research on innovation diffusion
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RESEARCH ON INNOVATION DIFFUSION
Prof SURESHKUMAR.SCHIEF SCIENTIST AND ADVISER,CSIR-NIIST,TVM
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL CHANGEECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL CHANGE
THERE IS GENERAL AWARENESS OF THERE IS GENERAL AWARENESS OF IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATION AND IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IN PRODUCTS,PROCESSESDIFFUSION IN PRODUCTS,PROCESSES
AND FORMS OF ECONOMIC AND FORMS OF ECONOMIC ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENTORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT
INNOVATION DIFFUSION INNOVATION DIFFUSION IMPACTIMPACT
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTSECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS TECHNOCULTURAL EFFECTSTECHNOCULTURAL EFFECTS POLICY AND ECOSYSTEM POLICY AND ECOSYSTEM
EFFECTSEFFECTS
ECONOMIC AND SOC ECONOMIC AND SOC EFFECTSEFFECTS
IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT AND IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT AND GROWTHGROWTH
BUSINESS ORGANISATION BUSINESS ORGANISATION
MARKET AND MARKET AND INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL
CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
HUMANHUMAN
IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
POLICY EFFECTSPOLICY EFFECTS
DEMAND FOR NEW PUBLIC DEMAND FOR NEW PUBLIC POLICIESPOLICIES
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR GROWTH IMPETUSGROWTH IMPETUS
ECOSYSTEM EFECTSECOSYSTEM EFECTS
DEMAND FOR MORE INNOVATION DEMAND FOR MORE INNOVATION AND AND
BETTER INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMBETTER INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM
IMPACT OF MICROELECTRONICS,BIOTECHNOLOGY,NANOMATERILS AND ICT ARE DIFFERENTBUT RAISE NORMATIVE ISSUESIMPORTANT FOR ECOSYSTEM FOR INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IN GENERAL
MICROELECTRONICS
MICROELECTRONICS [ME] CHARACTERISED BY
LARGE COMPANIES FOR RADICAL RESEARCH
GROWTH OF SMALL FIRMS BY DIFFUSION AND FURTHER INNOVATION
BIOTECHNOLOGY
GROWTH OF NTBF-NEW TECH BASED FIRMS SIGNIFICANT
INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IN SMALL FIRMS
LARGE FIRMS FLOATING NTBF
ICT
ROLE OF PUBLIC FUNDED RESEARCH
ALLIANCES WITH LARGE FIRMS
INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION THRU SMALL AND LARGE FIRMS
NANOMATERIALS-NETWORKS
STRATEGIC ALLIANCES NIS PPP TRIPLE HELIX NTBF RESEARCH NETWORKS
NORMATIVE ISSUES
GENERAL ASPECTS
IMPORTANT FOR INNOVATION AND DIFUSION DYNAMICS ACROSS SECTORS
-INNOVATION AND -INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IS LINKED TO DIFFUSION IS LINKED TO COMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS
CRUCIAL CONCERNCRUCIAL CONCERN
-ADOPTING AND ADAPTING -ADOPTING AND ADAPTING
TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATIONSORGANISATIONAL INNOVATIONS
RELATED ECOSYSTEM ISSUES
• ECONOMIC• TECHNO-HUMAN/SOCIAL• CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES WHICH
FAVOUR OR HAMPER DIFFUSION AND INTRODUCTIOM
• THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONTEXT FOR INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION
ECONOMIC
• APPROPRIATING ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM INNOVATIONS
• RELATED TO IPR ISSUES
• TRIPS AND INDIAN PATENT ACTS
TECHNO-SOCIAL
• RELATION BETWEEN NEW TECHNOLOGY AND
• LABOUR PROCESSES
• HUMAN ASPECTS AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION IN FIRMS
ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS
• FORMAL AND INFORMAL STRUCTURES
• SMALL GROUP DYNAMICS
• INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
• HRM ISSUES
J.SCHUMPETER-DISTINCTION BETWEEN J.SCHUMPETER-DISTINCTION BETWEEN INNOVATION,INVENTION AND DIFFUSIONINNOVATION,INVENTION AND DIFFUSION
INVENTION-FIRST DEVELOPEMNT OF A NEW INVENTION-FIRST DEVELOPEMNT OF A NEW ARTIFACT OR PROCESSARTIFACT OR PROCESS
INNOVATION-ENTAILS ECONOMIC INNOVATION-ENTAILS ECONOMIC APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
DIFFUSION-DESCRIBES ITS INTRODUCTION DIFFUSION-DESCRIBES ITS INTRODUCTION BY BUYERS OR COMPETITORSBY BUYERS OR COMPETITORS
PRACTICAL PARADIGMPRACTICAL PARADIGM
ECONOMICAL BEHAVIOURECONOMICAL BEHAVIOUR TECHNICAL BEHAVIOURTECHNICAL BEHAVIOUR INDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOURINDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOUR ORGANISATIONAL ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOUR
ECONOMICAL BEHAVIOURECONOMICAL BEHAVIOUR
ECONOMICALLY MINDED ECONOMICALLY MINDED RESEARCH RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS ESTABLISHMENTS INTRODUCE INVENTION AS INTRODUCE INVENTION AS AN INNOVATION FROM AN INNOVATION FROM STARTSTART
TECHNICAL BEHAVIOURTECHNICAL BEHAVIOUR
DIFFUSION ENTAILS DIFFUSION ENTAILS FURTHER INNOVATION ON FURTHER INNOVATION ON THE PART OF THE THE PART OF THE DEVELOPER AND USERDEVELOPER AND USER
INDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOURINDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOUR
INVENTION SUGGEST INVENTION SUGGEST POTENTIAL FOR POTENTIAL FOR TECHNOL.PROGRESS AND TECHNOL.PROGRESS AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTHINDUSTRIAL GROWTH
ORGANISATIONAL ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOUR
INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION HINT AT ECON./SOC/ORGAN HINT AT ECON./SOC/ORGAN INCENTIVES ANDINCENTIVES AND
IMPEDIMENTS TO THE IMPEDIMENTS TO THE INCORPORATION OF TECHNOL INCORPORATION OF TECHNOL ADVANCES INTO ADVANCES INTO ECO.PRODUCTS/PROCESSESECO.PRODUCTS/PROCESSES
TECHNOLOGY AS INFORMATION
ARROW ANALYSED TECHNOLOGY AS INFORMATION
STARTED THE AREA OF ECONOMICS OF R AND D
ARROW---MAIN POINTS
CHARACTERISED BY PUBLIC GOOD FEATURES
POTENTIAL TO BE TRANSMITTED AND REUSED REPEATEDLY
PROPERTY OF INNOVATION
STIGLITZ WORK ON ECONOMICS OF IMPERFECT
INFORMATIONUNCERTAINTY AND INTANGIBLEECONOMICS OF TANGIBLES DIFFERS
STIGLITZ—MAIN POINTS
NOTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EITHER GIVEN OR
ARE SUBJECT TO THE EXOGENOUS DYNAMICS OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
AGENCY EFFECTS
INFLUENCES ACTUAL EXPLOITATION
AFFECTED BY FACTORS CAUSING IMPERFECT INFORMATION
FACTORS AFFECTING EXPLOITATION
INCENTIVE STRUCTUREFORMS OF MARKET COMPETITION
AND PAST AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON
WHICH AGENTS CAN DRAW UPON
INFORMATION VS.PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
NELSON AND WINTER,DOSI,PAVITT ETC.
ADOPTED AN APPROACH BASED ON SHARP DOMAIN DISTINCTION
BETWEEN INFORMATION AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
COGNITIVE ASPECTS
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AS AN ELUSIVE SET OF
COGNITIVE STRUCTURE,SEARCH RULES,TACIT CAPABILTIES
GUIDING INVENTIVE ACTIVITIES
HEURISTIC ASPECTS
RATES AND DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVITY SHAPED AND LIMITED BY
SKILLS AND HEURISTICS OF THE SEARCHING AGENTS,
THEIR PAST EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE
TECHNOLOGY TRAJECTORIES
• CONCEPTUALISE PROCEDURES AND DIRECTIONS OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES
• IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY PARADIGMS AND TRAJECTORIES[DOSI]
RADICAL VS.INCREMENTAL
• PARADIGM SHIFTS-KONDRATIEFF WAVES
• PATH DEPENDENCIES AND EVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PRIVATE VS.PUBLIC
• THE EMPRICAL UNDERSTANDING OF
• BALANCE BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE
DYNAMICS OF KNOWLEDGE
• NEW OPPORTUNITIES GENERATED IN
• UNIVERSITIES/PRO[PUBLIC RESEARCH ORGAN] AND
• WITHIN BUSINESS SECTOR IN PRIVATE R&D [NELSON]
INCENTIVES
ECONOMICALLY MOTIVATED AGENTS
UNDERTAKE RISKS AND COSTS OF INNOVATION
RETURN ON INVESTMENT
APPROPRIABILTY CONDITIONS AND
DIFFERENTIAL ECONOMIC RETURNS FROM INNOVATION[LEVIN]
MARKET STRUCTURES
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MARKET STRUCTURES AND
INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE[DASGUPTA
PATH DEPENDENCYPATH DEPENDENCY
HISTORY COUNTSHISTORY COUNTS
PAST TECHNOLOGICAL PAST TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS INFLUENCE FUTURE ACHIEVEMENTS INFLUENCE FUTURE ONESONES
MODELSMODELS
DEVELOPMENT OF PATH DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF PATH DEPENDENT MODELS[ARTHUR AND DAVID]MODELS[ARTHUR AND DAVID]
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND THEORETICAL THEORETICAL MODELLING[ROSENBERG]MODELLING[ROSENBERG]
NATURE OF INNOVATIONNATURE OF INNOVATION
UNFOLDS THE DETERMINANTS AND UNFOLDS THE DETERMINANTS AND NATURE OFNATURE OF
INNOVATION AND INVENTION,INNOVATION AND INVENTION,DRIVING FORCES,DRIVING FORCES,PATTERNS OF INNOVATION PATTERNS OF INNOVATION
DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION
DIFFUSION STUDIESDIFFUSION STUDIES
SOCIOLOGY STUDIES ON ADOPTION SOCIOLOGY STUDIES ON ADOPTION OF RURAL/AGRI INNOVATIONSOF RURAL/AGRI INNOVATIONS
DIFFUSION OF SOCIAL INNOVATIONS DIFFUSION OF SOCIAL INNOVATIONS LIKE FOR HEALTH LIKE FOR HEALTH CARE,EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONCARE,EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL AND EMPIRICAL ASPECTSEMPIRICAL ASPECTS
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY STUDIES ON ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY STUDIES ON INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN ITS INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN ITS SPATIAL DIMENSION[ROGERS]SPATIAL DIMENSION[ROGERS]
DIFUSION OF INDUSTRIAL DIFUSION OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES [MANSFIELD]AND PROCESSES [MANSFIELD]AND
SURVEYS[METCALFE/STONEMAN]SURVEYS[METCALFE/STONEMAN]
DIFFUSION KINETICS
TECHNICAL
ECONOMIC
SECTORAL
TECH FEATURE
DIFFUSION KINETICS DEPEND ON THE FEATURES OF TECHNOLOGIES BEING ADOPTED
AND/OR SUBSTITUTED
ECONOMIC-INCENTIVE
KINETICS DEPEND ON
THE INCENTIVES THAT ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT PROVIDES FOR ADOPTION
AGENCY EFFECTS
ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WOULD BE ADOPTERS
ADOPTERS VS.INNOVATORS-BASS
INDUSTRIAL-SECTORAL
INTERFIRM INTERINDUSTRY ,REGIONAL INTERTECHNOLOGY VARIANCE IN SPEED OF DIFFUSION
[MANSFIELD AND NASBETH]
DIFFUSION PATTERN STUDIESDIFFUSION PATTERN STUDIES
SUMMARY FINDINGS RELATED TO SUMMARY FINDINGS RELATED TO LOGISTICS[ORIGINATION,LINKAGLOGISTICS[ORIGINATION,LINKAGES AND MECHANISMS]ES AND MECHANISMS]
TEMPORALITY ANDTEMPORALITY AND VARIANCESVARIANCES
PACE AND TEMPORALITYPACE AND TEMPORALITY
SLOW AND TAKES TIME AND SLOW AND TAKES TIME AND WIDE VARIATIONS IN THE RATES WIDE VARIATIONS IN THE RATES OF ACCEPTANCEOF ACCEPTANCE
S SHAPED DIFFUSION CURVES-S SHAPED DIFFUSION CURVES-PRECISE FORM VARIES ACROSS PRECISE FORM VARIES ACROSS INNOVATIONS-A TIME INNOVATIONS-A TIME DEPENDENT PROCESSDEPENDENT PROCESS
LOGISTICS AND VARIANCELOGISTICS AND VARIANCE
PARTICULAR DIFFUSION PATTERNS PARTICULAR DIFFUSION PATTERNS DETERMINED BY HOW THE SEQUENCE DETERMINED BY HOW THE SEQUENCE OF ADOPTION GOES FORWARD AND OF ADOPTION GOES FORWARD AND WHAT INFLUENCES ITWHAT INFLUENCES IT
DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS OF DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS OF INNOVATION DIFFUSION AND HOW INNOVATION DIFFUSION AND HOW THE INNOVATION HAS ORIGINATED THE INNOVATION HAS ORIGINATED AND WHAT IS ITS INFLUENCE ON AND WHAT IS ITS INFLUENCE ON ADOPTIONADOPTION
EMERGING PARADIGM
NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM INTERNATIONALISATION OF
RESEARCH PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS TRIPLE HELIX OF RESEARCH GOVT
AND INDUSTRY STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
PUBLIC FUNDED RESEARCH
• PRO IS COMING BACK TO THE CENTRE STAGE ABROAD
• PARADIGM SHIFTS VS INCREMENTAL INNOVATION
• A NEW PATTERN OF GOVT FUNDING BASED ON FORESIGHT STUDIES
PUBLIC FUNDED RESEARCH AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT-CSIR
• CONCEPTS LIKE TRIPLE HELIX• NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM• PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS• RESEARCH NETWORKS• STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
DIFFUSION MODELS
LINEAR MODEL SCIENCE PUSH MARKET PULL
MODELS ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY MODEL INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY PARADIGM ALTERNATE RESEARCH AGENDA
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