واحد نجف آباد

Dr. Rastegari - Email: rastegari@iaun.ac.ir - Tel: +98331-2291111-2488

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

RESEARCHMETHODS

OutlineResearch Problem Relevant Articles Paper Structure Problem FormulationWriting a LiteratureLiterature Review Components

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Research ProblemMany student choose a general problem

General Problem: Data Mining, Cloud Computing, Information Retrieval

Almost General:Spider, Crawler, Indexer, Ranker

Almost Professional:New Rank Algorithm, Re-ranking

Professional:Re-ranking Algorithm for Personalization

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• Formerly known as The Mining Company, About.comtakes a unique approach to providing access to scholarlysources. It hires real scholars to serve as guides in morethan 700 subject areas.

• The guides at About.com organize the links, keep themupdated, write new articles, host discussions and chats,and answer questions online. To find out more and tosearch your subject area, go to http://www.about.com.

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Google ScholarGoogle Scholar provides a simple way to search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. It can help you identify relevant research across the world of scholarly research. Use it after you’ve tried YSJ databases (I would say that wouldn’t I!)Limited full text availability but has clearer indication of free full text articles than beforeRelies heavily on cooperation of libraries to submit their collectionsUseful as a supplementary tool to our own sources

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Google ScholarSearch tool that links to scholarly research materialshttp://scholar.google.comEasy to search Increases visibility of scholarly literatureReviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports, author web pages that link their own research papersIndexes a subset of scholarly literature in all fields.Search results include cited references

Database

Science Direct

Springer

John wiley

Blackwell Synergy

Compendex ‐ Engineering Village

Ebsco host

Emerald

Infotrac (Gale)

JSTOR

ProQuest

Ingenta Connet

ISI knowledge 

Nature.com

Cambridge Journals

annualreviews.org

Databases

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Database CategoryIEEE Electronics Engineering DatabasesASCE Civil Engineering DatabasesASM Materials science & Engineering DatabasesScientific.net –ttp.net Materials science & Engineering DatabasesASME Mechanics Engineering DatabasesACS Chemistry DatabasesAGU Geology DatabasesRSC Chemistry DatabasesAMS Mathematics Databases APS Physics DatabasesIoP Physics DatabasesMathSciNet Mathematics Databases ACM Computer Science

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Other Resources

Elsevier Science 2626Springer 1642Taylor and Francis Group 1288Blackwell Publishing 917John Wiley and Sons 550Sage Publications 491IEEE 359Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 272SciELO 257Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic 249Africa Journals Online 235Emerald Insight 235Cambridge University Press 222Rd de Revistas Cientificas América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal 216Haworth Press Inc 214Oxford University Press 214BioMed Central 172OECD Publications Centre 154Inderscience Publishers 147Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia 124S. Karger AG 1239

Other Resources…

• 2626 Journals• More than 9 million paper

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جستجو داده ي مورد نياز. 1

Quick Search

Advanced Search

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Advanced Search

• ISBN (International Standard Book Number)• ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)• DOI (Digital Object Identifier)http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328408X332780

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A digital object identifier (DOI) is a character string (a "digital identifier") used to uniquely identify an object such as an electronic document. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI provides more stable linking than simply referring to it by its URL, because if its URL changes, the publisher need only update the metadata for the DOI to link to the new URL

Scientific Paper

گزارش کامل از يک تحقيق1.

.بازنگري کامل بر روي يک تحقيق که يک نگاه جامع به تاريخچه کارهاي ديگر است2.

بازنگري خالصه از يک تحقيق3.

و چاپ نهايــي ) تصميم گيري براي چاپ (گزارش کوتاه از يک تحقيق که معموال داراي يک زمان دريافت تا بازنگري مي باشد 4.

البته اين نوع چاپ تحت نام جدايــي از انتشارات مادر صورت مي . کوتاه تر از بقيه مقاالت در همان ژورنال يا انتشارات است

letter papersگيرد مثل ن 5.

)صفحه 3يا 2کوتاه در حد (نامه اي به ژورنال يا پاسخي به ا

)مباحثه(سئوال و جواب بين دو نفر 6.

)چکيده کـتاب (خالصه برداشت بسيار مهم از مطالب يک کـتاب 7.

بازبيني روي نرم افزار، سخت افزار يا نوع ديگري از محصوالت8.

يا يک اديتور مهمان) داور مقاالت ژورنال ( مقاله اي از اديتور 9.

پيغام ناشر ژورنال براي خواننده10.

ن اصالح شده است 11. . بخشي که خطاهاي چاپ گذشته در ا

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لذا دومين ناشر محسوب مي شود 1642تعداد ژورنال •

رکوردميليون 4تعداد مقاالت بيش از •

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اين پايگاه شامل بخشهاي زير مي باشد

.1Emerald Full Text مديريت، مديريت منابع انساني، بازاريابي، كـتابداري، مهندسي مكانيك، الكـترونيك و مهندسي الكـترونيك: پوشش موضوعي

.2Emerald Journals مجله هاي معتبر مديريتي در زمينة مديريت، مديريت كـتابداري و اطالع رساني به همراه مهندسي، علوم كاربردي و تكنولوژي : پوشش موضوعي

.3Emerald Management Review مديريت، مديريت منابع انساني، مديريت اطالعات، كيفيت، استراتژي، بازاريابي، حسابداري و امور مالي: پوشش موضوعي

.4Emerald Abstractپايگاه اطالعاتي 4شامل

: Computer Abstracts International Database مجله در زمينه علوم 200شامل خالصه مقاالت

كامپيوتر

: Computer and Communication Security Abstracts 100خالصه مقاله از 6000شامل

كنفرانس 40مجله و

Emerald

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43 Journals

24 Journals

30 Journals

28 Journals

52 Journals

40 Journals

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Ingenta Connect

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Started in 1960. It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcarebecame known as Thomson ISI and now is part of the Healthcare & Science business of Thomson Reuters.ISI offered bibliographic database services. Its specialty: citation indexing and analysis. It maintains citation databases covering thousands of academic journals, including a continuation of its longtime print-based indexing service the Science Citation Index (SCI), as well as the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). All of these are available via ISI's Web of Knowledge database service. This database allows a researcher to identify which articles have been cited most frequently, and who has cited them.

Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)

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Impact Factor (IF)An academic journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in the journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones.

Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are indexed in the Journal Citation Reports.

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IF CalculationIn a given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years.For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average in 2008. A = the number of times that articles published in 2006 and 2007, were cited by articles in indexed journals during 2008.B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007.

2008 impact factor = A/B

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www.citebase.org تحليل اساس بر را جستجو و است شده داوري پژوهشي متون براي جستجو موتور يك حقيقت در پايگاه اين

تعداد تعيين مانند مختلفي استنادي تحليلهاي و دهد مي انجام مقاالت در رفته كار به مستند ارجاعات و پيوندها

ن گذاري تاثير ميزان همچنين و اثر يك به استناداتثار ساير در اثر ا

.دهد مي انجام را ا

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Ebsco Host

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• Number of Journals Online: 15000• Number of Article: 40,000,000

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واحد نجف آباد

Dr. Rastegari - Email: rastegari@iaun.ac.ir - Tel: +98331-2291111-2488

Literature survey is a documentation of acomprehensive review of the published andunpublished work from secondary sources ofdata in the areas of specific interest to the researcher (Uma Sekaran 2003).

General Definition

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Other DefinitionThe selection of available documents (both

published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information:

Ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfill certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated, and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed.

(Chris Hart 2003)

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SUMMARY OF PAST RESEARCH RELATED TO THERESEARCH TO BE CONDUCTED

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY PUBLISHED IN SCHOLARLY JOURNALE.G: “REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON WEB MINING”

LITERATURE REVIEW IS…

A DISCUSSION ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS/PROBLEMSRELATED TO THE RESEARCH TO BE CONDUCTED

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There are various types of research being carried out in the field of information system development methodology. It ranges from the application of methodologies (Sakthivel, 1992; Avison et al, 1992), movement of methodologies (Fitzgerald, 1999; Avgerou C, 1993; Lycett et al., 1997), the use of methodologies (Westrup, 1993), application of in-house software development methodologies (SDM’s) and commercial SDM’s (Hardy et al., 1995; Jenkins et al, 1984) and issues in methodologies (i.e. the influences, problems, unanswered questions) (Fitzgerald, 1995; Livari, 1998; Wynekoop et al., 1995).

Sample

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TO KNOW WHAT HAS BEEN KNOWN OR UNKNOWN/RESEARCHED.

TO DEVELOP EXPLANATION ON CERTAINPHENOMENA, STATE-OF-THE ART

Primary Purpose

TO IDENTIFY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONCEPTS AND HYPOTHESIS

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TO LEARN HOW OTHER RESEARCHERS DEFINE WORDS, CONCEPTS AND IDENTIFY HYPOTHESIS THATCAN BE STUDIED

TO IDENTIFY SOURCES OF DATA USED BY EARLIER RESEARCHERS

TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS OR PROJECTS THAT ARERELATED TO THE RESEARCH DONE BY OTHER RESEARCHERS

Second Purpose

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Filling the research gap

Although literature abounds with the focus on the development of new methodologies and framework for the selection and comparison of methodologies, methodologies are still extensively untested, despite their growth (Russo et al., 1995). Nevertheless, there are a handful of research which consolidate on the empirical study of the use of methodologies in specific countries (Rahim et al., 1997; Edward, 1989a; Edward, 1989b; Selamat et al., 1994; Fitzgerald, 1997; Fitzgerald, 1996b, Russo et al., 1995). However all of these researches tend to focus on the usage of methodologies outside of Asia. Most of these researches were carried out in the UK and US region, while only one was carried out in Brunei.

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WHY WRITE A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE?

The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out. Some people think that it is a summary: this is not true. Although you need to summarize relevant research, it is also necessary that you evaluate this work, show the relationshipsbetween different work, and show how it relates to your work.

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WHY WRITE A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE?

In other words, you cannot simply give a concise description of, for example, an article: You need to select what parts of the research to discuss (e.g. the methodology), Show how it relates to the other work e.g. What other methodologies have been used? How are they similar? How are they different? and show how it relates to yourwork (what is its relationship to your methodology?).

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A LITERATURE REVIEW MUST DOSYNTHESIZE RESULTS INTO A SUMMARY OF WHAT IS AND IS NOT KNOWN

BE ORGANIZED AROUND AND RELATED DIRECTLY TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION YOU ARE DEVELOPING

IDENTIFY AREAS OF CONTROVERSY IN THE LITERATURE

FORMULATE QUESTIONS THAT REQUIRE FURTHER RESEARCH

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IDENTIFYING DIFFERENCES

STEPS:•ANALYSE ITEM TO BE COMPARED•IDENTIFY DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITIES•CHECK CONSISTENCIES•SYNTHESIZE

DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCESSIMILARITIES

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LITERATURE REVIEW NEEDS TO

GENERATE QUESTIONS THAT TRIGGERS FURTHER RESEARCH

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FORMULATE QUESTIONS

•What are the problems or questions that my literature review will help identify

• Am I looking for theories, methodologies, quantitative or qualitative research?•What is the scope of my literature review?•Is my literature search comprehensive?•Have I analyzed the literature that I have read, critically?•Have I referred to research that is contradictory from my perspectives

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Other Questions

What are the key theories concepts and ideas?

What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables?

What are major issues about the topic?

What are the main questions and problems that have been addressed to date?

What views need to be (further) tested?

What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?

What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?

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Ask these questions while your are developing your literature review:

•What do you already know about the subject? Major works?

•Is there any gap in the knowledge of a particular subject

• Has the author formulated any problemstatements/issues?

•What is the orientation of the research?•What is the theoretical framework of the author?

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Ask these questions while your are developing your literature review:

•Is there further research by other researchers?•Who are the personalities in the topic to be researched?

•Is the analysis accurate and relevant?What is the strength and weakness of the research?How is the article or book related to your research question?What is the methodology/ methods/ issues/problems that earlier researchers identified and how they can give impact to your project?

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WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

Remember the purpose:

you are not writing a literature review just to tell your reader what other researchers have done.

You have to show why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.

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Read with a purpose: you need to summarize the work you read but you must also decide which ideas or information are important to your research, and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc. Look for similarities and differences with closely related work. This is difficult when you first start reading.

WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

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Write with a purpose: your aim should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done and also between this work and your own. In order to do this effectively you should carefully plan how you are going to organize your work.

WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

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Critical reviewWhat is meant by critical?

You should present your evaluation or judgment of the text. To do this well, you should attempt to understand the topic from different perspectives and in relation to the theories, approaches and frameworks in your direction.

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CRITICAL REVIEW

Criteria Possible focus questions

Significance and contribution tothe field

• What is the author’s aim?• To what extent has this aim been achieved?• What does this text add to the body of knowledge? (This could be in terms of theory, data and/or practical application)• What relationship to other works in the field?• What is missing/not stated?•Is this a real problem?

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CRITICAL REVIEW

Criteria Possible focus questions

Methodology or approach

What approach was used for the research? (eg; quantitative or qualitative, analysis/review of theory or current practice, comparative, case study, personal reflection etc…)

How objective/biased is the approach?Are the results valid and reliable?What analytical framework is used to discuss the results?

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CRITICAL REVIEW

Criteria Possible focus questions

Argument and use of evidence

• Is there a clear problem, statement or hypothesis?• Is the argument consistent?• What kinds of evidence does the text rely on?• How valid and reliable is the evidence?• How effective is the evidence in supporting the argument?•What conclusions are drawn?• Are these conclusions justified?

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An example of feature map

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Mapping IdeasOrganizing the content of the literature into sections and sub-sections will enable you to make connections between ideas contained in different articles, books and work published over a given period of time.

Classification is a necessary part of the analytical stage of a review. Without the use of classification, large amounts of information cannot be processed in a way that is both systematic and progressive.

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How do you categorize/classify

Collect the data

Label similar item in a

group

Use pattern to add others

Evaluate pattern

STEPS

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Prewriting

Plan

Pre-writing:structuring yourreview

1.Write down aims for thereview.

4. Summarize main points,especiallyyour conclusion

2. Draft appropriatestructure.Use sectioningto arrange materialrelevant to your points.

3.Allocate appropriate evidence to sections

Building up first draft

Writing a final draft57

COMPONENTS

Literature review involves 4 stages:I : Formulate problem statements – the proposed

topic and the issues that are related.

II: Classify previous research according to categories

III: Discussions on similarities and differences between researches

IV: ConclusionWhich research is the best research from the aspect of

argumentation?

Which research is the best research that gives opinions that are most influence?

Which research gives the most contribution in the development of the area studied?

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Structure of LR1. Introductiona. Includes a general, overall presentation of the topic at hand, addressing the topics that will be discussed in the bodyb. Includes a thesis statementc. Includes a research question

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Structure of LR…2. Bodya. The number of paragraphs in the body will vary, depending on the number of topics/points you address.b. Each paragraph must begin with a topic sentence that introduces the subject matter to be discussed. *This sentence should NOT be a direct quote from a source.c. Each paragraph should end with a transition sentence that connects to the next paragraph.d. YOUR VOICE must be heard!! e. Use research to support your ideas f. Tie the evidence in the body back to your research question.

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Structure of LR…Implications for Further Researcha. In most literature reviews, there is a section called “implications for further research.” This is where you will point out the holes that exist in what has currently been presented.

i. In addition to pointing out the holes, you address specific areas that need to be addressed. ii. You may also include your own theories and/or ideas for filling in the gaps.

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Structure of LR…Conclusiona. Highlight the points discussed in the body. Remember to tie the info back to your research question, essentially providing an answer to the research question in this section.

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ConclusionWhen you come to do your literature review

you need to check that the review:Shows a clear understanding of the topicAll key landmark studies have been cited and most discussedStates clear conclusion about previous research using appropriate evidenceShows the variety of definitions and approaches to the topic areaReaches sound recommendations using coherent argument that is based on evidenceShows a gap in existing knowledge

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Collocations to be found in academic writing

Academic Phraseology

Recent research has focused on…,Increasing demands are placed on…,The contribution X has made to the field of…,X’s hypothesis is based on the premise…,This definition implies that Y is concerned with…,From the foregoing discussion it appears that…,etc.Both quantitative & qualitative data were used in the evaluation.These data were analyzed to identify issues related to……to develop an interview schedule for a random simple survey on…Broad categories were used to reduce the potential for any changes in classification over time to influence results.The structure of the interview schedule and the sampling methods were similar to those employed by …

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Collocations to be found in academic writing

Academic Phraseology

This probably related to changes in….. it is difficult to draw conclusions from……a slight reduction in the mean number of….. There may have been a real decrease in the total number of … as opposed to those …The research evidence indicates that…...a potentially significant factor…a slight reduction in the mea number of……experienced large fluctuations…

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واحد نجف آباد

Dr. Rastegari - Email: rastegari@iaun.ac.ir - Tel: +98331-2291111-2488