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FY 2002 The Subsidy Program Supporting Projects for the Development of
Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Utilization Technologies
Research on the Development and Utilization of
Indicators
for
Sustainable Consumption
(FY 2002 Summary)
March 2003
©The Society of Non-Traditional Technology (SNTT)
Toranomon Sakurada Dori Bldg.
1-2-10 Toranomon Minato-ku Tokyo 105-0001 JAPAN
i
Contents List of Figures ‥‥‥‥ ii List of Tables ‥‥‥‥ ii Abbreviation ‥‥‥‥ iii 1. Introduction
1.1 Background information ‥‥‥‥ 1 1.2 Research objectives ‥‥‥‥ 2 1.3 Research methods ‥‥‥‥ 3 1.4 Research members ‥‥‥‥ 3
2. Results/Findings in FY 2002
2.1 Collection and analysis of cases 2.1.1 Workshop in Vienna ‥‥‥‥ 4 2.1.2 The Scientific Expert Meeting in Paris ‥‥‥‥ 5 2.1.3 Workshop in Tokyo ‥‥‥‥ 6 2.1.4 Other cases in Europe ‥‥‥‥ 8
2.2 Development of social acceptance 2.2.1 Development of methods for quantitative methods for consumer acceptance ‥‥‥‥ 9 2.2.2 The formation of “Eco-awareness” and environmental information ‥‥‥‥ 11 2.2.3 Citizens’ acceptance of measures to reduce CO2 emissions through their voluntary effort ‥‥‥‥ 12 2.2.4 The environmental capacity and consumers’ understandings ‥‥‥‥ 14 2.2.5 Utilization of the Product Service System ‥‥‥‥ 15 2.2.6 Research on consumers’ “Use of Time” ‥‥‥‥ 16
2.3 Development of Eco-efficiency 2.3.1 Development of Eco-efficiency indicators using economic indicators ‥‥‥‥ 17 2.3.2 Development of indicators that represent improvements in Eco-efficiency ‥‥‥‥ 18
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2.4 Proposals to utilize indicators in international activities 2.4.1 Proposals in green purchasing activities ‥‥‥‥ 19 2.4.2 Utilization of indicators in the Type III Eco-Labeling ‥‥‥‥ 20 2.4.3 Proposals in the Integrated Product Policy ‥‥‥‥ 21
3. Conclusion/ Future Vision ‥‥‥‥ 23 Appendix A List of steering committee members ‥‥‥‥ 24 B List of cooperated organizations ‥‥‥‥ 26 List of Figures Figure 1 Objectives ‥‥‥‥ 3 Figure 2 Coordination ‥‥‥‥ 3
Figure 3 The framework of this project ‥‥‥‥ 7
Figure 4 “Car-free project” of Floridosdorf ‥‥‥‥ 9
Figure 5 Cross tabulation between earth friendly living cluster
and the patterns of understandings of environmental issues cluster ‥‥‥‥ 11
Figure 6 A process suggested to prepare business for functional thinking
and understand factors for consumer acceptance ‥‥‥‥ 15
Figure 7 Framework for the relation of relevant consumption factors ‥‥‥‥ 16
Figure 8 Relation between direct and indirect efficiency of CO2 emission ‥‥‥‥ 17
Figure 9 Notion and standard of evaluation for the company ‥‥‥‥ 18
Figure 10 Eco-efficiency indicators expressed as quantified and aggregated
performance per environmental impact (water and energy use) ‥‥‥‥ 19
List of Tables Table 1 Method to obtain information on travel destinations ‥‥‥‥ 10
Table 2 The results of recognitions and interests in the Guideline ‥‥‥‥ 13
Table 3 The reason not to implement the action of "raising air conditioners'
temperature" ‥‥‥‥ 13
iii
Abbreviation AGS Alliance for Global Sustainability, Japan
AISE International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products, Austria
AIST National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
CDO Center for Sustainable Development, Belgium
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CREST Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan
EPP Environmental Product Policy
EU European Union
ICT the Information and Communication Technology
IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
I-O Input and Output
IPP Integrated Product Policy
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LCC Life Cycle Costing
LCT Life Cycle Thinking
METI Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
PSS Product Service Systems
QOL Quality of Life
SERC Socio-Economic Research Center, Japan
SNTT The Society of Non-Traditional Technology
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development
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1. Introduction
The Society of Non-Traditional Technology initiated a 3-year project on sustainable consumption as one
of the methods to halt global climate change in November of 2002. The official tile of this project is
“Research on the Development and Utilization of Indicators for Sustainable Consumption.” Dr.
Atsushi Inaba, the Director of the Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), is the leader of the project, which was approved
by Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, a public grant project was obtained within the
framework of “The Subsidy Program Supporting Projects for the Development of Carbon Dioxide
Fixation and Utilization Technologies.” The project was accomplished with the collaboration of
various domestic and international research groups.
This document summarizes the project, titled “Research on the Development and Utilization of
Indicators for Sustainable Consumption” for the fiscal year 2002. We will start with a discussion on
background of the project, research objectives, methods, and research members/groups followed by an
explanation of the four results/findings in 2002. The results are as follows: “Collection and analysis of
cases of sustainable consumption,” “Development of social acceptance indicators,” “Eco-efficiency
indicators,” and “Proposals to utilize indicators in international activities.” Finally, this document will be
concluded with a forecast of future sustainability in terms of consumption.
1.1 Background information
Traditionally, major streams of initiatives against global warming have been in the industrial side, where
the main focus is placed on the effective energy utilization in plants, development of energy-saving
products, and so on. In the civilian side, on the other hand, household energy use has been steadily
increasing every year, as well as vehicle fuel consumption in the transportation sector, both of which
contribute to an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. In order to reduce energy consumption, it
is essential for consumers to choose energy-saving home electric appliances and automobiles, as well as
to improve the way they use such goods. It is thus necessary for the industrial sector to have a precise
idea of the needs of consumers, and develop products that are suitable to those needs. Still, sustainable
production by producers alone is not enough – consumers are also required to adopt sustainable
consumption in their lifestyle, so that both can work in unison towards sustainable development. In
Europe, this concept of sustainable consumption has been becoming more and more common, and
organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) are conducting activities to
support it.
The conc ept of sustainable consumption incorporates both sustainable production by producers and
behaviors of consumers, making a combined effort towards this end. The need to “change
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unsustainable patterns of consumption and production” was firmly acknowledged in the World Summit
on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in 2002 in Johannesburg, where the development of a 10-year
framework of programs in support of regional and national initiatives was agreed upon. UNEP,
meanwhile, expanded the United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection adopted in 1985 to
include elements on sustainable consumption, adding 14 new items that request governments to
encourage/support environmental testing of products, the development and use of new environmentally
sound products, services , and new technologies, development of indicators for measuring progress
towards sustainable consumption, and the development and implementation of policies for sustainable
consumption and research on consumer behavior.
From November 2002 to March 2003 (FY 2002), we collected examples of the reduction of CO2
emission in the context of sustainable consumption. We also discussed the framework of sustainable
consumption. In the following two years, new indicators will be developed to exhibit the relationship
between the consumer acceptance and the CO2 reduction. Moreover, we will review Green Purchasing,
Type III Eco-Labeling and Integrated Product Policy (IPP) for the future framework of “Sustainable
Consumption.”
1.2 Research objectives
There are two goals of this project:
1. To establish environmental efficiency indicators at the national/ industry/
company/product levels to evaluate both the degree of CO2 emission reduction and
consumer acceptance of the proposed environmentally sound products,
environmental policies and responsibilities, and
2. To present ways of utilizing such indicators in the environmental tools and policies,
such as Green Purchasing, Type III Eco-Labeling, and Integrated Product Policy
(IPP) in the context of sustainable consumption.
To achieve these goals, the project consists of five main fields:
1. Collection of examples/cases,
2. Development of methods to measure/evaluate consumer acceptance,
3. Calculation/evaluation of the CO2 emission reduction,
4. Development of new indicators to present the relationship between the consumer
acceptance and the CO2 reduction potential, and
5. Use of the indicators in Green purchasing, Type III Eco-Labeling and IPP.
In another words, quantitative methods will be developed to compare consumer acceptance in each case
with conventional products or systems, and indicators of improvement in environmental efficiency are
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presented to comparatively evaluate the improvement in consumer acceptance and the reduction in CO2
emissions. Furthermore, in order to allow more consideration to be paid to consumer acceptance,
which will be a key to the dissemination
of sustainable consumption, suggested
ways to introduce the indicators developed
in this research will be presented. With
international coordination, such initiatives
will include establishing guidelines for
green purchasing, diffusion of Type III
Eco-labeling, and IPP.
1.3 Research methods
We conducted both quantitative and
qualitative methods. Literature reviews,
case studies, questionnaires, and field
studies are implemented depending on each research groups and/or individuals. In addition, international
collaboration allows this project to conduct interdisciplinary research.
1.4 Research members
To accomplish this project, a
Steering Committee was
established within the Society
of Non-Traditional Technology.
The committee is chaired by Dr.
Atsushi Inaba, Director of
Research Center for Life Cycle
Assessment, AIST, who also
serves as the project leader.
The Steering Committee has a
task to advice the project
regarding the plan,
implementation, and review.
International collaboration with
International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Austria, for example, will make it possible for this
project to conduct interdisciplinary research. Appendix A and B show detail member/organization list.
• To find the way to reduce CO2 emission by consumers – Sustainable Consumption
Examples
Calculation of CO2 reduction Evaluation of Acceptance
Development of new indicators
Green Purchase Type Ⅲ label IPP
Development of new methods
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
The Society of Non-Traditional Technology
Steering Comittee
WG: Social AcceptanceWG: Eco-Efficiency Indicators
・Workshops etc.
Project Leader: Dr. Atsushi INABA(Director of Research Center for LCA, AIST)
Collaborators in Europe/USA
Collaboration
Advisory Board
Figure 1 Objectives
Figure 2 Coordination
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2. Results/Findings in FY 2002
In this section, we will discuss detail results and findings in the fiscal year 2002. Aiming to accomplish
the ultimate purpose described before, the following actions were taken in the year 2002:
1. Collection and analysis – specific proposals for sustainable consumption were
collected to review existing analyses of CO2 emissions reduction as well as
consumer acceptance, and the framework of sustainable consumption discussed,
2. Development of consumer acceptance indicators – to examine methods for
estimating consumer acceptance, research conducted both in and out of Japan
regarding consumer acceptance was reviewed and market research on consumption
behavior was conducted,
3. Development of Eco-efficiency indicators – as well as examining consumer
acceptance indicators, Eco-efficiency indicators was studied, and
4. Proposals to utilize the indicators in international activities – research on
nation-level initiatives in different countries was conducted regarding green
purchasing, Type III Eco-labeling, and Integrated Product Policy.
The following sections will be for detail descriptions according to these four accomplishments.
2.1 Collection and analysis of cases
In order to collect case examples of Sustainable Consumption, three workshops were organized as
follows:
1. Life Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption Workshop in Vienna, November
22, 2002
2. Scientific Expert Meeting on Life Cycle based Policy Tools for Sustainable
Consumption in Paris, March 3-4, 2003
3. The First International Workshop on Sustainable Consumption in Tokyo, March
19-20, 2003
The followings section will summarize major findings at each workshop in addition to other cases
reported in Europe.
2.1.1 Workshop in Vienna
On November 22, 2002, the Life Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption Workshop was held as
an international conference at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), located
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near Vienna. The main task of this workshop was to collect case examples of sustainable consumption.
Approximately 50 representatives from European countries attended, and 23 presentations were given by
researchers from wide range of fields, such as science, technology, sociology and economics.
These presentations were given in three sessions under different themes, namely: environmental burden
of household consumption, economic/social elements of consumption, life cycle of products and services,
and all were followed by a discussion. There were some common points of view presented in the three
sessions:
・ Methods of measuring environmental burden of household consumption and actual cases of
measurements,
・ Social acceptance of sustainable products and services,
・ Sustainable products and Product Service Systems (PSS), and
・ Integration of the life-cycle and social-scientific approaches.
Following the workshop, one of its co-organizers, Dr. Edgar Hertwich of the IIASA, made an analysis of
34 cases of sustainable consumption in Europe, including those presented at the workshop. According
to his analysis, there are three ways to classify sustainable consumption, based on: 1) function, such as
consumption behaviors related to nutrition, housing, and clothing; 2) analysis of issues, such as changes
in eco-efficiency and lifestyle; and 3) mechanism of actual changes, including regulatory changes.
The transformation to sustainable consumption is determined by supplies of infrastructures and goods,
available services, and lifestyles. Most of the cases collected here appear to have their initial objectives
in common, which are essentially either turnarounds of the conventionalized use, setting a course to
sustainable solutions, or improvement in the ways of living as a whole, each of which is highly
important in itself. Objectives of research on sustainable consumption were to identify how to form
consumption behaviors and how to lead them to the path to sustainable solutions.
2.1.2 The Scientific Expert Meeting in Paris
On March 3 and 4, 2003, Mr. Bas de Leeuw of UNEP and AIST jointly held “The Scientific Expert
Meeting on Life Cycle-based Policy Tools for Sustainable Consumption” in Paris. As a follow-up to
the IIASA workshop, this workshop drew some 50 participants. While the main intention of the IIASA
workshop was to provide an opportunity for natural and social scientists to exchange information and
views, this workshop focused on provision for an opportunity for policy makers and scientists to
exchange information, and determination of the future research direction.
The first day was devoted to lectures and presentations. On the second day, participants discussed to
6
identify future research priorities and proposed specific research topics, based on the given lectures on
the first day. Finally, it was agreed by all the participants that the continuous discussion will be on the
agenda of the workshop that was scheduled to be held later in the month of March in Tokyo.
There were 12 lectures given on the first day, half by policy makers, and half by scientists. From
among them, this present report outlines the following six cases of: 1) concepts of sustainable production
and consumption; 2) social aspects of the functional approach; 3) results of collecting cases; 4)
conceptual differences between LCA and sustainable consumption; 5) methods for evaluation of
sustainable consumption; and 6) eco-efficiency.
Main discussion topics included integration of social aspects in LCA and indicators of providing
information and others. It was then agreed to identify future research priorities, list existing research of
similar areas, and determine the gaps between the goals and present status.
Participants also did work in three groups and discussed specific issues. One topic was car sharing,
with which the necessity of analyzing consumers’ motivations was discussed. In another discussion,
services at hotels were taken as an example, and it was pointed out that pilot projects were necessary to
accurately define consumers’ requirements and identify the way a decision-making process can introduce
environmental elements. It was also suggested that pilot projects would be carried out on the theme of
sustainability in food industry, specifically to determine the driving force in a complex system involving
food, or how to move food providers towards sustainable society. In proposal research, emphasis was
placed on matters of how to bring knowledge to policy makers as feedback.
2.1.3 Workshop in Tokyo
Based on the results of the two workshops held in Europe as mentioned above, “The First International
Workshop: Life Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption” was held in Tokyo, on March 19 and 20,
2003. With the main theme of sustainable consumption, this event drew some 200 participants and saw
active discussions on the framework of sustainable consumption and factors that constitute it.
In this workshop, Dr. Inaba, Director of the Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, AIST, the
organizer of the event, delivered a keynote lecture in which he gave an overview of sustainable
consumption projects and presented scenarios of reducing CO2 by means of life cycle approaches
towards sustainable consumption.
Following the keynote lecture were nine sessions, in each of which lectures took place followed by
discussions on specific topics (number of lectures given in each session are indicated in brackets): 1)
State-of-the-art of Research for Sustainable Consumption [6]; 2) Product Service Systems and Integrated
7
Product Service for Sustainable Consumption [3]; 3) Reduction of the Environmental Load by Changing
Consumer Behavior [3]; 4) Values and Norms for Sustainable Consumption [3]; 5) Quantitative Analysis
of Consumer Behavior [3]; 6) Environmental Information to Change Consumer Behavior [4] ; 7) Green
Purchasing and Type III Label [2]; 8) Indicators for Sustainable Production/Consumption [5]; and 9)
Development of Sustainable Products [4].
One of reports that referred to CO2/energy emissions or reduction of such emissions was presented in
Session 3 by a group from Waseda University, which pointed out that a 10% reduction of automobiles
would be comparable to a 20% increase in railway transit. Another case was presented by the
Mitsubishi Research Institute group in Session 5, showing an estimated CO2 reduction as the result of
voluntary actions listed in the Japanese new guideline for measures to prevent global warming. In
Session 8, the Matsushita Electric Industrial group presented the results of calculation and analysis of
greenhouse gas factors by product. The AIST group reported the results of a study on CO2 efficiency
for industry and companies, and evaluation of CO2 emissions.
There were also important implications given, such as the United Nations University’s report showing by
concrete numerical data that telecommuting and e-commerce could reduce energy consumption, and a
report by a University of Tokyo group that showed the superiority of incineration to landfill in almost
any comparative evaluation of waste management methods.
Figure 3 The framework of this project
Producers Network (BtB)
Households
Quality of Life
Happiness
Clothing
Mobility
Leisure
Housing
Function Based approach
Market
Social Infrastructure
Product(BtC)
Product(BtG)
Government
Life Cycle Approach
Life Style
Eco Label
IPP EPP
Green Procurement
Acceptability
LCA LCC Eco Efficiency
Economy Environment Society
Concept Tool Policy
PSS
Value
8
In the Closing Session, the framework of sustainable consumption was discussed. Figure 3 shows a
summary of the key words for the framework of sustainable consumption presented by the project leader
Dr. Inaba. Further discussion will eventually sort out the concepts and frameworks of sustainable
consumption in a more organized manner.
2.1.4 Other cases in Europe
As mentioned in 2.1.1 above (Collection and analysis of cases at an international workshop in Vienna),
Dr. Hertwich of the IIASA has presented 34 cases of sustainable consumption in Europe. Some of those
case studies will be described in the following paragraphs,. Cases of sustainable consumption vary
from a small change, such as lowering washing temperature to a large-scale lifestyle change, such as car
sharing and community activities. Some target millions of people (e.g. Washright), while others focus
on a small, certain population (e.g. car -free project). For each of these cases, it is necessary to conduct
further research, combining life cycle assessment and social research. Studies on the effectiveness and
social stance according to various criteria that reflect different cultures and groups are also required.
Furthermore, discussions should be made regarding how to support individuals in their decision-making
when they are at a major turning point, such as when they have to make an important decision (as to
where to live, or whether to buy a car, etc.), or try to establish their lifestyle or daily routine. Research
on community-wide decision-making, such as regional planning and infrastructure development must
also be done.
Washright campaign
The International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products (AISE) has been running
the Washright campaign, aiming to promote lower temperature washing, wider use of fully-automatic
washing machines, reduced consumption of synthetic detergents and packaging materials. In
promoting this series of activities, individual companies have taken initiatives in accordance with the
voluntary codes of practice. Average wash temperatures in Europe have reportedly dropped from 65 to
48 degrees C over the last decade. Together with the recent development of better detergents and
easy-care fabrics such as new synthetics, this trend is attributed to substantial energy savings.
Car-free project of Floridsdorf, Vienna
The district of Floridsdorf is a site where a housing complex (comprised of 244 household tenants living
in quarters of varying space (50-130 m2)) was made public as a car -free demonstration project in the
Vienna area in 1999. The only parking available is for bicycles and a garage for shared cars;
investment has been made in the construction of common spaces such as lounge and playground, using
9
funds that would have otherwise been invested into the provision of one parking space for a car to each
tenant. There are office spaces for freelancers and telecommuters, fitness rooms, and even a room for
sharing and storing organically grown food. Solar energy is used for hot water heating. The complex
is located near the New Danube and the Old Danube, making it easy for residents to access recreation
areas. There is also a subway line available to access the city center. Only five percent of the
residents us e cars when going out, while 58 percent use public transportation and the rest either walk or
ride bicycles.
Figure 4 “Car-free project” of Floridosdorf
2.2 Development of social acceptance
2.2.1 Development of methods for quantitative methods for consumer acceptance
In this section, a quantitative method for evaluating consumer behaviors is proposed, in which six
categories of settings where consumers use services (scenes of life), and 22 sets of actions that involve
the six categories are identified; behaviors of consumers in each set of actions are quantitatively
evaluated. This method is based on a hypothesis that the importance levels of elemental requirements
are the same in a given scene of life. The results of these elemental requirements are reflected in those of
secondary requirements, which are specific to each set of actions, making it estimable which action will
be chosen by consumers, by crossing the derived importance levels of secondary requirements and the
physical evaluation of each item of multiple choices.
Aiming to verify this hypothesis, a direct survey on the acceptability values was conducted, in which a
choice of items for each of the 22 sets of actions were identified and subjects were asked to specify
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which item to choose. The levels of importance of requirements were also examined as a basis for the
choice. Requirements for each item were evaluated using physical and technological scales, and the
results of evaluation were then crossed with the importance levels determined from the questionnaire
survey, in order to estimate the rates for each item to be chosen. The estimation results were compared
with the results of the direct survey on the acceptability values. This showed that, while it was possible
to estimate consumers’ action using physical evaluation based on the importance levels of secondary
requirements for many of the 22 sets of actions, it was nevertheless not possible for some.
Meanwhile, the requirements for each set of actions were consolidated into nine elemental requirements,
a super -ordinate concept, whose levels of importance were also surveyed and compared with those of
secondary requirements. The results showed that, for some sets of actions, the importance levels of
secondary requirements were different from those of elemental importance that were answered by the
subjects. In order for this method to be more valid, it will be necessary to make further efforts to
determine the levels of importance of elemental requirements for each set of actions.
Table 1 Method to obtain information on travel destinations
Secondary Requirements
Elemental Requirements Pric
e is
low
Qui
ck in
form
atio
n va
lue
Info
rmat
ion
is n
ot u
neve
n
Can
be
colle
cted
any
tim
e
Var
iety
of in
form
atio
n
Det
aile
d in
form
atio
n
List
ing
the
late
st in
form
atio
n
Req
uire
d in
form
atio
n ca
n be
sea
rche
d
Unk
now
n in
form
atio
n ca
n be
obt
aine
d
Info
rmat
ion
can
be v
iew
ed r
epea
tedl
y
Larg
e am
ount
of in
form
atio
n ca
n be
colle
cted
with
in a
sho
rt t
ime
Rel
iabl
e
Acc
urat
e
economical 0.20 1.00convenience 0.28 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00time-saving 0.23 1.00 1.00reliability 0.28 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
economical 0.2 convenience 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 time-saving 0.23 0.23 reliability 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
0.20 0.57 0.57 0.51 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.28 0.28 0.57 0.51 0.28 0.28 5.8Secondary requirement’simportance level 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.05 1.0
TV 1 1Newspapers 1 1 1 1 1 5Magazines 1 1 1 1 4Books 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7Internet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 information centers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7Ask friends/acquaintances 1 1 1 3
TV 0.04 0.036Newspapers 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.380Magazines 0.09 0.05 0.1 0.09 0.326Books 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.09 0.05 0.571Internet 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.09 0.05 0.05 1.000 information centers 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.518Ask friends/acquaintances 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.134A
ccep
tabi
lity
valu
eP
hysi
cal e
valu
atio
nEl
emen
tal
11
2.2.2 The formation of “Eco-awareness” and environmental information
In establishing ways of sustainable consumption throughout the society, it may be effective to present
general images that represent all aspects of people’s overall lifestyles, rather than to pop up isolated,
specific ways of consumption impromptu. This section deals with a questionnaire survey on “Earth
Friendly Living,” which then classified general public into six clusters, according to types of images
they had: Recycle-oriented Image (16.3% of the subjects); Dystopia (less convenience) Image (14.9%);
Information-oriented Image (4.6%); Slow-pace Living Image (15.0%); Energy-saving Image (36.1%);
and No Image (13.1%). For each of the clusters, subject behavior and knowledge on the environment
were analyzed.
The results demonstrated a stronger tendency in populations with specific as well as “cheerful” images,
such as those classified into clusters of Information-oriented Image or Recycling-oriented Image, to have
consumption behavior such as energy saving and recycling. Subjects classified into the clusters of No
Image and Energy-saving Image showed low interests in the global warming issues, suggesting that
images of Earth Friendly Living are created by information. At the same time, as subjects of the
Recycling-oriented Image and Information-oriented Image clusters who have “cheerful” image and those
of the Dystopia Image cluster who have “gloomy” image both showed high interests in the global
warming issues, it was learned that creation of images through acquiring of environmental information
could have either a cheerful or gloomy nature. In the future, it will be necessary to further analyze the
measures to raise people’s awareness of global environmental issues and their impact on changes of
lifestyle.
Figure 5 Cross tabulation between earth friendly living cluster and the patterns of
understandings of environmental issues cluster
Environmental understanding
Environment- study Type
Nature-minded Type
Empathetic-understanding Type
Utilitarian-understanding Type
Health-minded Type
Anxiety Group Indifference Group
(1295) (177) (82) (125) (125) (136) (159) (491)% % % % % % % %
16.326.0 26.8
20.0 19.2 15.4 13.2 10.6
14.9
20.3 14.6 24.0 21.6
11.8 11.910.8
4.6
10.7
6.17.2
5.6
2.21.9
2.6
15.0
10.7
15.9 12.8
7.2
21.3
13.2 17.7
36.1
27.730.5 33.6
42.4
30.140.9 39.3
13.14.5 6.1 2.4 4.0
19.1 18.9 18.9No Image
Energy-saving Image
Slow-life Image
Information Society Image
Dystopia Image
Recycling-oriented Society Image
Images of Earth Friendly Living
Images of Earth Friendly Living
Total
Cluster I Cluster Ⅱ Cluster Ⅲ Cluster Ⅳ Cluster Ⅴ Cluster Ⅵ Cluster VII
Cluster I
Cluster Ⅱ
Cluster Ⅲ
Cluster Ⅳ
Cluster Ⅴ
Cluster Ⅵ
12
2.2.3 Citizens’ acceptance of measures to reduce CO2 emissions through their voluntary effort
With regard to measures to reduce CO2 emissions through citizens’ voluntary efforts that are expected in
the Guidelines for Measures to Prevent Global Warming, Japan (hereafter referred to as the
“Guidelines”). Under the concept of sustainable consumption, a questionnaire survey was conducted to
have a clear understanding of the Japanese citizens’ acceptance of CO2 emissions limitation (rate of
implementing measures) as well as factors that influence implementation of the measures.
As for the rate of implementing measures, a provisional estimate of the CO2 reduction through citizens’
voluntary efforts in the present status was comparative to the target set in the Guidelines for the specified
measures as a whole. Therefore it can be said that the overall goals set in the Guidelines have been
achieved appropriately. For each specific measure, however, some showed a gap between the target
and the provisional estimate. It was thus concluded that the targets set in the Guidelines did not
necessarily reflect factors specific to each of the measures, such as their characteristics and acceptance
by citizens.
When provided with a list of various effects that can be made by implementing the measures, a total of
50-80% of the survey subjects replied either they are “actually implementing measures” or “willing to
implement measures” for almost all the measures specified. This shows that, if the effects of measures
are properly communicated to consumers, CO2 emissions will be far better controlled.
Factors extracted as an incentive or disincentive to the implementation of measures reflected the
characteristics of each specific measure. If the measures are promoted in a manner that strengthen
incentives while eliminating disincentives according to the characteristics of measures as classified in
this research, significant improvement in the implementation rates may be possible. Among the
incentive factors found in this survey for the implementation of measures, money-saving effects were a
common choice. This suggests that underscoring the money-saving effects as well as introducing plans
to promote saving (e.g. subsidization) may be effective for the improvement of implementation rates.
The research results described above may be used as basic data for tools that provide CO2 emissions
control effects and effective methods for promoting measures in discussions on a given measure to
control CO2 emissions.
13
Table 2 The results of recognitions and interests in the Guideline
%
Recognition of the Guideline Did not know the Guideline 73.4
Knew the Guideline but did not know the contents 23.2
Knew the Guideline and know some contents 2.9
Knew detail contents 0.5
No answer 0.1
Public interests in the
Guideline
Interested in the Guideline and want to implement actions as
embodied behavior 9.6
Interested in the Guideline and want to look at the contents at once 62.6
No specific interests/Do not want to look at the contents 27.4
No answer 0.3
The reason to have known
the Guideline Interested in the environmental issues 63.6
Wanted to know the emb odied behavioral guideline for global
warming 34.1
Needed to know for the business 25.0
Other reasons 4.5
No answer 9.1
Table ３ The reason not to implement the action of "raising air conditioners' temperature"
Raising air conditioners' temperature
Total Acceptable to
implement
Unwilling to
implement or
either way The reason not to implement
% % %
Could not stand the heat, still thought
energy-saving effects 49.7 44.9 59.3
Thought it would be not good for the health to
stand the heat 25.4 22.8 29.0
No special reason 12.6 13.9 11.1
Did not see significant energy-saving effects 7.6 8.9 6.2
Did not see significant electric cost-saving 4.1 4.4 3.7
Never thought of energy-saving 3.8 5.7 2.5
Thought of energy-saving effects, but
bothered to change the setting of the
temperature
3.5 5.1 2.5
Other reasons 15.2 11.4 15.4
14
2.2.4 The environmental capacity and consumers’ understandings
Focusing on the correlation between specific environment improvement actions taken by consumers,
such as those for the prevention of global warming, and consumers’ quality of life (QOL), a survey was
conducted in the European Union (EU) and Canada, both of which have been working on the
development of indicators for living with QOL as an indication. This section features this survey and
makes discussion about the results. In Europe, “environment” has been incorporated as a factor into the concept of QOL, which up to this
point has predominantly been a gauge of material affluence in all of the countries covered by this survey.
This concept of environment, however, encompasses a large variety of aspects, from reduction of
consumptions to conservation of culture, and disparity in wealth. QOL observed in the Netherlands, in
particular, introduced an indicator of “happiness” that takes environment into account, thus has the
potential to cause a major change in the conventional concept of QOL, which has been determined by
material consumption. Notable as an example of initiatives to determine clear indicators for living is the case of indicators of
the Centre for Sustainable Development (Centrum voor Duurzame Ontwikkeling; CDO), Belgium. As
the first step of establishing the indicators, a list of every possible setting in the life of an individual,
such as “adult,” “city-dweller,” “large income,” “workplace,” etc. was taken into consideration; then
social, economic, environmental, and educational indicators are listed with the supply-demand
relationship taken into account. In the second step, data are collected to derive a desirable pattern of
sustainable development for the future. This is followed by the third step, in which comprehensive
discussion to complete the process is made and then feedback is given. The set of indicators derived
through this process is called the “basic list,” in which indicators are classified by item such as economy,
education, health, culture, energy, and drainage, among others, and used by municipal governments. In the case of the City of Gent, the municipal government selected 25 items that were considered
necessary for the life of citizens among the 69 items included by CDO in the basic list version of 1999.
In its latest version (updated in 2001), the city chose 23 items and included specific figures. The
finalized list of indicators consists of three chapters: 1) indicator model for the patterns of sustainable
production and consumption; 2) indicator model suitable for an applicable municipality; and 3) indicator
model from an environmental perspective. Each of the indicators suggested in the list are equipped
with methodological explanations and advice from the city government. As this example illustrates, the
CDO has been implementing indicators for sustainable development in the real-life administrative
district; the City of Gent and this institution are aiming to develop a complete set of indicators for
sustainable consumption in 2004. In order to bring sustainable consumption into society, further
research should be conducted, which presents specific targets in specific figures that are easily
understandable for consumers and citizens.
15
2.2.5 Utilization of the Product Service System
PSS, or product service system, is considered to be a prospective measure to realize sustainable
consumption. This section covers a study on indicators for consumer acceptance of the PSS and
corporate activities focusing on the information and communication technology (ICT) industry, and
suggests a procedure to successfully combine the two.
Indicators for corporate activities in relation to the application of PSS may include corporate culture
(corporate vision, policy, strategies, value/belief, and organizational structure), organizational learning
(leadership, institutional capacity, and knowledge management), and resource utilization (strategic
alliances/partnership, and relationship with stakeholders).
Indicators for consumer acceptance of the application of PSS may include individual matters (individual
needs, motivations, commitment, attitudes, self concept, and income), social matters (cultural and
communications systems), economic issues (cost structures), and environmental issues (environmental
interests).
The procedure to combine the two types of indicators mentioned above involves setting out a vision of
sustainable production and consumption, combining the two sets of indicators, and determining what is
appropriate by trial and error.
Figure 6 A process suggested to prepare business for functional thinking and
understand factors for consumer acceptance
Focus on a Function Focus on a Function
Idea Development for PSS Applications
Idea Development for PSS Applications
Initial Factors to AssessConsumer Acceptance
- Individual Issues
- Social Issues
- Economic Issues
- Environmental Issues
Initial Factors to Assess Business Preparedness for Functional Thinking
- Corporate Culture
- Organisational Learning - Utilisation of Resources
for Networking
StakeholderConsultation StakeholderConsultation
Assessment pf Consumer Acceptance
Assessment of Consumer Acceptance
Assessment of Business Preparedness
Assessment of Business Preparedness
16
2.2.6 Research on consumers’ “Use of Time”
One of the most important objectives in sustainable consumption is high usability of sustainable products,
which must be realized without being overly emphatic on efficiency, or so-called rebound effects.
Specifically, for example, making a tradeoff between a surge in product efficiency and an
ever-increasing absolute amount of resource consumption or CO2 emissions should be avoided. The
purpose of this section is to attempt to identify hidden processes that cause these undesirable
consequences, and present approaches that can serve as a new model when considering sustainable
consumption.
This section summarizes theories on how consumption is related to people’s happiness/satisfaction, their
use of time, and its effects on the environment, using the results from various surveys conducted in a
wide range of academic fields. Furthermore, an analogical model that, based on people’s use of time,
explains probable changes in their behavior that would be caused by the introduction of a new
consumption practice is proposed.
Figure 7 Framework for the relation of relevant consumption factors
In order to realize sustainable consumption, it is necessary to compare every act of consumption from
the standpoint of the ultimate goal of life (i.e. happiness). The discussion given here may be able to
provide a clear explanation of the probable behavioral changes in people caused by the application of a
space
information(of consumers)
money
time
skills
resources
leve
l3:
ultim
ate
utili
ty(d
rive
r)
leve
l2:a
spec
tsof
QoL
,goo
d lif
eor
happ
i-ne
ss
leve
l1:
limiti
ng c
on-
sum
ptio
nfa
ctor
s
Quality of Life (QoL)„the good life“
happiness
•Social relations•Social recogntion•health•safety•and others
17
new consumption practice, or rebound effects.
2.3 Development of Eco-efficiency
2.3.1 Development of Eco-efficiency indicators using economic indicators
With the intent of considering methods of calculating eco-efficiency using economic indicators, this
section reviews a study that calculated values of industry- and corporate-level eco-efficiency by defining
“CO2 efficiency” and “energy productivity” as the ratios of CO2 emissions and energy consumption,
respectively, to the price and gross profit. AIST compared ratios of CO2 emissions and energy
consumption, which are determined by the Input-Output table analysis of 399/32 classifications, to the
economic indicators (gross value-added) in order to examine the validity of these values. The results
revealed gains and losses in the primary material, manufacturing, and service industries, based on the
data of I-O tables. In corporate-industry evaluation, meanwhile, correlation was confirmed between net
CO2 efficiency for a company and that for the industry related to the company. Estimate of reference
value of net CO2 efficiency for a company can be determined using the vector sum of the values of net
CO2 efficiency for the industry related to the group companies of concern. In addition, based on the
calculation of the value of CO2 efficiency for companies belonging to some industries for which the
gross value-added include a large portion of indirect tax, it was pointed out that the gap between gross
value-added and gross profit should be taken into account.
Figure 8 Relation between direct and indirect efficiency of CO2 emission
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Direct CO2 Efficiency CO2 [￥/Kg-CO2]
Real estate
Finance and insurance
Communication and broadcasting
Food Metal products
General machinery
Trade
Other public service
Mining Water supply and waste disposal services
Chemical products
Pulp, paper and wooden products
Non-ferrous metal
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
Electrical devices
Construction
Transport
Petroleum refinery and coal
Iron and steel
Electric power, gas supply and steam and hot water supply
Ceramic, Stone And clay products
Efficiency Pattern A Efficiency Pattern C Efficiency Pattern B
Indi
rect
C
O2
Effi
cien
cy
[￥/k
g-C
O2]
18
Figure 9 Notion and standard of evaluation for the company
2.3.2 Development of indicators that represent improvements in Eco-efficiency
The aim of this section is to extract and classify the functions and performance of major products (final
commodities) as a “product value,” a fundamental element of Eco-efficiency indicator, and to determine
quantitative methods for the evaluation/measurement of eco-efficiency improvement.
Since the values of products tend to be increasingly complex as specifications as well as the standard of
product value become diversified and segmentalized, functions of a product were chosen as the “product
value” in this study. Product functions were further classified as basic functions, adaptive functions,
and functions to improve/adjust operability; the possibility of their quantification was discussed for the
purpose of evaluation.
Concerning basic functions, quantification may be possible for the three aspects: 1) attributes of items of
action (in other words, product specifications); 2) results of action (e.g. product testing); and 3) results of
individual evaluation (e.g. questionnaire survey). As a result of reviews, it was found out that the
quantification by 1) the attributes of items of action makes it easy to objectively measure quantified
CO2 emission A Industry
B Industry
F Industry
E Industry
C Industry
D Industry
G Industry
Gross income/ Gross value -added
Company A =A+B+C+D+E+F+G Industry
More efficient
Less efficient
Standard of Company
19
indicators, although it cannot provide a direct reference for the results of action. Quantification by 2)
results of action, in comparison to the attributes of items of action, evaluates values that are closer to
those of the consumers, thus enabling the evaluation of essential product values. However, there are
difficulties in how to determine the weighted coefficient for integrating the results of action.
Quantification by 3) results of individual evaluation provides values by quantifying the results of
evaluation by consumers themselves against their own evaluation criteria, therefore it reflects the
product values most properly, while the concerns of uncertainty remain as it is based on subjectivity of
consumers. Figure 9 illustrates an estimation of Eco-efficiency for washing machines based on the
results of actions, as an example.
Eco-efficiency (Environmental Impact and Product Performance per Washing Machine)
6
4
2
6 65.5
4
9.58.8
10
8
9.5 9.3 9
1.582.20
5.00
1.33 1.58 1.692.25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
A type (company A) B type (company B) C1 type(company C) C2 type (company C) D type(company D) E type (company E) F type (company F)
envi
ronm
enta
l per
form
ance
and
pro
duct
pe
rfor
man
ce(p
oint
s)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Eco-
Effic
ienc
y (B
/A)
A :Environmental impact(electricity, water consumption） B :Product performance(time, dirt remnant, uneven washing，fabric wear） Eco-Efficiency B/A
Figure 10 Eco-efficiency indicators expressed as quantified and aggregated performance per
environmental impact (water and energy use)
2.4 Proposals to utilize indicators in international activities
In this section, three proposals to utilize indicators in international activities will be discussed. The first
part is for the proposals in green purchasing activities. The second part is for utilization of indicators in
the Type III Eco-Labeling documents. The last part examines proposals in the integrated product
policy.
2.4.1 Proposals in green purchasing activities
Green purchasing, or giving priority to products with smaller burden on the environment in selecting and
purchasing products, is a primary constituent part of sustainable consumption. With the product
markets becoming increasingly international, promotion of green purchasing essentially requires
countries to cooperate with each other, making best use of their experience at home. In this section, we
20
looked at national/regional initiatives towards green purchasing, and analyzed the present situations and
challenges faced in regions of Europe (including Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, and
the EU), North America, and Asia (South Korea and Taiwan).
The results revealed that governments and other public institutions were actively involved in green
purchasing, whereas private companies had limited interests in it. Among the countries covered in this
study, only Taiwan has enforced laws specific to green purchasing; the other counties employ the idea of
green purchasing in their applicable laws related to environment and/or procurement. In the EU, the
focus of discussion is as to how far it is feasible to employ environmental consciousness in public
procurement, in the context of creating the Single Market as well as within the framework of law.
There is a wide range of product and service categories for green purchasing. Some categories that are
not commonly covered in Japan, such as cleaning products/services, electricity/energy, food, and goods
for welfare, have drawn much attention in Europe and the United States.
The challenges commonly faced are enlightenment and education of interested parties and individuals. In
Europe, efforts have been made to gain understanding from those who are concerned, mainly by
presenting logically convincing figures. Another challenge is an issue as to how criteria and guidelines
for selecting products are supposed to be like; whether they should comprehensively cover a range of
environmental aspects as does LCA, or have a limited selection of simple criteria to put a weight on
practical aspects. With neither of the options being absolutely right over the other, many organizations
face a dilemma and make trial-and-error efforts. Recently, some governmental organizations and local
governments have taken social aspects into consideration in green purchasing to promote sustainable
procurement. Although it may be more effective to put a focus exclusively on environmental
consciousness for the present, the worldwide trend will inevitably move toward sustainable purchasing
in a long term.
To realize sustainable consumption worldwide, it is necessary for us in Japan to emphasize making
networks and vitalizing/supporting activities in neighboring Asian countries on one hand, and work in
cooperation with European and North American countries to promote global green purchasing on the
other.
2.4.2 Utilization of indicators in the Type III Eco-labeling
As an environmental labeling program that quantitatively indicates environmental information of
products and services, Type III environmental labeling presented by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) has drawn attention. It has been agreed in the process of discussing international
standards that quantitative environmental information shall be calculated based on an LCA method, and
indicators for the LCA integration and application of eco-efficiency indicators have also been
21
considered.
In Japan, the ECO-LEAF program has been on trial implementation as a Type III environmental labeling.
In this program, information is exchanged at the level of inventory data from LCA. Challenges
identified include: 1) recently increasing trend of Japanese companies shifting their production abroad
makes it an urgent task to organize data on utilities, such as electricity, in their overseas production
points; and 2) development of ways to facilitate consumers’ understandings (acceptability). The first
challenge is critical in securing the accuracy and reliability of quantitative information, while the second
one must be solved in order to realize sustainable consumption. Towards our ultimate goal of making
Type III eco-labels an indicative method available for consumers in their selecting products suitable to
sustainable consumption, we conducted the following activities in the year 2002: 1) study on the
methods for acquisition of utility-related data, with a case of China as an example; and 2) survey on
consumers as to how they perceive the labels.
The results show ed that data related to utilities such as electricity can be created based on national
statistics of the respective countries; although it is difficult to obtain data that represent regional
characteristics for a large country like China.
In the other study, 24 individual consumers and 23 purchasing representatives of heavy buyers were
interviewed on the phone, taking the ECO-LEAF program labeling as a sample. The results suggested:
1) companies implementing the labeling had emphasis on improving the processes of material
procurement or production in the manufacturing stage of a product’ life cycle stages, while individual
consumers and purchasing representatives had higher interests in the stage of use or subsequent stages;
2) among the items for environmental burden, electric consumption and recycling attracted large
interests, and disclosure of information about hazardous chemical substances was on demand; 3) many
representatives of heavy buyers pointed out the difficulty of understanding quantitative data, and showed
a strong demand for indicators that represent such data, as did individual consumers; and 4) a request for
explanations about the background and implications of information was commonly seen in both
individual consumers and purchasing representatives, and inclusion of qualitative explanation along with
quantitative information was made.
2.4.3 Proposals in the Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
This section looks into situations surrounding the IPP, a topic under discussion in Europe, and considers
how to perceive factors of realization of sustainable consumption in the context of IPP.
IPP is potentially useful as a policy toolbox approach. Specifically, it helps to emphasize that both
supply- and demand-side measures are important, and that appropriate combinations of the two are
22
necessary to reach optimal solutions. It also helps to encourage life cycle thinking (LCT) in
environmental product policy, so that key life cycle impacts are considered, and different types of impact
are considered and prioritized effectively. Furthermore, the IPP provides a policy framework for
greater consideration of the role of services and PSS as a possible approach to sustainable consumption.
However, discussion of the IPP is still in its early stage, thus there is little experience to learn from. In
the EU and the EC, it remains the subject of discussion rather than actual application, and there are wide
disparities in interest, consideration, and application among the governments of European countries.
There is an emerging consensus that IPP is a policy approach for focusing on high impact products and
then determining the optimum combination of demand- and supply-side tools for a particular product
type.
In the future, it is important to consider in the context of IPP as to how to see the relationship between
happiness and consumption, both being factors to realize sustainable consumption. Frameworks of IPP
should be formed in a manner that potentially improves the levels of happiness and QOL. In that
process, it may also be necessary to take into consideration limiting factors that can produce rebound
effects.
23
3. Conclusion/ Future Vision
In this paper, we summarized the results/finding in the fiscal year 2002 on the project entitled “Research
on the Development and Utilization of Indicators for Sustainable Consumption.” Dr. Atsushi Inaba led
this project cooperated with the steering committee members and other research organizations. This
project was funded by Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, pursuing framework of “The
Subsidy Program Supporting Projects for the Development of Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Utilization
Technologies.”
A discussion on background, research objectives, methods, and research members/groups was followed
by an analysis on the following four results/fndings. “Collection and analysis of cases of sustainable
consumption,” “Development of social acceptance indicators,” “Eco-efficiency indicators,” and
“Proposals to utilize indicators in international activities” were explained. During the implementation of
this project, we gathered proposals from various points of view, which allowed us to establish different
definitions of “Sustainable Consumption”.
We also developed indicators from soc ial and international aspects. An Improvement on Eco-efficiency
and quantitative method was a development for to discuss sustainable consumption.
For the fiscal year 2003, study groups established by the steering committee was more exclusively
planned to support research on sustainable consumption. The study groups will discuss the definition of
“Sustainable Consumption” itself as well as the development of indicators for social acceptance and
Eco-efficiency. Although this project is currently in the first stage, the results/findings of the fiscal year
2002 have generated new direct/indirect proposals for CO2 reduction. Further discussion (e.g.
consideration for future generations and human needs/happiness) will be necessary.
24
Appendix A List of steering committee members
[Chairman]
Atsushi Inaba Director
Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569 Japan
Phone: +81-29-861-8145 Fax: +81-29-861-8195
E-Mail: [email protected]
[Member]
Koji Amano Associate Professor
Department of Environment Systems Engineering, College of Science
and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
1-1 Noji Higashi 1 chome, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
Phone: +81-77-561-2742 Fax: +81-77-561-2667
E-Mail: [email protected]
Masahiko Hirao Associate Professor
Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University
of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
Phone: +81-3-5841-7343 Fax: +81-3-5841-7343
E-Mail: [email protected]
Hiroki Hondo Senior Researcher
Socio-economic Research Center (SERC), Central Research Institute
of Electric Power Industry
1-6-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8126 Japan
Phone: FAX +81-3-3201-6601 Fax: +81-3-3287-2805
E-Mail: [email protected]
Hideki Nakahara Professor
Faculty of Environmental and Information Studies, Musashi Institute
of Technology
3-3-1 Ushikubo-nishi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-0015 Japan
Phone: +81-45-910-2570 Fax: +81-45-910-2605
E-Mail: [email protected]
25
Kiyotaka Tahara Team Leader
Environmental Efficiency Research Team, Research Center for Life
Cycle Assessment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST)
16-1Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569 Japan
Phone: +81-29-861-8789 Fax: +81-29-861-8118
E-Mail: [email protected]
Toyoaki Washida Professor
Department of Management and Information Science, Toyohashi Sozo
College
20-1 Matsushita, Ushikawa-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 440-8511 Japan.
Tel: +81-532-54-2111 Fax: +81-(0)532-55-0803
E-mail: [email protected]
Itaru Yasui Professor
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
Phone: +81-3-5452-6306 Fax: +81-3-5452-6308
E-Mail: [email protected]
[Secretariat] The Society of Non-Traditional Technology
Toranomon Sakurada-dori Building 7th Floor, 1-2-10 Toranomon,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001 Japan
Phone: +81-3-3503-4681 FAX: +81-3-3597-0535
E-mail: [email protected]
26
Appendix B List of cooperated organizations
[International organizations]
Buro fur Analyse & Oekologie, Switzerland Patrick Hofstetter
The Center for Sustainable Design at
Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College, the United Kingdom Martin Charter
International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Austria Edgar Hertwich
The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at
Lund University, Sweden Oksana Mont
Sylvatica, the United States of America Gregory A. Norris
The United Nations Environmental Programme, France Bas de Leeuw
Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Germany Michael Kuhndt
[Organizations in Japan]
Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Atsushi Inaba
Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry Shigeru Suda
Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc . Hideaki Takahashi
Green Purchasing Network Hideki Nakahara