research proposal preparation
DESCRIPTION
What is research proposal?TRANSCRIPT
PREPARIN
G A
RESEA
RCH
PROPOSAL
OVERVIEWWhat is research?Types of researchResearch problemResearch designComponents of a research proposal
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Plan a research projectList the sections of a research proposalWrite a research proposal for the Project Work
WHAT IS RESEARCH?A systematic process of investigation into a problemIs original and not repetition of something already knownExpand knowledge and understanding of phenomenonAttempts to answer ‘why’ and ‘how’
TYPES OF RESEARCHQualitativeQuantitative
•Describe – how things are
• Explain – why things are the way they are
• Predict – phenomenon and relationships
RESEARCH PROBLEM
The formulation of a problem is far more often essential than its solutions, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.
-- A. Einstein and L. Infeld, The Evolution of Physics, 1938
RESEARCH PROBLEMA ‘research problem’ refers to some difficulty that the
researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and to which he/she wants to obtain a solution.
ORIGIN OF RESEARCH PROBLEMActual problem facedPrevious researchTheories
WRITING A RESEARCH PROBLEMExpress clearly to be able to undertake the researchAs a testable research hypothesisAs an exploratory question
RESEARCH DESIGN
A blueprint that guides us to undertake research on a specific problem
Cover issues of ‘which’ and ‘why’ of methods and techniques
Decision on sample size and sampling procedure
Process of data collectionAnalysis procedures and
statistical techniques to be used
METHODS, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS
Methods Techniques ToolsExploratoryEvaluativeExperimentalElaborative
SurveyInterviewsObservationContent analysis and research synthesisMeta-analysis
QuestionnairesScalesInterview schedulesObservation sheetsTestsChecklists
SAMPLING AND SAMPLE SIZE
Why sampling?Large samples
behave in normal distribution
Representative sample is important to draw conclusions about the population
Determine the sample size
RANDOM SAMPLINGIt is not haphazardEvery subject in the population has a known probability/
chance of selectionUse of Random tableSystematic random samplingStratified random sampling
COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSALTitle
IntroductionStatement of the ProblemProcedures of the StudyTime and Cost EstimatesAppendices
TITLE OF THE PROJECT
Precise and accurateUnambiguousAvoid extremely long titles
Extended Contact Programme and Learning
Effect of Extended Contact Programme on student achievement
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INTRODUCTIONOrient the readers towards the topicExplain the importance and relevance of the topicJustifies the choice of the topicProvides a concise overview of relevant literature to make the
proposal sound
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSometimes part of introductionFurther clarifies the intent of the investigatorPresented as hypothesis or exploratory question or objectives
of the study
OBJECTIVE | HYPOTHESIS | QUESTION
To measure the level of achievement of the ECP participants
There is no significant difference between the achievement of male and female participants of ECP
How do ECP participants perform in the test?
PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY
Decide on the method, techniques and tools to use
Explain the rationale of each vis-à-vis the statement of the problems
Describe the tool development process or use of existing one
Describe how you will gather data for the study
Indicate the population, sample size and the sampling procedure
Explain the statistical methods to be used with rationale
TIME AND COST ESTIMATESPrepare a schedule of activitiesTime management skill requiredCost of the projectItem-wise budgetingFinancial support required