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ResearchResearch

MenuMenu

Research ProcessWebsite CredibilityCiting SourcesNote-taking Process

Research: Where do I begin?Research: Where do I begin? Before you begin your research, you should ask Before you begin your research, you should ask

yourself some questions. These will help narrow yourself some questions. These will help narrow your search parameters.your search parameters.

Where would be a likely place to look?Where would be a likely place to look? InternetInternet MagazinesMagazines EncyclopediasEncyclopedias NewspapersNewspapers Non-fiction LiteratureNon-fiction Literature

How much information do you need?How much information do you need? How many sources of information are you looking How many sources of information are you looking

for? for?

What does it mean to What does it mean to “Research”?“Research”?

Research Research usedused to mean spending many hours (over to mean spending many hours (over many days) searching through books, encyclopedias, many days) searching through books, encyclopedias, magazines, etc. in the public or school library. magazines, etc. in the public or school library.

Research Research nownow means finding internet access on your means finding internet access on your laptop at a coffee shop or an evening of surfing the laptop at a coffee shop or an evening of surfing the web (with time for email/myspace and a game or two). web (with time for email/myspace and a game or two).

Remember: The internet is a great resource, but it doesn't contain all of the information that you can find at a library or through library online resources. Don't expect to limit your search to what is on the Internet.

I need to use more than just I need to use more than just the internet to find the internet to find

information.information.A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

What is the internet and What is the internet and how is it organized?how is it organized?

Why is it called the internet?Why is it called the internet? The internet connects computers worldwide.The internet connects computers worldwide. It has information on every topic.It has information on every topic. It is called the web because the number of It is called the web because the number of

connections it makes looks like a spider web.connections it makes looks like a spider web.

New websites are added New websites are added every dayevery day. The . The Internet grows and changes which makes Internet grows and changes which makes finding information on it thoroughly finding information on it thoroughly difficult. difficult.

Searching the World Wide Searching the World Wide WebWeb

Searching the World Wide Web can be both Searching the World Wide Web can be both beneficial and frustrating. You will find a lot beneficial and frustrating. You will find a lot of information online, but not all of it will be of information online, but not all of it will be usefuluseful or of the highest or of the highest qualityquality or you may or you may not find the not find the kindskinds of information you're of information you're looking for. looking for.

This is where search engines come in such as This is where search engines come in such as Google or Yahoo. These store and retrieve Google or Yahoo. These store and retrieve relevant website results based on keywords relevant website results based on keywords or phrase searches.or phrase searches.

IMPORTANT:IMPORTANT:

Google and Yahoo Google and Yahoo

are NOT websites, are NOT websites,

and and CANNOT be cited as CANNOT be cited as sourcessources!!

They are search engines used They are search engines used to to findfind websites which are websites which are

sources!sources!

Google and Yahoo are Google and Yahoo are websites.websites.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

I can cite Google and /or I can cite Google and /or Yahoo on a work cited page.Yahoo on a work cited page.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

Searching with a Search Searching with a Search EngineEngine

When you do a search through Google or Yahoo, When you do a search through Google or Yahoo, the search engine will return any and all sites that the search engine will return any and all sites that

mention the keyword you typed mention the keyword you typed in without evaluating the importance of the site. in without evaluating the importance of the site.

Example: Example: Rock

Searching with a Search Searching with a Search EngineEngine

Search engines are good for finding Search engines are good for finding sources for well-defined topics. sources for well-defined topics. Typing in a general term such as "education" Typing in a general term such as "education"

or "Shakespeare" will bring back far too many or "Shakespeare" will bring back far too many results, but by narrowing your topic, you can results, but by narrowing your topic, you can get the kind (and amount) of information that get the kind (and amount) of information that you need.you need.

ExampleExample: : 70s rock bands

Which keyword(s) would be Which keyword(s) would be most beneficial when most beneficial when

researching?researching?A.A. Monkey’s dietMonkey’s diet

B.B. Monkeys like to eatMonkeys like to eat

Which keyword(s) would be Which keyword(s) would be most beneficial when most beneficial when

researching?researching?A.A. AnimalsAnimals

B.B. DolphinsDolphins

C.C. Ocean AnimalsOcean Animals

DatabaseDatabaseA better source of information is a A better source of information is a

database, which is:database, which is:A collection of previously published articles A collection of previously published articles

from books, magazines, journals, and other from books, magazines, journals, and other printed resources available in an online printed resources available in an online format. format.

You need a password for a database, but not You need a password for a database, but not for a website.for a website.

LHMS Library has a list of databases LHMS Library has a list of databases provided for you under the ‘destiny’ link.provided for you under the ‘destiny’ link.http://destiny.meridianschools.org/common/w

elcome.jsp?site=202

A database is the same as a A database is the same as a website.website.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

Evaluating Sources: Evaluating Sources: VALIDITYVALIDITY

Not all information found is valid, accurate or Not all information found is valid, accurate or useful.useful.

Evaluating Sources: Evaluating Sources: VALIDITYVALIDITY

The amount of information available The amount of information available is huge. is huge. For example, it's estimated that anyone For example, it's estimated that anyone

attempting to research what's known attempting to research what's known about depression would have to read about depression would have to read over 100,000 studies on the subject. over 100,000 studies on the subject.

Evaluating Sources: Evaluating Sources: VALIDITYVALIDITY

You don’t rely on the tabloids at the You don’t rely on the tabloids at the checkout counter for news; do you? Of checkout counter for news; do you? Of course not. Did you know that the web course not. Did you know that the web can be just as unreliable?can be just as unreliable?

People want to convince you to accept People want to convince you to accept them as experts without providing you them as experts without providing you with their information to support their with their information to support their intelligence. intelligence.

Evaluating Sources: Evaluating Sources: VALIDITYVALIDITY

Evaluating sources is like detective workEvaluating sources is like detective work. . DecideDecide::

Where to lookWhere to look What clues to search forWhat clues to search for What to acceptWhat to accept

The temptation is to accept whatever you find first, The temptation is to accept whatever you find first, but don’t be tempted to do so. Keep looking!!!but don’t be tempted to do so. Keep looking!!!

When writing research papers, you will be evaluating When writing research papers, you will be evaluating sources as you search for information. You will need sources as you search for information. You will need to: to: Make decisionsMake decisions Know where to lookKnow where to look Decide if the found material valid and usefulDecide if the found material valid and useful

When checking for validity, When checking for validity, you need to know:you need to know:

A.A. Where to lookWhere to look

B.B. What clues to search forWhat clues to search for

C.C. What to acceptWhat to accept

D.D. All of the aboveAll of the above

Print Sources: Traditional print sources go through an extensive publication process that includes editing and article review. The process has fact-checkers, multiple reviewers, and editors to ensure quality of publication. These are printed materials like books, magazines, etc…, and have editors, fact checkers, or reviewers.

Internet Sources: Anyone with a computer and access to the Internet can publish a website or electronic document. Most web documents do not have editors, fact-checkers, or reviewers.

Publication ProcessPublication Process

Publication ProcessPublication Process

Authorship and AffiliationsAuthorship and Affiliations

Print Sources:Print Sources: Print sources clearly indicate Print sources clearly indicate who the author is, the publishing company and who the author is, the publishing company and date the information was written. date the information was written.

Internet Sources: Internet Sources: Some sites may have Some sites may have author and sponsorship listed, but most do not.author and sponsorship listed, but most do not.

Publication ProcessPublication Process

Sources and QuotationsSources and Quotations

Print Sources:Print Sources: The author of a print source The author of a print source will document where he/she got his/her will document where he/she got his/her information by citing. information by citing.

Internet Sources:Internet Sources: The author of an internet The author of an internet source will not always document where he/she source will not always document where he/she got his/her information. got his/her information.

Determining ValidityDetermining Validity

Reliability:Reliability:The website was created and is maintained by The website was created and is maintained by

a reliable institution or a reputable company. a reliable institution or a reputable company. University and government sites are your best University and government sites are your best

bets. bets. Data Triangulation:Data Triangulation:

This means finding the same information on This means finding the same information on at least three different websites. The chances at least three different websites. The chances of all three of them being wrong is much less of all three of them being wrong is much less than just one.than just one.

When determining validity, When determining validity, you need to find the same you need to find the same

information on two different information on two different websites.websites.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

PracticePractice

http://www.dhmo.org/

http://zapatopi.net/afdb/http://zapatopi.net/afdb/

http://zapatopi.net/treeoctopus/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IntroductionWikipedia:Introduction

http://martinlutherking.org/http://martinlutherking.org/

Citing SourcesCiting SourcesTo avoid plagiarism,To avoid plagiarism,

you must you must

cite!cite!

Each type of source is different:Each type of source is different:

One authorOne author

More than one authorMore than one author

WebsiteWebsite

EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

DatabaseDatabase

One AuthorOne AuthorAuthor’s last name, first name. Author’s last name, first name. Title of bookTitle of book. .

Publishing city: Publishing company, copyright Publishing city: Publishing company, copyright date. Medium of Publication.date. Medium of Publication.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

Fremon, David K. Fremon, David K. The Great Depression in The Great Depression in American HistoryAmerican History. Springfield: Enslow Publishers, . Springfield: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1997. Print.Inc., 1997. Print.

Let’s Practice:Let’s Practice:

Here is the information.Here is the information.Christmas After All by Minnie Christmas After All by Minnie Swift Swift

Published in 2001 by Scholastic Published in 2001 by Scholastic Inc. in New York. Print.Inc. in New York. Print.

Author’s last name, first name. Author’s last name, first name. Title of Title of bookbook. Publishing city: Publishing . Publishing city: Publishing company, copyright date. Medium of company, copyright date. Medium of Publication.Publication.

More Than One AuthorMore Than One AuthorFirst author’s last name, first name, and First author’s last name, first name, and

second author’s first name last name. second author’s first name last name. Title Title of Book. of Book. Publishing city: Publishing Publishing city: Publishing company, copyright date. Medium of company, copyright date. Medium of Publication.Publication.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

Smith, John, and Linda Smith. Smith, John, and Linda Smith. The 1930’sThe 1930’s. . San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc, 1999. Print. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc, 1999. Print.

Let’s Practice:Let’s Practice:

Here is the information.Here is the information.We Want Jobs by Robert J. Norrell and We Want Jobs by Robert J. Norrell and

Alex Alex HaleyHaley

Published in 1993 by Raintree Published in 1993 by Raintree Steck-Steck- Vaughn in Austin. Print. Vaughn in Austin. Print.

First author’s last name, first name, and second First author’s last name, first name, and second author’s first name last name. author’s first name last name. Title of Book. Title of Book. Publishing city: Publishing company, copyright Publishing city: Publishing company, copyright date. Medium of Publication.date. Medium of Publication.

Web SiteWeb SiteAuthor’s or Editor’s last name, first name. Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name. Title of Web Page.Title of Web Page.

Version Number or Date of Publication or Last Update (if Version Number or Date of Publication or Last Update (if no date is given, you must include n.d. in your citation). no date is given, you must include n.d. in your citation). Publishing Organization or Sponsor. Medium of Publication. Publishing Organization or Sponsor. Medium of Publication. Date you accessed the page. <URL Address>.Date you accessed the page. <URL Address>.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

Rogers, George. Rogers, George. Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical SiteHistorical Site. 3 Oct. 2001. National Park Service. Web. 1 . 3 Oct. 2001. National Park Service. Web. 1 May 2005. <http://www.nps.gov/abli/>.May 2005. <http://www.nps.gov/abli/>.

Practice Time:Practice Time:

Here’s the information.Here’s the information.There is no author or editor mentioned.There is no author or editor mentioned.

Humanities-Interactive: The Dust Bowl. I Humanities-Interactive: The Dust Bowl. I looked at looked at the page on October 12, 2006 and the page on October 12, 2006 and the sponsoring institution the sponsoring institution is Texas Council for is Texas Council for the Humanities Resource Center. The the Humanities Resource Center. The URL is: URL is: http://humanities-http://humanities- interactive.org/texas/interactive.org/texas/dustbowl/dustbowl/

Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name. Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name. Title of Web Page.Title of Web Page. Version Number or Date of Publication or Last Update (if no Version Number or Date of Publication or Last Update (if no date is given, you must include n.d. in your citation). date is given, you must include n.d. in your citation). Publishing Organization or Sponsor. Medium of Publication. Publishing Organization or Sponsor. Medium of Publication. Date you accessed the page. <URL Address>.Date you accessed the page. <URL Address>.

EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Encyclopedia. Title of Encyclopedia. Ed. Ed. Editor of the entire Editor of the entire book. book. Volume Number or edition. Copyright Volume Number or edition. Copyright Date. Date. Medium of PublicationMedium of Publication. .

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: ““Hilda Doolittle.” Hilda Doolittle.” Encyclopedia of World Encyclopedia of World

BiographyBiography. Ed. Paula K Byers. 2. Ed. Paula K Byers. 2ndnd ed. 1992. ed. 1992. Print. Print.

Let’s PracticeLet’s Practice

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Encyclopedia. Title of Encyclopedia. Ed. Ed. Editor of the Editor of the

entire entire book. Volume Number or edition. book. Volume Number or edition. Copyright Copyright Date. Medium of PublicationDate. Medium of Publication. .

Here is the information.Here is the information.World Encyclopedia, Edited by: Kramer World Encyclopedia, Edited by: Kramer

Wilson, Vol. 3, 2005, Title of article: Wilson, Vol. 3, 2005, Title of article: Hurricane Hazel, Print. Hurricane Hazel, Print.

Online DatabaseOnline Database

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title Title of Original Publicationof Original Publication: Date of Original : Date of Original Publication. Pages of Original Publication. Publication. Pages of Original Publication. Name Name of of DatabaseDatabase. Medium of Publication. Date you . Medium of Publication. Date you

accessed site. <URL Address>.accessed site. <URL Address>.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: Lord, Lewis. “Mysteries of History: Mortal Lord, Lewis. “Mysteries of History: Mortal

Secrets.” Secrets.” U.S. News and World Report U.S. News and World Report 24 Jul. 24 Jul. 2000: 64-73. 2000: 64-73. SIRS Researcher. Web. Apr. SIRS Researcher. Web. Apr. 2005. 2005.

Let’s PracticeLet’s Practice

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title Title of Original Publicationof Original Publication: Date of Original : Date of Original Publication. Pages of Original Publication. Publication. Pages of Original Publication. Name of Name of

DatabaseDatabase. Medium of Publication. Date you . Medium of Publication. Date you accessed site. <URL Address>.accessed site. <URL Address>.

Title of Article: Aircraft Mechanics, Title of Article: Aircraft Mechanics, Date Date of Original Publication: 2004, of Original Publication: 2004, Name of Name of Database: eCIS, Web, Database: eCIS, Web, Nov. 3, 2009, Nov. 3, 2009, http://idcis.intocareers.org. http://idcis.intocareers.org.

Note CardsNote Cards

Last name-TeacherLast name-Teacher Question Letter- Question Letter-Source #Source #

1 “quote”1 “quote”

or or

piece of information piece of information

paraphrased/summarized. (page #)paraphrased/summarized. (page #)

Example:Example:

Jones-Smith Jones-Smith A-1 A-1

Partly caused by the lack of human Partly caused by the lack of human knowledge;knowledge;

meaning farmers did not rotate their meaning farmers did not rotate their crops.crops.

(p. 4-5)(p. 4-5)

The End!The End!