research methodology asr702
DESCRIPTION
Research Methodology ASR702. By Reaz Uddin , Ph. D. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi. Course Contents. Public Safety (Dr. Raza Shah) (2 classes) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
By
Reaz Uddin, Ph. D.Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug
Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences,
University of Karachi
Research Methodology ASR702
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Course Contents Public Safety (Dr. Raza Shah) (2 classes) Lab Safety (Dr. Raza Shah) (2 classes) Environment conservations (Dr. Raza Shah) (2 classes) Scientific Record Keeping (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Handling of Research Material (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Research Misconduct (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Critical Evaluation of Research (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Ownership of Data (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Research Ethics (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Scientific Integrity (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Effective use of computers and internet (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2
classes) Publication (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Communication of Science (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Students Presentations (Dr. Hina Siddiqui and Dr. Reaz) (10 classes) Biostatistics (Mr. Yaseen Menai) (9 classes)
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A question for you to consider.
What principles underpin ethical behaviour? What does it mean to be ethical?
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Principles of ethical behavior.
Justice.Beneficence/Non-maleficence.Respect for others.
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Principles of ethical behavior Justice. Is this morally right?
Beneficence/non-maleficence. Respectively,
these mean ‘doing good’ and “avoiding harm”. We should maximize benefits and minimize physical, emotional, economic and environmental harms and discomfort.
Am I doing harm?
Respect for others. Individuals must be regarded as autonomous agents and anyone of diminished autonomy (e.g. intellectually disabled) should be protected. It is important to have consideration for the welfare, beliefs, rights, heritage and customs of people involved.
Am I showing respect for others?
But what has ethics got to do with research?Is “pure” research above ethics and morality? Is ethics and morality to do with technology and politics (the appliance of research) not research itself?
Science as a black box
RESEARCH
TECHNOLOGY
SOCIETYOne view of research might be that it is isolated from society – although it influences society it is isolated from it with its own •Sociology•Norms•Ethics
MANAGEMENT POLITICS
Research is defined by its special methods
Experimentation, observation, analysis,
ObjectiveTheorizing
As if it transcends ethical and political considerations
Scientific research
Research is a system of organized knowledge above mundane considerations
Archival aspectInformation about natural
phenomenaAcquired by researchOrganized in coherent
theoretical schemesPublished in books and
journalsHistorical process
But facts are not completely objective – they are not isolated from the society that gave rise to them
Facts can only be recorded in the framework of a theory.
The history, the environment, the culture, the politics, the religion, the personality of the scientist all influence the theory and therefore the facts recorded.
Research cannot be isolated from society and an ethical system
Which is brighter, a snowball seen indoors or a lump of coal outside?A bright, sunlit day is about one hundred times brighter than a room lit by electric light. If we use a light meter to measure the absolute number of photons being reflected, the outdoor coal registers a higher value than the indoor snowball. The coal is brighter, and more photons are hitting your retina, sending a stronger signal to your brain.
“Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as much as you please.” Mark Twain (1835 - 1910)
“If the facts don't fit the theory, change the fact.” Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)
“The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them.” Sir William Bragg (1862 - 1942)
“Science is facts; just as houses are made of stones, so is science made of facts; but a pile of stones is not a house and a collection of facts is not necessarily science.” Henri Poincare (1854 - 1912)
“There are no facts, only interpretations.”Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)
“We want the facts to fit the preconceptions. When they don't, it is easier to ignore the facts than to change the preconceptions.”Jassamyn West (1907–1984)
It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 - 1930)
The separation of academic and industry/technology/society is illusoryResearch transforms
societyANDThe inner workings of
science are changed by the social forces acting on it even down to the philosophical and psychological level
Ethical decisions have to be made at all levels in the scientific chain of discovery
RESEARCH
TECHNOLOGY
SOCIETY
Discovery
Invention
Because research has a profound influence on society scientists cannot ignore the consequences of their discoveries
Research is often a means of solving problemsIt is intimately
connected with politics, technology and society
Research should be used wisely but this is not for researchers to decide alone
The Impact of Research on Values and Values on Research
Ethical considerations are to therefore with the development of new technologies and new social systems
Society is inherently conservative and seeks to set the limits of research activity
I’m damned if they are going to make me redundant
Ethics ReviewMorals: Rules that define what is right and wrongEthics-process of examining moral standards and
looking at how we should interpret and apply such standards in real world situations
Ethics Review Ethical Principles
1. Autonomy2. Beneficence3. Non-maleficence4. Justice5. Fidelity
Think for a moment … how might these principles relate to research?
Respect for PersonsTreat individuals as autonomous agentsDo not use people as a means to an endAllow people to make choices for themselvesProvide extra protection to those with limited
autonomyVoluntary ParticipationInformed ConsentProtection of Privacy & ConfidentialityRight to Withdraw without Penalty
BeneficenceActs of kindness or charity that go beyond dutyObligations derived from beneficence
Do no harmPrevent harmPrevent evilPromote good
Risks are justified by the benefits Risks are minimized Conflicts of interest are managed to avoid bias
JusticeTreat people fairlyFair sharing of burdens and benefits of
researchDistinguish procedural justice from distributive
justice
Vulnerable subjects are not targeted for conveniencePeople are not selected as subjects because of their
ease of availability or compromised positionPeople who are likely to benefit are not excluded
Research Ethics: Areas of FocusHarm Informed ConsentConfidentialityDeceptionReporting Results and Plagiarism
HarmAs mentioned before, researchers should take
every precaution to ensure that participants are not subjected to undue harm or stress
Informed Consent Voluntary Informed Consent is essential for research
involving human subjects Informed Consent should include:
Description of the nature of the researchStatement that the research is voluntary and
participants can withdraw at any timeIdentification of Risks and BenefitsDescription of how confidentiality will be protectedDescription of compensationDescription of what info researchers will share with
participantsIdentification of who is responsible for research with
contact information
ConfidentialityAll information collected in a research project
should remain confidentialData should be locked away in a secure settingElectronic Databases should also be protected
What do you do if you bump into a research participant in Wal-Mart?
DeceptionAt times, researchers may choose to hide from
participants the true nature of the studyDeception by Omission
Withholding important facts from the participantsDeception by Commission
Lie to or purposely mislead research participants
Deception Staged Manipulations
Also called Event Manipulations Used for 2 reasons
The researcher may need to create some sort of psychological state (anxiety)
The researcher may need to stage a manipulation to recreate a real-world scenario Having a participant do one task and then having them do more tasks at
the same time Staged manipulations usually employ a confederate
Also called an accomplice A confederate is someone who appears to be another
participant in an experiment but is really a part of the experiment
Example: Someone who purposely insults a participant in a study in order to provoke anger or frustration
DeceptionAnother example of the use of confederates:Asch (1956) study on conformity
Which line is bigger?1)---------------------2)-----------------------------3)-------------------
Right before a participant had to choose which line was the longest, a confederate announced an incorrect answer
Repeatedly, Asch found that people confirmed to the confederate’s incorrect response
DeceptionAccording to the APA, researchers can use
deception under certain conditions:Participants must be provided with enough
information to consent voluntarilyResearchers must convince that deception is
necessary to collect data and that it will cause little or no harm
Researchers must arrange to fully inform the patients of the true nature of the study in a timely manner
American Psychological Association
Reporting Research Results Results of research studies should be reported in a
honest, accurate mannerResearchers cannot “massage” data to fit their
hypothesesResearchers cannot make up or report false resultsResearcher must report what they find, even if the
data does not support their initial hypothesesResearchers should ensure that data is being
collected consistently (do checks of research assistants)
Researchers should give the proper credit (authorship) to those who have earned it
PlagiarismComes from the Latin word meaning “to kidnap”Examples of plagiarism:
Copying someone else’s words without proper citation
Stealing someone else’s ideasStealing someone else’s intellectual property
Bottom Line: Cite sources properly and minimize quotations in research reports
Ethics Among ResearchersAuthorshipOwnership of dataConsultants