research methods
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The Science of Psychology
Basic Research: conducted to advance scientific knowledge
Applied Research: designed to solve practical problems
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Is this an example of basic or applied research?
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The Science of Psychology: Ethical Guidelines
Ethical Guidelines for Human Research Participants: • Informed consent• Voluntary participation• Restricted use of deception• Debriefing• Confidentiality• Alternative activities
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Research Methods
Four key research methods:
1. Experimental2. Descriptive3. Correlational4. Biological
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Art of Prediction
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Four Key Research Methods (Continued)
1. Experimental Research: carefully controlled scientific procedure that manipulates variables to determine cause & effect
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Research Methods—Experimental (Continued)
Key features of an experiment:
Independent variable (factor that is manipulated) versus dependent variable (factor that is measured)
Experimental group (receives treatment) versus control group (receives no treatment)
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Does TV increase aggression? Only an experiment can determine cause & effect.
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Research Methods—Experimental (Continued)
Potential researcheresearcher problems:Experimenter bias (researcher influences
the research results in the expected direction)
Ethnocentrism (believing one's culture is typical of all cultures)
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Research Methods—Experimental (Continued)
Potential participantparticipant problems:Sample bias (research participants
are unrepresentative of the larger population)
Participant bias (research participants are influenced by the researcher or experimental conditions)
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Research Methods—Descriptive
2. Descriptive Research: observes & records behavior without producing causal explanations
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Research Methods—Descriptive
Three types of descriptive research:
• Naturalistic Observation (observation & recording of behavior in natural state or habitat)
• Survey (assessment of a sample or population)
• Case Study (in-depth study of a single participant)
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What is the advantage of studying psychological research methods like naturalistic observation?
Pause & Reflect: Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Psychology at WorkWork
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Research Methods—Correlational
3. Correlational Research: observes or measures (without directly manipulating) two or more variables to find relationships between them
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Research Methods—Correlational
Positive Correlation: two variables move (or vary) in the same direction—either up or down
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Research Methods—Correlational
Negative Correlation: two variables move (or vary) in the opposite direction—either up or down
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Research Methods—Correlational
Zero Correlation: no relationship between two variables (when one variable increases, the other can increase, decrease, or stay the same)
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Research Methods—Correlational
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Research Methods—Biological
4. Biological Research: scientific studies of the brain & other parts of the nervous system