants:GiulioVerdini,UniversityofWestminsterSabinaCioboata,UniversityofWestminsterMeganSharkey,UniversityofWestminsterNeilBorder,HeadofPolicy,SouthEastStrategicLeadersMarcoTrombetta,Cambridge-MiltonKeynes-OxfordProgrammeTeam,MinistryofHousing,CommunitiesandLocalGovernment)post-doctoralresearcher,LondonUniversityModerator:Prof.JohanWoltjer,UniversityofWestminsterDiscussion:Q:HowdoestheexistingNICproposaltranslateintoleadershipandgovernance?A:TheexistingNICproposal–partnerships(enterprise);largegovernmentcommitment–expresswayandexpressrailsA:RegionwhichisseekingopportunitiesalreadydefinedbytheNICA:Focusonjusthousing?NeedtolookatgreenandecoregionsA:Regionalism–Dowehavetocreateit?Whoisthe‘we’?Whatcouldbeaconvincingnarrativewhichpeoplecanacceptandadopt?A:Howcanallthistranslateintosomedesignstrategies?Q:Arethecouncils,growthboards,orsomeotherregionalstructurestheleadersoftheNICregionalproposal?A: Work with counties not just councils – Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire,Cambridgeshire,etc.A:Hugemishmash:growthboardmakesrecommendationsthatgetapprovedbylocalauthorities,buttheydonothaveabindingrole.A:UnitaryauthoritieslikeLuton(onelayerofgovernment)A:Economicheartland–shadowsubnationaltransportbodythatdoesn'thaveanypowerorbudget,buthopefullyitcanbecomealargedecisionmakingbodyA:NothingreallyapproachingaregionalgovernancestructureexistsorisenvisionedA:Without a regional governance structure, it will be difficult to accomplish a visionwhich is asambitiousasthis.A:Withoutastructure,developmentinthefuturemaynotbepartofacoherentstrategy,insteaditwillbedisjointed.Q:Howdoesthistranslateintogovernance?A:WillnothavesamecapacitiesforgovernanceandactioninallcountiesA:Withanationalbodydictatingeverything,onecanmissnuancesfrombottom-upA:NotproponentofaddingnewlevelofgovernmentbutinsteadaregionalbodyforplanningQ:WhatisWhitewall’srole?A:Governmentdoesn’twanttouseword‘regional’.A:Ifthreeexistinggrowthboards(LEPs)cometogetherforsettingupaframeworktousesection106strategically–using ‘operational fundingforcapital investment’– itcouldprovideastructure.Butcurrently,Oxfordshirecan’tmakethatdecision.A:Leadershipversusgovernance–whoprovidesleadershipandhowisittranslatedintogovernance?

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Q:Whatdowewanttoseeoutofleadershipandgovernance?A: Multiple layers or levels of government: In Australia, there is a system to ensure that thedeveloper’scontributionfacilitatesdevelopmentintheareabutalsofitintothewidergovernment’sstrategy,byprovidingtheinfrastructuresthatthegovernmentwantstofund.A:BestbetintheUK:useSITsThreelayers:toptobottomgovernance;localcouncilshavetogetoutsomemoney:1.BottomlayerLocal(Section106)2.SIT(sub-regional–shirelevel:theshireswouldneedtoagree)[setupafund=poolthem,withacertainpercentagefundingdifferentthings;forexample,transportorienteddevelopment]3.NationalA:Consultationprocess(large-scale):someoftheelementsforthatarealreadythere,althoughitisnotbindingyetA:Councilsunderstandingwhattheyneedtodeliverbutstillthereistheissueofleadership–whodowewanttobetheleadersoftheregionalenterprise?A:wouldbebettertogathertogetherandreconcileinsomeprocessalllocalplansforcorridor,insteadofarithmeticallyaddingallthehousingnumbersthatareprojected.Dowebringprivatesectorin?A:Supplyof600.000housingunitsisdonelargelybytheprivatesectorinanycase.Q:ThecorridorasthenextdormitoryforLondonwherepeoplecanfindcheaperhousing–isthisagoodthing?Howcanwecalculatecosts,andhowcanwereducecosts?A:Weneedasustainablestrategyforthefuture–thinkingholisticallytohaveproperinfrastructures.A:Marketsolution:ispartoftheproblem,we’vehadthembutnowthey’renotdeliveringhealthyandsustainableplacesonmultiplescales.Cul-de-sacsuburb?Q:Butwhatifyouhavenoleadershipandyouneedmarketsolution?A: Ifyouwantthemarketsolutionthat’s fine,buthowdoweensurethatwhattheprivatesectorprovidesiswhatisneeded,whatisrelevant,whatissustainable,etc.?A:Accordingtodeveloperstheyareprovidingwhatisneeded,yetinpracticetheyonlyprovidetheresidentialorcommercialdevelopmentwithouttheneededservices.Useofthebuzzword‘Viability’.A:Dependingonwhatvisionsthereare,weareallmakingparallelvisions.A:Unfortunately,thereisnoleveragetobuyland.Q:Howcangrowthdealswork?A:“Growthdeal”:Governmentgivelocalitiesmoneytohelpwithcapacitybuildingtowriteastatutoryplan–whichcanbebuiltintoaframeworkforaJointStrategicStatutoryPlan(JSSP).A:Howcanthisgovernmentstructureprovideaframeworkbutstillsupportmarkets?Howcanitnotbetoocumbersome?Whichoneoverrideswhich?Thinkingaboutlegalitiesamongstgovernments.A:HowtoensurethataLocalPlanconformswiththeJSSP?A:IfsomethingisinaccordwithLocalPlan,itshouldbeinaccordwithJSSP.A:Leadership:JSSP–givesbigstrategicphysicalframework.A:Wantlocalleaderstobeaccountable(rolesincludefacilitators,supporters,enforcers).Wehadmorequestionsthananswers…Q:Howshouldthisbefunded?Whatisthemechanismforfinancialdistribution?A:Financialissues:abig,broadcorridortopayfor–whatisthemechanismforfinancialdistribution?A:Problem:inUKthingsarefundedveryspecifically,policyandbudgetingnotveryintegrated.A:Segmentedfundingisabadwayforregionalplanninganddevelopment.

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A:Jugglingwithspendingmoneyinaspecificorderbecauseithastobespent.A:Costcanbeshared/fungibleacrossdifferentitems:forexample,WSPmanagementplanning:ifIhaveabudgetandifIsavedmoneyforoneitem,thenitcangointosomethingelse.A:Getawayfromasystemof‘youneedtospendthemoneyonXevenifyoudon’tneedX.Rememberthatthecommunityhastobepartofthisdealaswell.A:Combiningprofitablewithnon-profitable(regionalplanning).UpsanddownsinthepackageQ:Whataboutinfrastructuremaintenance?A:Somemoneyshouldalsobeusedformaintenance.Hugelandscapewithverycomplexfeatures.Whatwillyoudowiththepressureincurredbyadding1millionnewhouses?A:Isthereanewprofit-sharingapproachthatcanhelpwithmaintenance?Makingmoneyaswell–doyouneedagovernancestructureforthat?Whowouldcontrolthat?Individualcouncils?A:Counciltax,otherformsoflocaltaxation.Somecouncilsusedbondfinancing,othersusedamethodinwhichdeveloperputsmoneyintoapot.Seekcontrolfromsomethingthatgeneratesrevenues(e.g.,apark).A:InUK:thefocusisonlanddevelopment.Publicacquisitionofland–“landbanking”forfutureuseA:couldgeneratefundswhichcanbelaterused,aswellassavelandacquisitioncostsinthefuture.ReferencingtheChinesemodeloflandleasing,Scandinavianmodelsoflandbanking.A:Usingplusfromonedevelopmenttofillinminusofanotherone.Otherideas:* New Town strategy – maybe the only strategy which is top-down but might be regionally

sustainable.Also,anewtownstrategycanprovidealargenumbersofhousingunits.20-50.000peopleinanewtowncanprovideagoodqualityoflifeifyouhavegoodtransport.

* Bottom-up approach instead? But, to be realistic, it is unlikely that this will happen. Lots ofconstraints in terms of land use. Tomake a bottom-up approach viable, this iswhere qualityregionalframeworkcomesin.

* “Barnyardentrepreneurship”:hightech,becauseit’saffordable,highperformanceengineering.Fosteringentrepreneurship.Shiftingproductstoconnectandcompeteglobally.

* NewTownswithregionalthinking–butwithJSSPyouwillsubsumesomeofenvironmentlayersandgetridofothers.HowcanLocalPlansandlayersbe‘meltedtogether’insteadofaddingnewlayer(s)?ThisneedstobekeptinmindwhenaJSSPisdeveloped.

* Willengagewithsomestakeholders,forexampleevenNGOgroups–discussionswilltakeplacefromnowon.

* Inter-disciplinaryandinter-governmentaldynamics:cross-impactingbutnottakingcreditifonedepartmentimpactspositivelyonanother.

SummaryLeadership: how to connect top andbottom.Need knowledgeable and capable leadershipon thegrowthboards.Linkstrategy,policyandbudget,sothatfundingencompassesaholisticsetofprojects.TheOxfordgrowthboardisintheprocessoffinalizingitsJSSP,aregionalstatutoryplantoestablisharegional body and help, by coordinatingwith Local Plans, for local interventions properly set in aregionalcontext.Governance Layers: Theremustbea regional strategy,but a reductionof governance layers. Forexample,theJSSPstartedtoreducethatbyprovidingvision,frameworketc.butalsocuesofwhatisexpectedbylocalpartners.AgoodJSSPalsoprovidesapotofmoneywhichcanbeusedonvariousthings.Expectationsofdeliverandleadershipiskeytodeliveringgoals.

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Infrastructure-LedGrowthParticipants:Dr.RoudainaAlkhani,Lecturer,UniversityofWestminsterDuncanBowie,LeadplannerforLondon(strategicplanning)DavidDaniels,buildingphysicistNouhaHansen,Masterstudentarchitecture,UniversityofWestminsterMyriamMendes,InfrastructureTransitionsResearchConsortium,OxfordUniversityMakiMurakami,Masterstudentplanning,OxfordUniversityRobertRavelli,planner,(workedonTOD)MartinSmall,plannerBenStringer,SeniorLecturer,UniversityofWestminsterDr.MireilleTchapi,ResearchFellow,UniversityofWestminsterModerator:Prof.CeciliaWong,UniversityofManchesterDiscussion:Q:IstheNIC’scurrentapproachsufficientlybroad?A:Thecurrentapproach isnarrow,with the focusonkey transport infrastructuresand large-scalehousing.Shouldbeincludingnatural,cultural,landscapeandhistoricalfactors,amongothers,foramoreholisticandregionalapproach.Anewapproachcouldconsiderdownscaling,riskandresilienceofInfrastructure,andtheeconomicimpactsofinfrastructureanddevelopment,includingequity.Q:Howtoassesstheimpactofstrategicplanning?Whatismissing?Isdevelopmentledbytransportconsiderationsalone?Isitabouthousingversuscommuting?Whichtypesofemploymentfortheregion?A:IntheUK,weplaneverythingbystartingwiththeinfrastructurewithoutconsideringtheland-useplan,whereas in France, they startwith the land-use first and then think of the infrastructure tosustainthedevelopment.Therelationsamongtransport-jobs-housingarecrucial.Now,there isnoland-useplanattachedtotheroad-infrastructureplan.Therearenoland-usecapacityassessmentsandstudies,whichisproblematical.Howtoassesshowtomeetinfrastructuredemand?Q:Howtoinvestonhousingthatpeoplecanreallyafford?A:Theaffordablehousing issue isnotsufficientlyaddressedby theprivatesector.Amulti-layeredapproach that considers many factors, not only land-uses, is critical. This includes planning andbuilding thehouses inconjunctionwith the infrastructureandservices tosupport them.Currentlythereisanobsessionwithhousing“numbers”,withlittlecontrolontheproperdevelopmentmadebyprivatesector,sothatitformsqualityplacesandcommunitiesthatserveall.Thepublicsectorhasdecreasingcapacitytomanageprivatesectordevelopment.Q:WhatkindofregionaleconomydowewantintheArc?A:Thisshouldbedeterminedbeforebuildingtherail lineandexpressway,andestimatinghousingmarketdemand.Wecanshow,usingUKmaps,differenttypesofemployment,theirmovementsandcommutingtimes fordifferentcategoriesof jobs:blueandwhite-collarworkers,consumerserviceworkers,tradesmen,technologyandprofessionalworkers,medicalservicesworker,etc.Q:Whatsites(where)forthedifferentformsofemployment,andthehomesoftheworkersinthosejobs?A:Prospectiveland-usechangescanbestudiedempirically,andincludingalllanduses,notjustthoseofurbanandruraldevelopment,forexampleecological,landscapeandgeographicalvalues.

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Q:Wherearetheenergy,waterandotherresourcestosupportfuturegrowthcomingfrom?Howdifferentisit,intermsoflongtermsustainability,fromoneregiontoanother?A: This takes the form of two inter-related issues: the natural resources themselves, and theinfrastructures needed to protect them and distribute them. What is the relation of localinfrastructurestotheregional,nationalandglobalinfrastructuresenvisionedbyHS2,theEast-Westexpressway and rail line? This pertains to the question of self-reliance and self-sufficiency, to theextentthattheyarepossible.Q:Whowearedevelopingfor?ArewebuildingfortheArcoristheArcismadeforthebuildingindustry?Whataboutthe(re)developmentoftheexistingcommunities’?A:Overthelongrun,thereisthethreatofdevelopinga2ndLondonhere.Thisrelatestotheissueofhow the smallerurban centres canbeexpanded for a rangeofhousingand jobs tobe sustained.Anotheraspectofthisissueislifestyle,akeyword,asitisverydifferentfromMilton-KeynestoOxford,forexample,orCambridgetotheruralareasandvillages.Q:isthefocusofsomuchgovernmentfundingandattentiontotheArcattheexpenseofotherregionsinEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom?A:Thenorthofthecountryneedsmoreinvestmenttobespent.Somebelievethatinvestinginthenorthwouldbemoreprofitable.However,thegovernmentisspendingmassivelyinthesouthofUK.Whatwillremainforthenorth?ThereistheperceptionthatmassiveinvestmentaroundLondonwillincreasethedivisionbetweenNorth-South,heightenedinthecontextofBrexit.Cautionsregardingtherepeatingofpastfailures,orlessthanoptimaloutcomes.Forexample,intheSouth-EastplanofLondon,mostofthecommunitieswereopposedtothedevelopment,especiallyintermsofbeingconsideredasaplaceforresidentswhoseworkwasinLondon,sothattheywerelongdistancecommuterstoLondon.AnexampleofreplicatingthesamemistakesinSouthEastLondon,where there is significant commuting by car to the train stations in order to go to London, andattendant car-parking demands. This type of commuting can be difficult in theOxford-Cambridgeregion,giventhepresenceoflargeprotectedareas,whicharehardtocrossforcommuters.Moreover,thefarmersarecommutingalreadybecauseofhousingaffordability.Itisalreadyhardforfarmerstoafford their house, because of the competition from commuters and new development and theconsequentincreasesinhousingprices.Theseissuesaffectagriculturalland,whichwillbeneededtofeed the mega-region being planned. It is an important issue to input into a comprehensiveassessmentmadeforaregionalland-useplan,takingintoconsiderationlandforhousingandlandforagriculture.Summary:* Infrastructureplanningshouldencompassamulti-layeredunderstandingofthecontext.* Infrastructure comprises not only the road, the rail and the housing but many more

components, such as water supply, wastewater disposal, waste disposal, storm watermanagement,naturalandagriculturallands,culturalandhistoricalaspects,etc.

* TheimportantnationalpublicinvestmentmadeintheArcregionraisesquestionsabouttheexistingimbalancesbetweentheNorthandtheSouthoftheUK,whichshouldbeconsideredcarefullyinthecontextofBrexit.

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FinanceandInvestmentworkshopParticipants:JohnAcres,presidentoftheRTPIRoyalTownPlanningInstitutePaulBird,Jacobs,StrategicDirectorJeanCapey,EnvironmentAgencyHannahFranken,onDanDarling’steam–(workswithPeterBusey)AlecGelgota,PhDstudent,UniversityofWestminsterSimonHicks,ARUPHannahMulligan,architect,energysustainabilitymodellingforbuildingsModerator:Prof.JimColeman,UniversityofWestminsterDiscussionQ:Howdoesdevelopment,includinginfrastructure,intheregiongetpaidfor?Isthisaprojectthatmustbefundedbythegovernment,oristhereanotheroption?Thecorridorisarichareathatisgeneratingmoney–howdowegetthebestoutofit?A:Userpaysinprinciple,investmentforinvestment.TheIncomestreamcomesfromtheuser.Q:Whydoeseverything(infrastructure)getitsdealseparately?(rail,road,etc.)WhynotmakeitapackageacrosstheentireEastWestArc?A:Government is funding the expressway and rail links.However, that funding doesn’t cover thedoublingupofexistingbuildrates.A:Limitedthinkingwhenjustfocusingonroadandrail

• Debateoverthegovernment’sdraftNationalPlanningPolicyFramework(NPPF)andthefinalversion:

o Ifthelandowners(includinguniversities)thinklongterminsteadof“lastyearweonlyreceivedacertainamountoffunds,nowwe’regettingitdeterminedbyalandvaluemechanism”.

o Government needs to sit down with localities and LEPs to determine how thefinancingofthecorridorisactuallygoingtobedone.

o MechanismworksfineinhighvalueCambridge,e.g.,butisproblematicinlowersocio-economicareas.

o Veryhighvalueincentralareas,needathrusttopushvalueelsewherewhichthenreduces the prices in those high value areas. Are currentmechanisms to do thatflawedornon-existent?

o VERYdistortingmechanism§ Yettheuniversitiesintheregionhavebeenaroundforcenturies,sowaiting

longerisnotabigissueforthem.§ Willnotworkunlessthesechangesbecomelaw.Then,mustcometoterms

withnewbasisinlaw.Q:So,howtoscaleofflandvalue?Whoisgoingtodoit?A:Developersafraidofup-frontcosts,becauseitdependshowyoucapturethelandvalueincrease.Decideasacountryhowtobreak into it.Somegainshavetocomeoutofthe landvalue.Make itworthwhile.Differenttypesofmechanismacrossdifferentareas–theproblemishowtoremoveorreducethedistortions?

• LocalormacroUKissue?o Centralgovernmenthastosinkitsteethintoit.o ButviabilityislessofanissuehereinOxCamthanfurthernorth.

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• Cambridgestandardsonhousingqualitymakesitdifficulttoincreasethesupplyofaffordablehousing.Peoplearerejectingthelargescale,affordablehousingdevelopments.

Acar-dominatedmodeloffinanceandinvestmentistheissue.

• Thisisanopportunitytobreakthatmodel• Butpublictransportisthehardestareatogetfunded.

Q:Howtodealwiththemassivegapinfundingforinfrastructure?Estimatedtobe90billion–250billionpoundsby2050.Whereisthatmoneycomingfromandwhereisitgoing?Howisitcirculatinginthesystemtogeneratetheimpactwearelookingfor?Relyingonthemarkettocreatevaluemightbeamisstep.

• Requiresafundingmechanism.Ifthefundingistoberetainedinaplace,thereneedstobeamechanismthatrelatestheincomeintheareatomaintainthearea.

• Couldthepublicsectorbecomeanareathatmakesmoneyoffofthesedevelopments?• Localbanks.• Bondissuetofinancialmarkets.

o Buthowtogivetolocals?thatisdifficultFor example,with theCrossrail levy in London, the government feels like it’s getting value for itsmoney.

• Everybodypaysabit,butthefundingforCrossrailmainlycomesfromcentralgovernment.However, there is not a similar conversation for Oxford-Cambridge corridor, where thegovernmentshouldprovideupfrontinfrastructurefunding.

• Thereistoomuchrelianceontheprivatesectormarketstodeliverallthis.o Mightworkforsomeparts,butitwillresultinfundinggapsaswell.

Q:Howtocapturetheaddedvaluefromurbandevelopmentthatdoesnotpenalisetheaverageinvestor?

• Investorshouldgetareturnregardlessofsizeofinvestment–fairness.• Astheinvestmentraisesvalueovertime,wehavetocapturethatovertimeaswell.

o Taxcouldwork,but“we’reafraidofthat”inthiscountry.o Wewantaforwardfundingmodelwhereyougetthepaybackfromwhatisputin.

• Currently,fundingonlyavailablefromcommercialfinanceandgovernment.• Bondmarketcouldbeinteresting

o Sustainabilitytransitcouldencouragecertaininvestorsthatmayhaveignoredotheroptions.

o Transitorientedinvestmentmighthelpsomegetwhattheywant,butwill/couldleavegaps.

o However, some places are very constrained with height developments and otherrestrictions,suchasininOxfordandCambridge,yetmaybeinMiltonKeynesitwillwork.

Q:Howtobuildconfidencethroughpublicfunding?A:Theoldversionofpublicinvestmenthadmajorsupportduetocentralgovernmentinterventionfornewsettlements,newtowns.Isthetimeripetodoitagaininthisregion?Individuallyorthewholearea?IFwetakesomethingthisbigandcomplexanddon’taddressitwithsomethingequallypowerfulthenextgovernmentwillcomethroughandsquashit.Q:Howtoovercomepublicsectorresistance?Howtolowertherisk?

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A:Someonehastobethefirstonein.Oncethathappensotherwillfollow.

• Needtoreduceriskbeforewecanstartplanninganddeveloping.• Buildingstrategicinfrastructuresinkeyplacesfirst(road,rail,flooddefence,etc.)• Landremediationisanoption,toopenupdevelopableland,butthatdoesn’tmovepeople

around.

Q:whatisthepropertimingoftheregionalprojectanditsinfrastructureinvestments?A:Thetimescaleissolongthatwhatstartsisoutofdateinthefuture.

• We’reinacycleofthemarketeconomy.Themarketplacecoulddoit,butitdoesnotseemtobeworkinginthelongterm,forexamplethefocusonshort-termprofitsattheexpenseoftheresidents,publicsector,orenvironment.

Q:Whatisthebestwaytofinanceflooddefence?Isapartnershipfundingmodelforflooddefenceappropriate?A:Apartnershipbetweenlocalandnationalgovernmentalongwithcontributionsfromtheprivatesectorcanpotentiallybeeffective,especiallyifthosewhobenefitpayfortheirfairshareofthecosts.

• Governmentandlocalauthoritiesshouldbecontributing,alongwithapercentagefromtheprivatesector,particularlyastheschemesbenefittheprivateindustriesaswell.

• Forexample,flooddefenceallowsalocality,sayOxford,tostayopenduringaflood.Canthebenefitfromthedefenceintermsofcostssavedfromnothavingtocoverlossesfromafloodbemonetised?Suchacost-benefitcalculationmayeasethereluctancetocontributeto itsfunding.

Q: How to consider the environment as part of the national infrastructure, including economicterms?

• Seetheenvironmentasanassetand/orautility.Ecosystemservicesisthenameofonemodel.o Ifwehadthisviewwecouldmonetisesomeofit.

• Naturalcapitalisaninterestingattempttomakeabusinesscaseoftheenvironment.Italsoprovidesanopportunityforvaluecapture,inthatparksandnaturallandscapesincreasethevalueofnearbyprivateproperty,muchlikeproximitytoinfrastructuredoesinurbanareas.Thisisanopportunityforanothertypeofvaluecapture(hedonicmodel).

Q:What type and governance of planning and design guidance should exist across theOx-Camcorridor?A:Usea“netgainprinciple”.Acomprehensivestrategyshouldexist,equivalenttothenewLondonPlan.London’splanoperatesholistically,whereas in thiscorridor region, thereareseveralseparatepieces, forexamplethethreegrowthboards,andthethirty-somemunicipalities.Thegovernancemodelneedstherightapproach,whichtakesintoaccountalllevelsofgovernmentandcoordinatestheireffortsthroughasinglestrategy.KeyPoints:

• Financeisthekeygaptorealisingthevisionofthecorridorregion.o Isitthetimelinessofthefinanceandnotjustthefinanceitself?o Ifyoucouldgetroadandrailoperatinginfiveinsteadoftenyears,thenyoucould

accelerateallaspectsofthecorridor’sdevelopment.o Acomprehensiveandconsensualstrategywouldenabledevelopmentandfinancing

to proceed more easily. Currently, cumbersome processes and regulations slowprogress.

• Youneedtheinfrastructurefirstbut,howtofundit?(chickenandegg)

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o Milton Keynes drew people because of its waste disposal initially, and its roadnetwork.

• Landvaluecapturethroughexistingmechanismsandnewonestobedeveloped:o Local,regionalandnationalo ACorridor-wideflatrateforthebusinessratelevy?o Naturalcapitalasameanstowardvaluecapture,notjusthardinfrastructure.o Mechanismdistortions?

• Placeswiththehighestpropertyvalues,suchasOxfordandCambridge,arequiteconstrainedin terms of new development, due to heritage and environmental constraints, as well ascommunityoppositiontochangingcommunitycharacterandriskingtheirpropertyvalues.

Summary:

• Weallagreeweneedsomethingdifferentthanthecurrentsystems,andweneedtofigureoutwhatitis.

• Reliance on local mechanisms works well in locations where you already have sufficientinfrastructuretosupportcurrentandprojectedpopulations.

• Currentarrangementcreatesdistortionsinthemarket.• Publicsectorasapartialfunderandtheprivatesectorasapartialfunder,withcapturevalue

forboth,becauseneithercanfundthewhole.• Currently,theprivatesectorisunderwrittenbythepublicsector,astheprivatesectorbenefits

bycapturingmostoftheupliftinlandandpropertyvalue.• Bondsareagoodfundingmechanism,especiallywhenvaluecapturecanbeusedtorepaythe

bonds.• Anewapproachtofinanceneedsanewapproachtogovernanceofthewholeregion.

Studentsandpanels’presentationsPresentations’slidesfromthemorningpanellistsandthestudentsarealsoavailableontheEastWestArcwebsitewww.eastwestarc.co.uk

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info@eastwestarc.co.uk

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