research on system of rice intensification – initial...
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Research on System of Rice Intensification – Initial Experiences
.B. C. Viraktamath
Project Director
Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad
______________________________E- mail: [email protected]
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Rice in India
◙ It is the staple food for > 70% Indians, and it holds the key for food security.
◙ Grown in 42.5 m.ha with a production of 88 m.t.
◙ Occupies 25% of cropped area and contributes about 24% to AGDP.
◙ Earns about 7000 crores of foreign exchange.
◙ It is a source of livelihood for millions of farm families.
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361.1439.2
548.2646.3
1012.4
1200
1400
65.46 85.00 111.53 146.55 201.6253 305
90 1301000
400
800
1200
1600
1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1999-00 2009-10 2024-25
In M
illio
ns
Population (million)
Food grain (mt)
Rice (mt)
Population, production of food grains, and rice trends and projections
211.3 (2002)
93.3 (2002) Rice
Food grains
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Challenges for enhancing rice production
Declining resource base
Land
WaterLabour
Deteriorating soil healthIncreasing environmental concerns Increasing cost of cultivation
Among these water is becoming a critical factor
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4.6 5.3
10.6
2.3
14.9
51.8
19.6
2.4 2.5 4 2.11.8 1.5 1.8 2
8.7
20.7
9.9 10.6
4.27.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
China India Pakistan UK USA Bangladesh Nepal
195519902025
Per capita water availability in selected countries (000 m3)
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Rice and Water80% of fresh water is used for agriculture.More than 50% of this is consumed by the rice crop.Rice consumes about 4000-5000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of grain.Irrigated rice cannot be ignored as it contributes significantly to food security.Little scope to save water from other irrigated dry crops.Hence, pressure would be on rice cultivation to cut down the water requirement.
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What is SRI ?It is a set of modified practices for growing ricewhich was developed in Madagascar in 1983 byFather Henri Laulanie
FeaturesPlanting young seedlings 8 – 12 days oldPlanting single seedling/hill Along with soilWider Spacing 25 cm x 25 cmOrganic manuring Compost , Gm , StrawNo standing water till PI stage Alternate wetting and dryingAerated Soil Weeding by Cono-weeder
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Claims of SRI method
High yields (up to 10 – 20 %)Water saving (up to 50%) Improved soil healthImproved input use efficiencyLower seed requirement
Keeping in view of the above, need to validate these claims, research work was initiated by DRR in 2003
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DRR trial - A prelude to multi-location trials
Season - Rabi 2003
Treatments - Normal transplanting, SRI with 12d old seedlings, SRI with 25d old seedlings, normal planting with wider spacing (25 x 25 cm).
Results:Yields in SRI were higher in SRI by 16.6%Planting young seedlings is beneficial
Hybrids performed better than varietiesHybrids – Yield increase 46 - 48%Varieties – Yield increase 5 – 17%
Pusa Basmati did not perform well under SRI.
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Multi-location trials on SRI under AICRIP were conducted during kharif 2004 , 2005 and 2006 seasons (21 locations)
State (2005) LocationAndhra Pradesh Rajendranagar (Hyderabad)
Assam Karimgunj, Titabar
Bihar Patna, Sabour
Chhattisgarh Jagdalpur
Gujarat Nawagam
Himachal Pradesh Malan
Jharkhand Ranchi
Karnataka Mandya, Siriguppa
Contd….
State (2006) LocationOrissa Chiplima
Punjab Kapurthala
Pondicherry Karaikal
Tamil Nadu Aduthurai, Coimbatore
Tripura Arundhatinagar
Uttar pradesh Varanasi
Uttaranchal Pantnagar, Almora
Meghalaya Umiam
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Results of Multi-location TrialsKharif 2004 -- Locations :21
● Performance of SRI varied from location to location
● SRI gave higher yield (7-42 %) than control at 11 locations with mean of 12 %
● Varieties responded differently● SRI and ICM were on par at 4 locations● At Kapurthala and Malan, normal method
was better than SRI● KRH-2 performed better● Increased yield was due to increased no. of
panicles.
Contd….
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Grain yield under different methods of crop establishment
– Kharif 2004
Location
0
2
4
6
8
10
R'n
agar
Patn
a
Alm
ora
Siru
gupp
a
Man
dya
Adhu
thur
ai
Jagd
alpu
r
Karja
t
Ran
chi
Tita
bar
A'na
gar
Coi
mba
tore
Naw
agam
Vara
nasi
Chi
plim
a
Sabo
ur
Kapu
rthal
a
Mal
an
Gra
in y
ield
(t/h
a)NT SRI ICM
SRI<NTSRI=NTSRI>NTSRI>ICM>NT
SRI=ICM
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Multi-location Evaluation of SRIResults of Kharif 2005
◘ SRI was significantly better than normal transplanting at 10 locations (Yield increase -5.0-69 .9 % with a mean of 25%
◘ SRI and ICM were on par at 7 locations.
◘ SRI performed better in southern and central India
◘ SRI recorded lower yields than normal planting at 4 locations (Karaikal, Kapurthala, Pusa, Malan)
◘ Yield increase of SRI was higher in acidic soils as compared to alkaline soils Contd….
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Crop establishment method for increasing yield in TP rice (SRI, ICM & TP), Kharif 2006
Locations - 27 Significant at 21 locationsSRI method promising at 13 out of 21 locations
ICM comparable with SRI – 3 (KNP, UMM, MLN)Standard transplanting at 5 locations
(MND, KRK, MRT, CHP, PDY)Mean increase in grain yield across locations (21)
With SRI - 11% With ICM - 8%
SRI performance is better when nursery sowing date is same as compared to transplanting date.
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Across location (21)
01234567
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Treatments
Gra
in y
ield
(t/h
a)
0246810121416
(%) i
ncre
ase
Overall GYincrease (%)
Nursery dates are same
Transplanting dates are same
Performance of different methods of crop establishment in different regions
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Vigorous root system (right ) under SRI
SRIConventional
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60 d old plants under SRI and normal TP
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Collaborative research by DRR and ICRISAT
Treatments were SRI, ECO-SRI (fully organic methods) and normal transplantingWater supplied to each plot was measured with water meters Nutrients added to all treatments were calculated on N basisNo pesticides were applied, as there was no serious pest attack
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0
100
200
300
400
ECO SRI Control
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
ECO SRI Control
Root dry mass (g m-3)
Root length density (cm m-3)
Mean Root Mass and Root Length Density, Rabi 2006, DRR Fields
Differences: **
Differences: *
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Other Salient Observations• Managing soil moisture in SRI plots and
keeping them weed-free was the biggest challenges
• SRI plots remained unimpressive even up to flowering
• Pest damage was lower in SRI plots than in normal plots
• Plants in SRI plots were greener than those in normal plots
• Grain yield increase by 10% in SRI
• Water use decreased by 29% (SRI 79 Cum)
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Way Forward/Take-Home Message
• Root mass, root length density of plants in SRI plots was higher than that of controls and need more studies (over depth).
• Bigger, better (non-black) and deeper roots together with the generally high microbial
activity may explain higher yield in SRI and needs to be studied
• More studies needed, particularly through long-term experiments, including addressing the issues of soil nutrient depletion in SRI plots and adoption of SRI by farmers to help policy makers towards
its scaling up
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0102030405060708090
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SRI Normal
kg/c
u M
Gra
in y
ield
(q/h
a)an
d C
u.m
Methods
Water productivity in SRI Yield
Water use (Cu.M
W pro
Increase
Water productivity in SRI vs. flooded rice
•Grain yield increase by 10% in SRI•Water use decreased by 29% (SRI 79 Cum)•Water productivity up by 20%
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Stem borer damage at flowering stage
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Root and soil nematodes
01020304050607080
SRI SRI- Eco Conventional
Crop establishment methods
Pop
ulat
ion
RNSN
Nematode population as influenced by crop establishment methods
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ConclusionsSRI practice is significantly superior to the conventional method in more than 50% locations indicating that it does not do well at all locations.The performance of SRI was variety-specific, and hybrids performed better than varieties irrespective of date of sowing. The mean yield advantage observed under SRI over the conventional method varied from 10 to 16 per cent. SRI performance was not satisfactory at Malan and Kapurthala.Acidic soils responded better to SRI method.
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Future Thrust Areas for Research on SRI
■ Varietal response to SRI and designing suitable plant type
■ Identification of areas/zones most suited for SRI method
■ Precise quantification of savings in water■ Effective weed management and
refinement of machinery■ Detailed studies on soil health and
microbial activity■ SRI vis-à-vis pest and disease incidence
and their management.■ Detailed economics of SRI and cost :
benefit analaysis.
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