research paper - international union for conservation of ......factors that motivate local...
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Research PaperREWARDS AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN ANTI-POACHING
AND ANTI-TRAFFICKING EFFORTS
Dr. David Wilkie, Dr. Mike Painter, Dr. Anila Jacob
Dr. Michelle Wieland, Regional Livelihoods Coordinator
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Illegal or illegitimate
taking of wildlife
What is poaching?
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Key factors for framing the research
local Markets international
Wild
life
va
lue
no
n-lo
ca
l Po
ac
he
rs lo
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l
Community
State
State
State
State
Community
Private
Community
Private
Community
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Scenario 1
Local poachers on community lands, taking low
value wildlife, for local consumption
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Scenario 2
militarization – organized crime
Non-local poachers on community lands,
taking high value wildlife for international
markets
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Scenario 3
Local and non-local poachers on state managed
lands, taking low and high value wildlife, where
local rights are not recognized
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Sources of information
• Literature– Community policing
– Community engagement in CBNRM
– Community engagement in illegal bushmeat
hunting and trade
– Community engagement in anti-poaching and anti-
trafficking efforts
• Interviews with practitioners
• Case-studies
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Lessons from the literature
Community policing
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Lessons from the literature
• Return to the police officer on the street
• Attempt to increase legitimacy of the police
• Police need communities to “co-produce” public safety
• Mutual trust essential
• Fear of reprisals so anonymity key
– Community organizations
• Community cohesion
– Neighborhood is important
– Collective action
Community policing--
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Lessons from the literature
Illegal bushmeat hunting and tradeHow communities regulate the behavior of
members and what would motivate community
members to break community natural resource
use rules
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Lessons from the literature
• State owns the resource
• Laws and enforcement often not considered legitimate
• Little or no risk of being arrested or punished
• Visibly corrupt arresting authorities
• Undermines compliance with the rule-of-law
Illegal bushmeat hunting and trade
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Lessons from the case studies
Scenario 1: When community rights are formally
recognized, poachers are primarily local
and wildlife is of low value
Scenario 2:When community rights are formally
recognized and wildlife is of high value
Scenario 3: When community rights are not formally
recognized and the state attempts to halt
poaching
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Scenario I: Rights and low value
Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Communal Conservation
Area, Peru
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Scenario I
• Poaching threat from outsiders (botes congeladores)
• Rivers relatively easy to police
• Regional government supported rights of locals
• Community cohesion and collective action
• Community compliance with own hunting/fishing rules
Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Communal Conservation
Area, Peru
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Scenario II: Rights and high value
Community conservancies, Namibia
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Scenario II
• National law conferring rights to local communities
• Trophy and eco-tourism - $6.2m in 2014
• Communities are the eyes and ears
• Social cohesion and tangible benefits
• Responsive and trustworthy national police force
• Wildlife populations stable or growing
Community conservancies, Namibia
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Scenario III: No rights, high value
Protecting tigers by protecting livestock, Indonesia
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Scenario III
• Wildlife Response Units help protect livestock from
tigers
• Local informants now work with Wildlife Crimes Unit
• More income from livestock (Goats for Hope)
• Retaliatory killing of tigers and snares for pigs stopped
• Improved trust and collaboration with police
Protecting tigers by protecting livestock, Indonesia
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
Community trusts the
police and legal system
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
Community trusts the
police and legal system
• Police are responsive
• Informers are anonymous
• Prosecutions are timely
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
Community trusts the
police and legal system
• Police are responsive
• Informers are anonymous
• Prosecutions are timely
Enabling condition
State arresting authority has
the capacity and motivation to
take action
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
Community trusts the
police and legal system
• Police are responsive
• Informers are anonymous
• Prosecutions are timely
Enabling condition
State arresting authority has
the capacity and motivation to
take action
Community has a sense
of social cohesion
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
Community trusts the
police and legal system
• Police are responsive
• Informers are anonymous
• Prosecutions are timely
Enabling condition
State arresting authority has
the capacity and motivation to
take action
Community has a sense
of social cohesion
• Members trust each other
• Members are motivated to
defend community assets
• Members are able to work
together towards a
common purpose
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
Community trusts the
police and legal system
• Police are responsive
• Informers are anonymous
• Prosecutions are timely
Enabling condition
State arresting authority has
the capacity and motivation to
take action
Community has a sense
of social cohesion
• Members trust each other
• Members are motivated to
defend community assets
• Members are able to work
together towards a
common purpose
Enabling condition
Community membership
relatively small and stable
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Take-home messages
Factors that motivate
local communities to
engage in anti-poaching
and anti-trafficking efforts
Community has rights of
ownership and benefits
directly from conservation
• Tenure security
• Income security
• Food security
• Physical security
• Cultural identity
Enabling condition
Community has the capacity to
exercise their rights
Community trusts the
police and legal system
• Police are responsive
• Informers are anonymous
• Prosecutions are timely
Enabling condition
State arresting authority has
the capacity and motivation to
take action
Community has a sense
of social cohesion
• Members trust each other
• Members are motivated to
defend community assets
• Members are able to work
together towards a
common purpose
Enabling condition
Community membership
relatively small and stable
Cross-cutting enabling condition
Community and arresting authority receive adequate levels of technical and financial
support from government and conservation partners
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Take-home messages
Eyes and Ears NOT Armed Arresting Authority
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Take-home messages
Trust and cooperation with a responsive and
competent police and judiciary
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Thank You