research methods slide show

86
Chinese Censorship, at Home, Abroad A Continuation or a Break in a new country? Daniel Murray Róisín Tangney Betty Maguire Justin Ahern

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This a presentation which I developed during the Masters in Library & Information Studies at UCD. This presentation was developed as part of a team. The other members of the team were Justin Ahern, Daniel Murray and Roisín Tangnuy.

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Page 1: Research methods slide show

Chinese Censorship, at Home, Abroad

A Continuation or a Break in a new country?

Daniel MurrayRóisín TangneyBetty MaguireJustin Ahern

Page 2: Research methods slide show

IntroductionDaniel Murray

Page 3: Research methods slide show

Introduction

• A gap in the study of Chinese immigrants in Ireland: censorship

• Few countries as thorough in its censorship as China.

• ‘The Great Firewall’• Wide range of topics taboo• Censorship leading to self-censorship

Page 4: Research methods slide show

Public Security Bureau mascots

Page 5: Research methods slide show

Google incident

• Google versus Chinese government earlier this year over refusal to censor further.

• Principled or trouble-making? Opinions of Chinese servers differ.

Page 6: Research methods slide show

Research Question

• Do Chinese in Ireland take advantage of non-censored internet to access information denied to them at home?

(a) What kind of sites do they access in Ireland?(b) Which Internet sources do they find to be more reliable - Irish or Chinese?(c) Does their use of Internet in Ireland influence their attitude towards censorship at home?

Page 7: Research methods slide show

Target Group

• Chinese students in Ireland, as they would have experiences with both China and Ireland.

• Chinese community in Ireland since 1950s but many would have limited contact with China.

Page 8: Research methods slide show

Literature Review

Róisín Tangney

Page 9: Research methods slide show
Page 10: Research methods slide show

• OpenNet Initiative. (2009, June 15). Internet Filtering in China. Retrieved November 14, 2010, from OpenNet: http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/ONI_China_2009.pdf

Page 11: Research methods slide show

Internet use in China

• 420 million internet users

• 162 million blogs

• 30 million daily Kaixin users

• 583.5 million mobile phone subscribers

Page 12: Research methods slide show

What’s Blocked?

Page 13: Research methods slide show

What’s Censored?

Taiwan, Tibet, TiananmenNorth KoreaFalun GongReligionPornographyNews Stories

Page 14: Research methods slide show

Do they want more information?

• Anti-CNN movement following clashes in Tibet in 2008

• Race traitors targeted • Google controversy

BUT …

Page 15: Research methods slide show

Online discussion forums suggest many Chinese people want to end Internet censorship.

Page 16: Research methods slide show

Chinese Community in Ireland

Wang, Y. Y., & King-O'Riain, R. C. (2006). Chinese Students in Ireland. National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Dept. of Sociology. National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism.

Page 17: Research methods slide show

Profile Study

• 30,000 Chinese people living in Ireland• 3,000 3rd level Students

Page 18: Research methods slide show

Co-Ethnic Researcher – Why?

• Relates to target population• Body Language/Cultural differences• Communication• Comprehension• Participants’ rights• Recruitment

Page 19: Research methods slide show

• “Most of the interviewees do not use the Irish media often. They find the programmes are quite different from those in China …In the Chinese community they have their own media”

(Wang and King-O’Riain, p.49)

Page 20: Research methods slide show

Research Design

Betty Maguire

Page 21: Research methods slide show

Mixed Methods Approach

• ‘an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches and the mixing of both approaches in a study’

Cresswell, P. 4

Page 22: Research methods slide show

‘Mixed Method Approaches involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or quantitative Research’

Creswell&Plano Clark, 2007

Page 23: Research methods slide show

Quantitative survey 30 Qualitative face-to-face interviews

Page 24: Research methods slide show

Paradigm

Social Constructivist Paradigm participants’ views of the situation being

studiedbroad, open-ended questions

Page 25: Research methods slide show

• ‘Researchers realize that their own background shapes their interpretation, and they position themselves in the research to acknowledge how their interpretation flows from their personal, cultural and historical experiences’

Cresswell, p. 8.

Page 26: Research methods slide show

Sampling

Snowball sampling Snow-probability sampling technique subjects are hard to locatehttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html

Page 27: Research methods slide show

2 Approaches

First Approach make initial contact with key informants

information rich cases Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet

Publishing, 2007, p. 65

Page 28: Research methods slide show

Second Approach an initial participantinterview and observationcharacteristics and issues that need further

inquiry Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet

Publishing, 2007, p. 65

Page 29: Research methods slide show

According to Erlandson et al, 1993,82“Purposive and directed sampling through

human instrumentation increases the range of data exposed and maximises the Researcher’s ability to identify emerging themes”

Page 30: Research methods slide show

Linear Snowball Sampling http://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html

Page 31: Research methods slide show

Exponential non-discriminative samplinghttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html

Page 32: Research methods slide show
Page 33: Research methods slide show
Page 34: Research methods slide show
Page 35: Research methods slide show

Interview Questions Examples

• Their opinions on broad issues, e.g. Taiwan, Tibet, etc

• Opinions on recent incidents, e.g. Google v.s. Chinese government, 2008 food poisoning scandal, etc

• Opinions on internet access in Ireland, as opposed to China?

• Which would they trust more? Why?

Page 36: Research methods slide show

Interview Focus

• Emphasis on letting the responses of the focus group guide us during the interviews

Page 37: Research methods slide show

Limitations

Small sample

Students only (3,000 out of total population of

30,000)Dr. O’Leary,R., Dr. Li, L.,“Mainland Chinese Students and Immigrants in Ireland

and their Engagement with Christianity, Churches& Society”, p. 3.

Page 38: Research methods slide show

Costs Phone creditiPod as questionnaire incentiveTranscription costsFunding National Immigration Council of Ireland Atlantic Philanthropies Confucius Institute

Page 39: Research methods slide show

Sensitive Issue

Perception of Preconceived Bias of Westerners

Co-Ethnic Researcher

Page 40: Research methods slide show

Time Management

Page 41: Research methods slide show

Ethics

Page 42: Research methods slide show

Ethics

Sensitive Issue

Make Research Overt

Code of ethics

Informed Consent

Letter of request

Page 43: Research methods slide show

Limitations

Team Bias

Small Sample Size

Controversial Subject Matter

Timeframe

Page 44: Research methods slide show

Chinese Censorship, at Home, Abroad

A Continuation or a Break in a new country?

Page 45: Research methods slide show

Introduction

• A gap in the study of Chinese immigrants in Ireland: censorship

• Few countries as thorough in its censorship as China.

• ‘The Great Firewall’• Wide range of topics taboo• Censorship leading to self-censorship

Page 46: Research methods slide show

Public Security Bureau mascots

Page 47: Research methods slide show

Google incident

• Google versus Chinese government earlier this year over refusal to censor further.

• Principled or trouble-making? Opinions of Chinese servers differ.

Page 48: Research methods slide show

Research Question

• Do Chinese in Ireland take advantage of non-censored internet to access information denied to them at home?

Page 49: Research methods slide show

Focus Group

• Chinese students in Ireland, as they would have experiences with both China and Ireland.

• Chinese community in Ireland since 1950s but many would have limited contact with China.

Page 50: Research methods slide show

Research Approach

• Mixed Methods: Qualitative and quantitative studies, with use of online questionnaires and interviews with volunteers

Page 51: Research methods slide show

Interview Questions Examples

• Their opinions on broad issues, e.g. Taiwan, Tibet, etc

• Opinions on recent incidents, e.g. Google v.s. Chinese government, 2008 food poisoning scandal, etc

• Opinions on internet access in Ireland, as opposed to China?

• Which would they trust more? Why?

Page 52: Research methods slide show

Interview Focus

• Emphasis on letting the responses of the focus group guide us during the interviews

Page 53: Research methods slide show

Literature Review

Róisín Tangney

Page 54: Research methods slide show
Page 55: Research methods slide show

• OpenNet Initiative. (2009, June 15). Internet Filtering in China. Retrieved November 14, 2010, from OpenNet: http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/ONI_China_2009.pdf

Page 56: Research methods slide show

Internet use in China

• 420 million internet users

• 162 million blogs

• 30 million daily Kaixin users

• 583.5 million mobile phone subscribers

Page 57: Research methods slide show

What’s Blocked?

Page 58: Research methods slide show

What’s Censored?

Taiwan, Tibet, TiananmenNorth KoreaFalun GongReligionPornographyNews Stories

Page 59: Research methods slide show

Do they want more information?

• Anti-CNN movement following clashes in Tibet in 2008

• Race traitors targeted • Google controversy

BUT …

Page 60: Research methods slide show

Online discussion forums suggest many Chinese people want to end Internet censorship.

Page 61: Research methods slide show

Chinese Community in Ireland

Wang, Y. Y., & King-O'Riain, R. C. (2006). Chinese Students in Ireland. National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Dept. of Sociology. National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism.

Page 62: Research methods slide show

Profile Study

• 30,000 Chinese people living in Ireland• 3,000 3rd level Students

Page 63: Research methods slide show

Co-Ethnic Researcher – Why?

• Relates to target population• Body Language/Cultural differences• Communication• Comprehension• Participants’ rights• Recruitment

Page 64: Research methods slide show

• “Most of the interviewees do not use the Irish media often. They find the programmes are quite different from those in China …In the Chinese community they have their own media”

(Wang and King-O’Riain, p.49)

Page 65: Research methods slide show

Research Design

Betty Maguire

Page 66: Research methods slide show

Mixed Methods Approach

• ‘an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches and the mixing of both approaches in a study’

Cresswell, P. 4

Page 67: Research methods slide show

‘Mixed Method Approaches involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or quantitative Research’

Creswell&Plano Clark, 2007

Page 68: Research methods slide show

Quantitative survey 30 Qualitative face-to-face interviews

Page 69: Research methods slide show

Paradigm

Social Constructivist Paradigm participants’ views of the situation being

studiedbroad, open-ended questions

Page 70: Research methods slide show

• ‘Researchers realize that their own background shapes their interpretation, and they position themselves in the research to acknowledge how their interpretation flows from their personal, cultural and historical experiences’

Cresswell, p. 8.

Page 71: Research methods slide show

Sampling

Snowball sampling Snow-probability sampling technique subjects are hard to locatehttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html

Page 72: Research methods slide show

2 Approaches

First Approach make initial contact with key informants

information rich cases Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet

Publishing, 2007, p. 65

Page 73: Research methods slide show

Second Approach an initial participantinterview and observationcharacteristics and issues that need further

inquiry Pickard, A.J. Research Methods in information, Facet

Publishing, 2007, p. 65

Page 74: Research methods slide show

According to Erlandson et al, 1993,82“Purposive and directed sampling through

human instrumentation increases the range of data exposed and maximises the Researcher’s ability to identify emerging themes”

Page 75: Research methods slide show

Linear Snowball Sampling http://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html

Page 76: Research methods slide show

Exponential non-discriminative samplinghttp://www.experiment-resources.com/snowball-sampling.html

Page 77: Research methods slide show
Page 78: Research methods slide show
Page 79: Research methods slide show
Page 80: Research methods slide show

Limitations

Small sample

Students only (3,000 out of total population of

30,000)Dr. O’Leary,R., Dr. Li, L.,“Mainland Chinese Students and Immigrants in Ireland

and their Engagement with Christianity, Churches& Society”, p. 3.

Page 81: Research methods slide show

Costs Phone creditiPod as questionnaire incentiveTranscription costsFunding National Immigration Council of Ireland Atlantic Philanthropies Confucius Institute

Page 82: Research methods slide show

Sensitive Issue

Perception of Preconceived Bias of Westerners

Co-Ethnic Researcher

Page 83: Research methods slide show

Time Management

Page 84: Research methods slide show

Ethics

Page 85: Research methods slide show

Ethics

Sensitive Issue

Make Research Overt

Code of ethics

Informed Consent

Letter of request

Page 86: Research methods slide show

Limitations

Team Bias

Small Sample Size

Controversial Subject Matter

Timeframe