PROJECT ON

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO :

Prof . GITANJALI KAPOOR

GROUP MEMBERSPRADNYA BHALERAO C-03

RASHMIKA PATIL

C-27

PRACHI PITALE C-29

CHAITALI SWAMI C-36

PRATIKSHA RANE C-42

JAYASHREE PRABHU C-43

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

A research is an organized set of activities to

study and develop a model or procedure or

technique to find the results of a realistic problem

supported by literature and data such that its

objective/(s) is/(are) optimized and further make

recommendations or interferences for

implementations.

DA

A system of model, procedures and techniques

used to find the results of a research problems

is called a Research Methodology.

WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH PROCESS

PROBLEM DEFINITION

OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH

RESEARCH DESIGN

DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY DATA

COLLECTION

SECONDARY DATA

COLLECTION

DATA ANALYSIS

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

VALIDATION OF RESULTS

PAST RECORDS CURRENT FINDINGS

VALIDATION OF RESULTS

s

Z-TEST

Z-TEST

• Research studies• Normal probability distribution• Significance of mean• Comparison

• z=X-µH0

бp/ n

When standard deviation of population is not known then

we can standard deviation of the sample

бs= ∑(Xi-X)2

n-1

HYPOTHESIS TESTING OF PROPORTIONS

• Qualitative characteristic• Statistics of Attributes• Presence of an attribute-Success• Absence of an attribute-Failure

Testing the difference between proportion based on sample and the proportion for whole

population p - p z = p*q N-n n*N

• p-sample proportion• p-population proportion of success• q=1-p• n=Number of items in sample• N=Number of items in population

• n-102• N-65,80,000• Population of mumbai-14 million• 875:1000(female male ratio)• 47% females in mumbai

H0:- p=p

• H1:- p=p

• p=0.70• q=0.30• Observed sample proportion • p=87/102=0.8529

TEST STATISTIC (z)

p - p 0.8529-0.70 z = = p*q N-n 0.70*0.30* 6580000-102 n*N 6580000*102

=3.55

RESULT

• As H1 is two sided two tail test is applied for determining the rejection region at 5% level of significance

• Z=1.96• Calculated value(3.55) is more than the table

value(1.96) so we reject the null hypothesis

• There is significant difference between proportion of women using branded cosmetics in the sample and proportion of women using branded cosmetics in the population

Chi-Square Test

Research objective

Null Hypothesis (H0) : Mumbai women do not use branded cosmetics

Alternate Hypothesis (H1) : Mumbai women use branded cosmetics

E = 102 / 15 = 6.8

BRANDS OBSERVED FREQ (O)

EXPECTED FREQ (E)

O – E (O – E) 2 (O – E) 2 / E

Lakme 59 6.8 52.2 2724.84 400.71

Ponds 39 6.8 32.2 1036.84 152.47

Garnier 33 6.8 26.2 686.44 100.94

Revlon 31 6.8 24.2 585.64 86.12

Maybelline 6 6.8 -0.8 0.64 0.09

Loreal 15 6.8 8.2 67.24 9.88

Nivea 21 6.8 14.2 201.64 29.65

Ayur 5 6.8 -1.8 3.24 0.47

Himalaya 10 6.8 3.2 10.24 1.50

Oriflame 9 6.8 2.2 4.84 0.71

Elle 18 22 6.8 15.2 231.04 33.97

Fair & Lovely 9 6.8 2.2 4.84 0.71

Fairone 1 6.8 -5.8 33.64 4.94

Fairever 2 6.8 -4.8 23.04 3.38

Others 14 6.8 7.2 51.84 7.62

Total 833.16

∑(O-E)2 / E = 833.16

Degree of Freedom = 15-1 = 14

Assuming 5% level of significance.

T0.05,14 = 23.685

Tcalc > Tα

Null Hypothesis is rejected

Therefore, Mumbai women use branded cosmetics

Limitations Of Research

• Small population size

• Small sample size

• Only women cosmetics were considered

• Only few brands were considered

• Misunderstanding of the question can all contribute to inaccuracies in the data.

• Survey question answer-choices could lead to vague data sets

• Bias Issues

• External Environment

• Time consuming

CONCLUSION

Bibliography & Webliography

www.google.com Research Methodology &Techniques – by C.R Kothariwww.wikipedia.com Statistical Methods – by S.P. Gupta www.esurveyspro.com Statistics for Management – Richard Levin