Professor Ani AprahamianUniversity of Notre Dame

Research in Physics

Why?Who pays for it?How do you decide what to do?

The US economy depends on Science

…scientific and technical innovations they produce

Economic studies conducted even before the information-technology revolution have shown that as much as 85% of measured growth in US income per capita was due to technological change.

WHO PAYS FOR IT?National Science Foundation

Department of Energy

NASA

NIH

NIST

Others………

National Science Foundation

Press Release 09-168 Global Warming Causes Outbreak of Rare Algaein Caribbean Corals

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense…" With an annual budget of about $6.06 billion, we are the funding source for approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by America's colleges and universities. In many fields such as mathematics, computer science and the social sciences, NSF is the major source of federal backing.

Presidential Appointments

FY2009 MPS BUDGET REQUEST

FY 2008 FY 2009

Estimate Request Amount Percent

Astronomical Sciences $215.39 $217.86 $250.01 $32.15 14.8%

Chemistry 191.22 194.22 244.67 50.45 26.0%

Materials Research 257.27 260.22 324.59 64.37 24.7%

Mathematical Sciences 205.74 211.79 245.70 33.91 16.0%

Physics 248.47 250.52 297.70 47.18 18.8%

Multidisciplinary Activities 32.64 32.70 40.00 7.30 22.3%Total, MPS $1,150.73 $1,167.31 $1,402.67 $235.36 20.2%

Mathematical and Physical Sciences Funding(Dollars in Millions)

Totals may not add due to rounding.

Change over

FY 2008 EstimateFY 2007

Actual

PHYSICS – RESEARCH DRIVEN BY

FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS

ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, OPTICAL, AND PLASMA PHYSICS

BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS

ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS

GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS

DIRECTORATE FOR

Mathematical & Physical Sciences

The Department of Energy is the single largest Federal government supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, providing more than 40 percent of total Federal funding for this vital area of national importance. It oversees, and is the principal Federal funding agency of, the Nation’s research programs in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, and fusion energy sciences. Such a diverse research portfolio supports tens of thousands of principal investigators, post-doctoral students, and graduate students who are tackling some of the most challenging scientific questions of our era.

Research and Development

DOE manages fundamental research

programs in basic energy sciences,

biological and environmental sciences, and

computational science and is the Federal

Government’s largest single provider of

funds for materials and chemical sciences.

Ensuring the supply of radio isotopes

Radio Isotopes have become key agents in

the diagnosis and effective treatment of

various cancers, heart disease and other

medical problems. DOE programs ensure

the availability of an adequate supply of

medical and research isotopes, which is

essential to the Nation’s health care

system.

Research in environmental sciences

The Department conducts research in

climate change, geophysics, genomics, life

sciences, and science education, as well

as scientific research in the areas of fossil

energy and environmental science.

So, How are priorities set????????

Federal agencies get advice

The Board on Physics and Astronomy is the Academies' principal forum for issues connected with the fields of physics and astronomy.

National Science AcademiesNational Academy of EngineeringNational Institutes of Health

National Research Council

• What is dark matter?• What is dark energy?• How did the universe begin?• Was Einstein right about

gravity?• How have ν shaped the

universe?• What are nature’s most

energetic particles?• Are protons stable?• Are there new states of

matter at exceedingly high density/energy?

• Are there additional dimensions?

• How were elements Fe to U made?

• Is a new theory needed at the highest energies and EM Fields?

Decadal Studies……….

Plasma Physics

Atomic and Molecular Optics

Nuclear Physics

Particle Physics plans

Astronomy

Get advice from different bodies……..

Nuclear Science Advisory Committee

NSAC is an advisory committee that provides official advice to the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) on the national program for basic nuclear science research.

High Energy Physics Advisory Panel

The High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP) has advised the Federal Government on the national program in experimental and theoretical high energy physics (HEP) research since its inception in 1967.

“We recommend a targeted program

of experiments to investigate neutrino

properties and fundamental symmetries.

These experiments aim to discover the

nature of the neutrino, yet-unseen

violations of time-reversal symmetry,

and other key ingredients of the New

Standard Model of fundamental

interactions. Construction of a Deep

Underground Science and Engineering

Laboratory is vital to U.S. leadership in

core aspects of this initiative.”

DOE and NSF charged Nuclear Science

Advisory Committee in July 2006 to develop

a long range plan for the next decade.

Report delivered on December 2007

NSAC Long Range Plan

The three frontiers of research in particle physics, as expressed by the P5 Panel, which form an interlocking

framework that addresses fundamental questions about the laws of nature and the cosmos.

PARTICLE PHYSICS PROJECT PRIORITIZATION PANEL (P5)

The Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) is a sub-panel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP).

Charged in Jan 2008 by NSF and DOE with recommending a 10-year road map for particle physics.

P5 RECOMMENDATIONS

Report approved by HEPAP at their May 2008 meeting in Washington.

From Executive Summary:

Fermilab/DUSEL program recommended by P5 constitutes the primary element of the on-shore U.S. particle physics program during the coming decade.

“The panel recommends a world-class neutrino program as a core

component of the US program, with the long-term vision of a large

detector in the proposed DUSEL laboratory and a high-intensity

neutrino source at Fermilab.”

“The panel endorses the importance of a deep underground

laboratory to particle physics and urges NSF to make this facility a

reality as rapidly as possible. Furthermore the panel recommends

that DOE and NSF work together to realize the experimental particle

physics program at DUSEL.”

PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE

PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE IS:

An ambitious intellectual and technical program aimed at major discoveries

A multi-year Federal strategy

A multi-agency, coordinated program

A multi-disciplinary approach

A natural opportunity for broad impact, education, and public outreach

Courtesy of J. Dehmer

THEME 1: DARK ENERGY JDEM

Joint DOE-NASA process

NAS “Beyond Einstein Program Assessment Committee”

Multiple R&D efforts

LSST (NSF-DOE)

NSF & DOE support pre-conceptual design R&D

Dark Energy Task Force

DE via effect of clusters of galaxies on CMB

NSF: ACT & SPT

NASA: Chandra, Con-X (future), Spider (balloon), Planck (with ESA)

THEME 2: DARK MATTER, NEUTRINOS, PROTON DECAY

DUSEL - NSF

solicitations for science

scope and site selection

NSF-DOE

HEPAP, NSAC, & AAAC

sub panels roadmapping

Multidisciplinary Scope

Geosciences

Engineering

Biology

Highest priority for Physics….New Projects

Physics Astrophysics Biology

Geoscience

Engineering

NOvA

(off-axis)

Homestake

DUSEL

MINOS (on-axis)

1300 km

735 km

Mega-Detector at DUSEL:

CP violation, Proton Decay,

Supernova

Fermilab

The configuration of a Mega-Detector at Homestake, that is greater

than 1,000 km from a high intensity beam from Fermilab, offers an

opportunity for transformational discovery that is

unique in the world.

The Long Baseline Experiment

0__

1000__

2000__

3000__

4000__

5000__

6000__

m.w

.e.

Ho

mes

take

DU

SE

L

SN

OL

AB

So

ud

an

WIP

P

Europe

Asia

Can

fra

nc

Fre

jus

/Mo

dan

e

Bo

ulb

y

Baks

an

Gra

n S

as

so

Pyh

ass

alm

i

Kam

ioka

INO

So

lotw

ina

7000__

North AmericaPlanned facilities in yellow

THEME 3: GRAVITY

Numerical

relativity research –

NSF/NASA/DOE

AdvLIGO

LISA design

ongoing (ESA

+NASA)

LISA

J I N A JOINT INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR

ASTROPHYSICS

Timothy Beers, Astronomy, MSU

Hendrik Schatz, NSCL, MSU

James Truran, Astrophysics, U. Chicago

Michael Wiescher, NSL, Notre Dame

An NSF Physics Frontier Center

K500Cyclotron

K1200 Cyclotron

Production Target

A1900 Fragment Separator

Achromatic Degrader

Transport Beam Line

Timing Detectors

S800 Analysis LinePID

DetectorSetup

DISCOVERY OF 40MG, 42,43AL, AND 44SI IN 2007

Enhanced selectivity from two-stage separator:

1.5 1017 48Ca nuclei (natW target, E/A = 141 MeV)three 40Mg nuclei

Baumann et al., Phys. Rev. C75 (2007) 064613; Nature (2007)

FRDMHFB-8

Press Release 07-154 Newly Created Forms of Magnesium and Aluminum

New isotopes push the edge of nuclear existence

Six “Grand Challenges” in AMO Science

• What is the nature of physical law?• What happens at the lowest temperatures in the universe?• What happens when we turn up the power?• Can we control the inner workings of a molecule?• How will we control and exploit the nanoworld?• What lies beyond Moore’s law?

From the NRC AMO2010 Study (Interim Report)

Quantum Information Science in MPS

Harnessing fundamental quantum properties for exploration of new scientific frontiers and development of new technologies