research on alternative construction no

7/31/2019 Research on Alternative Construction No

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RESEARCH ON ALTERNATIVE

CONSTRUCTION NO.1

Reasons for imitating silk.-Silk, the most beautiful as well as the strongest of all textilefibers, is naturally in strong demand the world over. Nothing but its high cost of production preventsits more general use. One does not wonder that there is much interest in finding substitutes for thisgreat fiber, or cheaper materials which combine as many of the qualities of true silk as possible;such, for example, as its high luster, its steel-like strength, its attractive smoothness and softness,its elasticity, and its quality of taking the most delicate tints and shades in the dyeing process. Manyexperiments have been tried, much money has been expended, and much human energyexhausted in the desire to find such suitable substitutes. Many vegetable fibers such as cotton,ramie, linen, wood fiber, kapok, and others have been used in one way or another with somedegree of success. Various finishing processes have been invented to give to cheaper fibers theappearance of silk, such as gassing or singeing, glossing, beating, and polishing.

Story of mercerized cotton.-Samples of mercerized cloth were exhibited at a world's fair in Londonin 1857 and attracted considerable attention; but the cost of the chemicals used in mercerizing wasthen so high that the process seemed hardly feasible. Mercer, who died in 1866, was therefore inno way benefited by this valuable invention. Not until the later eighties did mercerization becomepractical, and then for two reasons. First, certain improvements were discovered in the methods ofmercerizing; and, second, the cost of the needful chemicals had considerably lessened sinceMercer's time. By igoo mercerized cotton was in extensive demand and the annual production andconsumption have climbed every year since then. Its use is now widespread in a great number offabrics, as the sole textile in some cases, as the warp in others, as filling in still others. In almostevery sort of fabric in which silk is used, mercerized cotton is also employed. Its cheapness permitsits use in a number of things for which silk would be impracticable because of prohibitive cost.

Daphnis Lewis & Short 96 12 9 A son ofMercury, a beautiful young shepherd in Sicily,the inventor of pastoral songs, and hence afavorite of Pan Glyconius Lewis & Short 4 0 2so called from its inventorMelissa Lewis &Short 4 4 3 A nymph who is said to haveinvented the art of keeping bees Midias Lewis &Short 1 1 1 the name of a Messenian, whoinvented the cuirass Palamedes Lewis & Short36 36 14 the counters in the game of draughts

which Palamedes invented adinventio Lewis &Short 31 31 1 an invention adinventorLewis &Short 0 0 0 an inventor; adinventum Lewis &Short 0 0 0 an invention commenticius Lewis &Short, Elem. Lewis 29 29 13 thought out,devised, fabricated, invented, new commentiorLewis & Short 56 0 8 to invent commentumLewis & Short, Elem. Lewis 363 0 44 aninvention, fabrication, pretence, fiction,

falsehood commentus Lewis & Short, Elem.Lewis 427 0 54 devised, invented, feigned,fictitious comminiscorLewis & Short, Elem.Lewis 427 0 54 to devise, invent, contriveconfictio Lewis & Short, Elem. Lewis 1 1 1 afabricating confingo Lewis & Short, Elem.Lewis 85 33 24 to fashion, fabricate, invent,devise, feign, pretend: epodos Lewis & Short 1 11 a form of lyric metre invented by Archilochusexcogitatio Lewis & Short, Elem. Lewis 5 5 3 a

thinking out, contriving, inventing excogitoLewis & Short, Elem. Lewis 249 249 53 to thinkout, contrive, devise, invent fabulositas Lewis &Short 5 5 1 fabulous invention; heuretaLewis &Short 0 0 0 an inventorinventio Lewis & Short,Elem. Lewis 118 118 20 the faculty of inventioninventiuncula Lewis & Short 1 1 1 a triflinginvention inventorLewis & Short, Elem. Lewis1,326 82 99 a contriver, author, discoverer,
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Construction TextilesCivil engineering and building industryare an integral part of the development ofhuman society as they involve theplanning, design, building, operation andmaintenance of infrastructure. Theventuring of technical textiles or high-performance textiles in this sector hasgiven a great impetus to the quality ofconstruction.

These textiles are used in the constructionof buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels androads and collectively comprise theBuildtech sector. They offermechanical properties such as lightness,strength and resilience as well asresistance to many factors such as creep,degradation by chemicals and pollutantsin the air or rain and other constructionmaterial as well as the effects of sunlightand acid. These textiles play an important

role in the modernization ofinfrastructure.

Some of the major products coveredunder this sector are used in ;

Hoardings and Signages Scaffolding Nets

Awnings and canopies Tarpaulins Architectural membranes Roofing materials

Eco TextilesEnvironmental threats loom large onalmost every nation in the world today.With this threat gaining its stature day byday, Eco Textiles gain utmost importanceas one of the most useful resources thathelp promote new innovations, in an eco-friendly manner.

OEKTECH is the term used for technicaltextiles that are used for environmentalprotection. It stands for new ideas andinteresting concepts in the area ofenvironmental protection, waste disposal(including innovative filtration media)and new recycling technologies. It isopening up new avenues forenvironmental engineers, safety engineersand personnel in environmentalprotection agencies.

These eco- friendly textiles provide arange of environmentally responsiblealternatives to other resource hungrymaterials. They tap into both post-consumer and post-industrial wastestreams & scrap and reuse them formanufacturing an extremely durable andeco-friendly textile. They not only lead toreduction of waste but also moreimportantly, save the rapidly depleting

natural resources.

Some of the features of these textiles are:

They utilize ecologically grownfibers.

They are processed with lessdamaging inputs.
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The processing units are equippedwith good sewage treatment.

The fabrics are of good qualityand long lasting.

A look at some of the products that aremanufactured using these textiles:

Soil seals Textile drainage systems Erosion prevention systems Textiles for protection against

hazardous substances Mobile containers Textile noise barrier systems Filter systems (air/water)

Landfill textiles

History

Alternative natural materials have existedfor quite some time but often in verybasic forms or only as ingredients to aparticular material in the past. Forexample, earth used as a buildingmaterial for walls of houses has existedfor thousands of years. Much more

recently, in the 1920s, the United Statesgovernment promoted rammed earth as afireproof construction method forbuilding farmhouses.[1]Another morecommon example is adobe. Adobe homesare prominent in the southwestern U.S.and several Spanish-speaking countries.[2]

Straw bale construction is a more modernconcept, but there even exists evidencethat straw was used to make homes in

African prairies as far back as thePaleolithictimes.[2] Alternative naturalmaterials, specifically their applications,have only recently made their way intomore common use. The ideas of beingboth green and sustainable in response toglobal warming and climate changeshifted more of a focus onto the materials

and methods used to build ourcityscapeand homes. As environmentallyconscious decisions becamecommonplace, the use of alternativenatural materials instead of typical

natural materials or man-made materialsthat rely heavily on natural resourcesbecame prominent.

Materials

Rock

Rock is a great way to get away fromtraditional materials that are harmful tothe environment. Rocks have two great

characteristics: good thermal massandthermal insulation. These characteristicsmake stone a great idea because thetemperature in the house stays ratherconstant thus requiring less airconditioning and other cooling systems.Types of rocks that can be employed arereject stone (pieces of stone that are notable to be used for another task),limestone, andflagstone.

This article shows a straw bale wall under

construction.

Straw

Straw bales can be used as a basis forwalls instead ofdrywall. Straw provides
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excellent insulation and fire resistance ina traditional post-and-beam structure,where a wood frame supports the house.[3]

These straw walls are about 75% moreenergy efficient than standard drywalls

and because no oxygen can get throughthe walls, fire cannot spread and there isno chance ofcombustion.

This picture depicts a cyclone- andearthquake-resistant home madecompletely of bamboo.

Bamboo

In Asian countries,bamboo is being used

for structures like bridges and homes.Bamboo is surprisingly strong and ratherflexible and grows incredibly fast,making it a rather abundant material.Although it can be difficult to joincorners together, bamboo is immenselystrong and makes up for the hardshipsthat can be encountered while building it.

Cordwood

Cordwood is a combination of smallremnants offirewoodand otherlumberthat usually go to waste. These smallblocks of wood can easily be put togetherto make a structure that, like stone, hasgreat insulation as well as thermal mass.

Cordwood provides the rustic look of logcabins without the use of tons of lumber.You can build an entire building with justcordwood or use stones to fill in thewalls.

Rammed Earth

Rammed Earth is a very abundantmaterial that can be used in place ofconcrete andbrick. Soil is packed tightlyinto wall molds where it is rammedtogether and hardened to form a durablewall packing made of nothing more than

dirt, stones, and sticks.[3]

Rammed Earthalso provides great thermal mass, whichmeans great energy savings. In addition,it is very weatherproof and durableenough that it was used in the Great Wallof China.

Earth-Sheltered

Earth sheltering is a unique buildingtechnique in which buildings arecompletely constructed on at least oneside by some form of Earth whether it bea grass roof, clay walls, or both. Thisunique system usually includes plenty ofwindows because of the difficultyinvolved with using too much electricityin such a house. This adds to the energyefficiency of the house by reducinglighting costs.

Papercrete

Papercrete is an interesting and very newmaterial that is a good substitute forconcrete. Papercrete is shredded paper,
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sand, and cement mixed together thatforms a very durable brick-like material.Buildings utilizing papercrete are verywell-insulated as well as being termite-and fire-resistant. Papercrete is very

cheap as it usually only costs about $0.35per square foot.

Adobe

Adobe is an age-old technique that ischeap, easy to obtain, and ideal for hotenvironments. A mixture ofsand, clay,and water is poured into a mold and left

in the sun to dry. When dried, it isexceptionally strong and heat-resistant.Adobe doesnt let much heat through tothe inside of the structure, thus providingexcellent insulation during the summer toreduce energy costs. Although this claymixture provides excellent insulationfrom heat, it is not very waterproof andcan be dangerous in earth-quake proneareas due to its tendency to crack easily.

Sawdust

Sawdust is a good material to combinewith clay or cement mixtures and use forwalls. These walls turn out surprisinglysturdy and effectively recycle any treesthat may need to be excavated from thebuilding area. Depending what type ofsawdust used (hardwoodis best) the

wood chips in the walls absorb moistureand help prevent cracking duringfreeze/thaw cycles.[1] Sawdust may becombined with water and frozen toproduce a material commonly known aspykrete, which is strong, and less proneto melting than regular ice.

Textile construction as a component ofmodern architecture is acceptedincreasingly all over the world.Membranes permit large area designssuch as stadium roofings, which areaesthetical, light weight and durable.Mehler Texnologies has developed aprogram for this application that supportsthe entire variety of textile architecturewith application specific finishings. Hightear-out forces, special continued tear-outforces and the excellent weldability of thematerial are designed for the extreme pulland pressure forces of stretched designs.

The fabrics also have the requiredflexibility required for example formobile roofs.

Air

supported designs such as air-inflatedhalls have significant advantages: theyare installed quickly, can cover largeareas and do not need supportconstructions. Translucent membranesprovide natural lighting. The membranefabrics are adapted to the hall designdepending on the duration of use,temporary or long-term.
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Frame supported designs have significantadvantages if space is limited and doesnot permit tension designs or if halls andtent buildings are only temporary.Surface structures with membraneconstruction are the solution especially

for events, for covered markets,exhibition halls or gazebos, but also forlarge constructions such as hangars or drydocks.

VALMEX MEHATOP F is a

membrane made of multi-layer compositematerial with low wick yarns in thecarrier fabric. PVDF paints (MEHATOPF) developed by Mehler Texnologies areused forsurface

paintings. They refine the material andprotect it long-term with a twofold paintlayer. This is why VALMEXMEHATOP F-Membrane maintains its


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unique appearance even under extremeclimate conditions and over long periods.

Advantages include the applicationversatility and mainly the materialcharacteristics:

good diffusion blocks againstsoftener migration.

reduced penetration of fungus andpest into the membrane

very well weldable resistant against high

temperatures and weather impacts water and dirt resistant, as a result

lower degree of contamination

improved cleaning characteristics good long-term appearance

research on alternative construction no

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