research methodology chp400: community health program - li gy what is research ?
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Research Methodology
CHP400:
Community Health Program - lI
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What isResearch ?
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Research Methodology
What is Research?
• Take home message
• Title of the study
• Hypotheses
• Research Objectives
• Steps in conducting Research
• Definition of Research
Content
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Research Methodology
Definition of Research
systematic collection analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or
solve a problem.
Re / search Research
Research is the
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Research Methodology
Research requirements
demands clear statement of the
problem
builds on existing data
requires a plan
should answer the original research
question
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Research Methodology
Steps in conducting ResearchSelection / statement of Research Problem
Literature review
Formulation of Objectives
Study Methodology
Proposal submission and approval
Field Work
Data Analysis
Report Writing and Presentation
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S t u d y P r o t o c o l
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Research Methodology
Problems for Research
Common Research Questions
Description of Health Problem
Magnitude of a health
problem/disease
Distribution of the health problem in
person, place and time
Identification of risk factors and
causes
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Research Methodology
Cont .
Effect of an intervention:
Drug, vaccine, risk factor cessation,
health education.
Evaluation of on-going interventions:
Coverage of Target Groups, Quality,
Cost, Effect/Impact…
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives
What are study objectives?
The objectives of a research summarize what
is to be achieved by the study.
The objectives should be closely related to
the statement of the problem.
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Research Objectives
if the problem is low utilization of
child welfare clinics
the objective should be. to identify the reasons for this low utilization.
e.g..
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives
• General objective: states what is expected to be achieved by the study in general terms.
• Specific objectives: It is possible (and advisable) to break down a general objective into smaller, logically connected parts.
• Specific objectives should specify what you will do in your study ,where , and when .
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives
• The general objective “to identify the
reasons for low utilization of child
welfare clinics in District X over the years
1998 and 1999”
• It could be broken down into smaller
more specific objectives.
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives
Why should research objectives be developed?
• Focus the study (narrowing it down
to essentials);
• Avoid collection of data that are not
strictly necessary for understanding
and solving the problem; and
Formulation of objectives will help to:
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives
• will facilitate the development of your
research methodology
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Research Methodology
Characteristics of Good Objectives
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-Bound
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives
How should you state your objectives?
• Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and logical sequence;
• Are clearly phrased in operational terms, specifying exactly what you are going to do, where, and for what purpose;
Take care that the objectives of your study:
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives. cont
• Use action verbs that are specific enough to be
evaluated.
e.g.: to determine, to compare, to verify, to
calculate, to describe, and to establish.
• Avoid the use of vague non-action verbs, such as:
to appreciate, to understand, or to study.
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Research Methodology
Hypotheses
A HYPOTHESIS is a prediction of a
relationship between one or more
factors and the problem under study,
which can be tested.
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Research Methodology
Hypotheses
• Based on your experience with the study
problem, it might be possible to develop
explanations (formulate hypotheses) for
the problem in addition to the study
objectives.
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Research Methodology
Hypotheses
1. Utilization of child welfare clinics is lowest in the rainy
season due to the high workload of mothers during
that period.
2. Utilization of child welfare clinics is lowest in those
clinics in which staff are poorly motivated to provide
preventive services.
Eg. low utilization of child welfare clinics
It would be possible to formulate and test the following hypotheses:
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Research Methodology
Title of the study
• The title should be in line with your general
objective.
• Make sure that it is specific enough to tell the
reader what your study is about.NOT: “A study of utilization of child welfare
clinics”
BUT: “A study of the reasons for low utilization of child welfare clinics in District X”
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Research Methodology
What is Research?
The Pontiac Story!
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Research Methodology
Research Objectives
Research Objectives
Research Objectives
Research Objectives
Research Objectives
Research Objectives
Take home message