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RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni IKIP PGRI Madiun METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Oleh: Drs. Sumani. M.M.

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RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN. Oleh: Drs. Sumani. M.M. Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni IKIP PGRI Madiun. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE

TEACHING

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE

TEACHING

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

IKIP PGRI Madiun

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

Oleh:Drs. Sumani. M.M.

Page 2: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

APA SARANAPEMECAHAN

MASALAH ITU?

PENGEMBANGAN(NEED TO DO)

PENELITIAN(NEED TO KNOW)

AS

ES

ME

N(N

EE

D T

O P

RO

GR

ES

S)

EV

AL

UA

SI

(NE

ED

TO

CH

OO

CE

)

Page 3: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

SARANAPEMECAHAN

MASALAHBATASAN PROSES HASIL

PENELITIAN

EVALUASI

PENGEMBANGAN

Upaya sistematikmenemukan/

mengembangkanpength yg benar

Aplikasi berpi-kir ilmiah

Pengetahuanyang benar

Upaya sistematikmelihat efektivitas

& efisiensi program

Aplikasi berpi-kir sistematikoperasional

Keputusanefektivitas &

efisiensiprogram

Upaya sistematikmenghasilkan

produk pemecah-an masalah

Aplikasi teori,prinsip, & pro-sedur, aktivitas

pemecahanmasalah

Produk prose-dur pemecah-

an masalah

Page 4: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

PendekatanPenelitian

Kuantitatif Kualitatif KuantiLatif

Asumsi

•Hukum Keteraturan•Kebenaran berdasarkan empirik•Determinisme universal

Asumsi

•Realitas bersifat ganda•Peneliti & fenomena berinteraksi•Fenomena saling berpengaruh•Tidak bebas nilai

Karakteristik

•Lebih ke kuantitatif•Lebih ke Kualitatif•Seimbang keduanya

Karakteristik Karakteristik

•Eksperimen & Noneksperimen•Replikasi•Analisis Statistik•Metodologi Jelas

•Latar Alami•Proses Lebih Penting•Bersifat Deskriptif•Analisis Induktif•Makna Hasil Esensi

Karakteristik

•Latar semi•Kombinasi•Bersifat unik•Statistik/Induktif

Page 5: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

Berpikir rasional Berpikir empirik

Penelitian

Temuan

Perian FenomenaPemetaanPenamaanIdentifikasiKlasifikasi

Hubungan FenomenaMenjelaskanMeramalkanMengendalikan

Page 6: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

PRODUK PENELITIAN

Artikel ilmiah

Poster Paten Peraturan Standar Sertifikasi Akreditasi Prototipe

Sistem Informasi Modul Pelatihan Desain Buku Teks Peta/Foto Alat Peraga Barang/Bahan

Page 7: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

THE DEFINITION OF RESEARCH:CERTAIN KEY TERMS COMMONLY

ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH:

Inquiry, Knowledge, Hypothesis, Information, Classification, Analysis, Interpretation, Structured Investigation, Understanding, Problem, Prove, Theory, Evaluation, Asking Questions, Analyzing Data, Scientific Method, Insight, Prove/Disprove, Characterize Phenomena, Uncover, Satisfy Inquiry, Solution.

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The Terms, taken together, suggest that RESEARCH is a process of formulating questions, problems, or hypotheses; collecting data or evidence relevant to these questions/problems/hypotheses; and analyzing or interpreting these data.

The minimal definition: RESEARCH is a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: (1) a question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, (3) analysis and interpretation of data.

Page 9: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

RESEARCH is a systematic attempt to provide answer to question (Bruce W. Tuckman).

RISET adalah suatu usaha sistematis yang bertujuan menyediakan informasi untuk memecahkan masalah (Cooper & Emory, 1995).

RISET adalah proses pengumpulan, pencatatan dan analisis data yang sistematik dan objektif untuk membantu pembuatan keputusan (Zigmund, 1994)

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RESEARCH adalah investigasi terhadap fenomena empirik yang dilakukan secara sistematis, terkendali, dan kritis berdasarkan teori dan hipotesis yang menunjukkan adanya hubungan antar fenomena (Kerlinger, 1986)

Tiga Hal Penting untuk Memahami Riset:1. Riset merupakan proses yang

berbasis masalah dengan objek suatu fenomena empiris.

2. Proses riset dilakukan secara sistematis, terorganisasi, terkendali dan kritis.

3. Tujuan riset menyajikan informasi untuk menjawab suatu masalah yang spesifik.

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MANUSIA MENCARI KEBENARANMANUSIA MENCARI KEBENARAN

Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan:Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan:Ini apa? Itu apa? Mengapa begini? Mengapa Ini apa? Itu apa? Mengapa begini? Mengapa

begitu? Bagaimana hal ini terjadi? dst.begitu? Bagaimana hal ini terjadi? dst.

ILMU DAN METODE ILMIAH

KODRAT/FIRAH MANUSIA KODRAT/FIRAH MANUSIA MEMILIKI HASRAT INGIN TAHU & DAYA NALAR/AKAL MEMILIKI HASRAT INGIN TAHU & DAYA NALAR/AKAL

Page 12: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

Menemukan jawaban / Menemukan jawaban / mendapatkan kebenaranmendapatkan kebenaran

Manusia melakukan berbagai upaya Manusia melakukan berbagai upaya

NON ILMIAHNON ILMIAH ILMIAHILMIAH

PENDEKATANPENDEKATAN

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NON ILMIAHNON ILMIAH ILMIAHILMIAH

PENDEKATANPENDEKATAN

1.1. Akal Sehat/PrasangkaAkal Sehat/Prasangka2.2. Intuitif (Naluri)Intuitif (Naluri)3.3. Penemuan kebetulan Penemuan kebetulan

(Takdir)(Takdir)4.4. Penemuan Coba-coba Penemuan Coba-coba

(Trial and Error)(Trial and Error)5.5. Otoritas/WibawaOtoritas/Wibawa6.6. Wahyu: Kebenaran Wahyu: Kebenaran

Agama (Azasi)Agama (Azasi)

Penelitian Penelitian Ilmiah Ilmiah yang yang dibangun dibangun atas teori:atas teori:

1.1.SkeptikSkeptik2.2.AnalitikAnalitik3.3.KritikKritik

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SISTEMATIK, TERKONTROLSISTEMATIK, TERKONTROL

PENDEKATAN ILMIAH

DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNGJAWABKAN DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNGJAWABKAN & DIUJI KEBENARANNYA& DIUJI KEBENARANNYA

Berdasarkan Fakta/RealitaBerdasarkan Fakta/Realita

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SISTEMATISSISTEMATIS(Mengikuti prosedur yang jelas) (Mengikuti prosedur yang jelas)

Penelitian Sistematis bila Penelitian Sistematis bila mempunyai langkah-langkah mempunyai langkah-langkah sbb:sbb:

Mengidentifikasi Masalah.Mengidentifikasi Masalah.Menghubungkan Masalah Menghubungkan Masalah

dengan Teori.dengan Teori.Mengumpulkan Data.Mengumpulkan Data.Menganalisis & Menginterpretasi Menganalisis & Menginterpretasi

Data.Data.Membuat Kesimpulan.Membuat Kesimpulan.

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TERKONTROLTERKONTROL

Penelitian terkontrol apabilaPenelitian terkontrol apabila::Terencana pada setiap Terencana pada setiap

langkahnya.langkahnya.Variabel diidentifikasi dan Variabel diidentifikasi dan

dipilih.dipilih.Instrumen dibuat secara hati-Instrumen dibuat secara hati-

hati.hati.Kesimpulan dibuat Kesimpulan dibuat

berdasarkan databerdasarkan dataRekomendasi dibuat Rekomendasi dibuat

berdasarkan hasil dan berdasarkan hasil dan kesimpulan.kesimpulan.

Page 17: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAHKARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

PURPOSIVENESSPURPOSIVENESS: Ada : Ada pernyataan mengenai tujuan pernyataan mengenai tujuan riset yang jelas.riset yang jelas.

RIGOROUSRIGOROUS: Dilaksanakan : Dilaksanakan berdasarkan teori yang baik dan berdasarkan teori yang baik dan menggunakan metode-metode menggunakan metode-metode riset secara teliti dan tepat. riset secara teliti dan tepat. RIGOR RIGOR (Carefulness, (Carefulness, Scrupulousness, and Exact).Scrupulousness, and Exact).

TESTABILITYTESTABILITY: Menguji hipotesis : Menguji hipotesis secara logis untuk mengetahui secara logis untuk mengetahui apakah data yang dikumpulkan apakah data yang dikumpulkan mendukung hipotesis yang mendukung hipotesis yang dikembangkan.dikembangkan.

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KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAHKARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

REPLICABILITYREPLICABILITY: Hasil uji : Hasil uji hipotesis harus didukung oleh hipotesis harus didukung oleh riset-riset berikutnya yang riset-riset berikutnya yang diulang dengan kondisi lain yang diulang dengan kondisi lain yang kurang lebih sama.kurang lebih sama.

PRECISSION AND CONFIDENCE:PRECISSION AND CONFIDENCE: PresisiPresisi: Ketepatan hasil riset : Ketepatan hasil riset dengan realita, dengan realita, KeyakinanKeyakinan: : Akurasi hasil riset sehingga Akurasi hasil riset sehingga estimasi peneliti benar.estimasi peneliti benar.

OBJECTIVITYOBJECTIVITY: Kesimpulan yang : Kesimpulan yang ditarik dari hasil analisis data ditarik dari hasil analisis data harus obyektif berdasarkan harus obyektif berdasarkan fakta/data yang sesungguhnya fakta/data yang sesungguhnya (obyektif/tidak Subyektif).(obyektif/tidak Subyektif).

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KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAHKARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

GENERALIZABILITYGENERALIZABILITY: Hasil riset : Hasil riset dapat diterapkan pada cakupan dapat diterapkan pada cakupan (scope) yang lebih luas.(scope) yang lebih luas.

PARSIMONYPARSIMONY: Menjelaskan : Menjelaskan fenomena atau masalah yang fenomena atau masalah yang terjadi dan pemecahannya terjadi dan pemecahannya secara sederhana tetapi secara sederhana tetapi mempertimbangkan faktor yang mempertimbangkan faktor yang tidak terkendali (tidak terkendali (Simple but Simple but PowerfulPowerful))

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1.Membantu memperoleh pengetahuan Baru.

2.Memperoleh jawaban atas suatu pertanyaan.

3.Memberikan pemecahan atas suatu masalah.

4.Mengorganisasikan dan mengkategorikan sesuatu.

Manfaat Penelitian

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5. Memprediksi kejadian/keadaan yang akan datang.

6. Menjelaskan kejadian/keadaan di masa lalu.

7. Menemukan penyebab dari suatu kejadian.

8. Mengkontrol suatu kejadian.

9. Menyusun suatu kebijakan.

10. Menyusun strategi pengembangan.

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Menurut Bidangnya

Penelitian Pendidikan

Penelitian Pertanian Penelitian Hukum Penelitian Ekonomi Penelitian Agama

Menurut Tempatnya

Penelitian Laboratorium

Penelitian Perpustakaan

Penelitian Lapangan (kancah)

Menurut Pemakaiannya

Penelitian Murni (dasar)

Penelitian Terapan (terpakai)

JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN

Page 23: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

Menurut Tujuan Umumnya

Penelitian Exploratif Penelitian

Developmental Penelitian Verifikatif

Menurut Tarafnya

Penelitian Inferential

Menurut Pendekatanya

Penelitian Longitudenal Penelitian Coss-

Sectional

JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN

Page 24: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

Historical research

Correlationalresearch

Descriptive research

Developmental research

Case & Fieldresearch

Classroom Action research

Causal-Comparativeor ex-post facto

True experimentalresearch

Quasi experimentalresearch

KINDS OFRESEARCH

Operationalresearch

Source: Isaac & Michael,1989

KINDS OF RESEARCH BASED ON PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

Classroom Action research

Operationalresearch

Page 25: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

1.Historical Research2.Descriptive Research3.Developmental Research4.Case and Field Research5.Correlational Research6.Causal Comparative Research7.True Experimental Research8.Quasy Experimental Research9.Action Research

Page 26: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

1. Historical: To reconstruct the past objectivey and accurately, by collecting, evaluating, veryfying, and synthesizing evidence to establish facts and reach defensible conclusion, often in relation to particular hypothesis.

Example: A Study reconstructing practices in the teaching of spelling in the United State during the past fifty years.

Page 27: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

2. Descriptive: To describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately.

Example: A Community survey to establish the needs for a vocational education program.

3. Developmental: To investigate patterns and sequence of growth and/or change as a function of time.

Example: A longitudinal growth study following an initial sample of 200 children from six months of age to adulthood..

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4.Case and Field: To study intensively the background, current status, and environtmental interaction of a given social unit: an individual or group, institution or community.

Example: An intensive study of the “Inner city” culture and living condition in a large metropolitan environtment.

5.Correlational: To investigate the extent to which variation in one factor correspond with variations in one or more other factors based on correlation coefficients.

Example: An study investigating the relationship between grade point average as the criterion variable and a number of other variables of interest..

Page 29: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

6.Causal Comparative: To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by observing some existing consquence and searching back through the data for plausible casual factors.

Example: (1)A study to identify factors related to the “drop out” problem in particular high school using data from records over the past ten years; (2)A study to investigate similarities and differences between such group as smokers and nonsmoker, readers and nonreaders, or delinquents and non delinquents, using data file.

Page 30: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

7.True Exsperimental: To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment condition and comparing the results for both of them.

Example: (1)A study to investigate the effectiveness of three methods of teaching reading to first grade children using random assingments; (2)A study to investigate the effect of a specific tranquilizing drug on the learning behavior of boys identified as “hyperactive”.

Page 31: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

8.Quasy Exsperimental: To investigate the coditions of the true experiment in setting which does not allow the control and/or manipulation of all relevant variables.

Example: A study to investigate the effects of spaced versus massed practice in the memorizing of vocabulary lists in the four high school foreign language classes without being able to assign students to the treatment at random to supervise closely their practice periods.

Page 32: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

9.Action: To develop new skills or new approaches and to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or other applied setting.

Example: An in-service training program to help train counselors to work more effectively with minority group children.

Page 33: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

Bagaimana Penetapan Desain Penelitian?

Masalah Variabel

Desain Penelitian

Penelitian EksperimenPenelitian Pengembangan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas

Page 34: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE Advocates use of

qualitative methods. Concerned with

understanding human behavior from the actor’s own frame of reference.

Naturalistic and uncontrolled observation.

Subjective.   Close to the data: the

“Insider” perspective.

QUANTITATIVE Advocates use of

quantitative methods.

Seek facts or causes of social phenomena without regard to the subjective states of the individuals.

Obstructive and controlled measurement.

Objective. Removed from the

data: the “Outsider” perspective. 

Page 35: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE Grounded, discovery

-oriented, exploratory, expansionist, descriptive, and inductive.

Process-oriented. Valid: “real”, “rich”,

and“deep” data. Assumed a dynamic

reality.

QUANTITATIVE Ungrounded,

verification-oriented, confirmatory, reductionist, inferential, and hypothetical deductive.

Outcome-oriented. Reliable: “hard” and

“Replicable” data. Assumed a stable

reality.

Page 36: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE Dari segi

perspektifnya: Menggunakan pendekatan emik.

Dari konsep dan teori: Mengembangkan, menciptakan, menemukan konsep/teori.

Dari Hipotesisnya: Bisa menggunakan bisa tidak.

Dari teknik pengumpulan data: mengutamakan wawancara & observasi

   

QUANTITATIVE Menggunakan

pendekatan etik (Tetapkan konsep dulu)

bertolak dari konsep (variabel), teori, menguji teori.

Merumuskan hipotesis sejak awal.

Mengutamakan kuesioner.

Page 37: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE Masalah/Tujuan:

Menanyakan tentang makna (berupa konsep).

Jumlah sampel: Didasarkan atas pencapaian kualitas informasi.

Alur pikir penarikan kesimpulan: Induktif.

Bentuk sajian data: Kata-kata.

Definisi operasional: Tak diperlukan

QUANTITATIVE Menanyakan tingkat

pengaruh, kekeratan korelasi, asosiasi antar variabel atau kadar variabel.

Didasarkan atas representasi populasi & ditentukan sebelum data terkumpul.

Deduktif. Angka/Tabel.

Diperlukan.

 

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PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE Analisis Data:

dilakukan sejak awal turun ke lokasi.

Instrumen: Peneliti itu sendiri.

Kesimpulan: Dilakukan dengan pengecekan dan kesepakatan dengan subyek penelitian.

QUANTITATIVE Setelah data

terkumpul dan menggunakan statistik.

Angket, kuesioner, dokumen.

DiLakukan oleh peneliti sendiri berdasar hasil perhitungan statistik.

 

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TEN STEPS IN PLANNING TEN STEPS IN PLANNING GOOD RESEARCHGOOD RESEARCH

Basic DificultyBasic Dificulty:: What is it that What is it that has caught your interest or has caught your interest or raised a question in your mind? raised a question in your mind?

Rationale and Theoretical Rationale and Theoretical BaseBase: : Can you begin from a Can you begin from a position of logical concept, position of logical concept, relationship, and expectations relationship, and expectations based on current thinking in this based on current thinking in this area,area,

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Statement of the purpose or Statement of the purpose or Problem:Problem: What is it that you plan What is it that you plan to investigate? What are the to investigate? What are the general goals of the study? general goals of the study? Define the problem.Define the problem.

Question to be answeredQuestion to be answered:: When the research is finished, When the research is finished, what are the questions to which what are the questions to which reasonable answers can be reasonable answers can be expected?expected?

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Statement of Hypothesis or Statement of Hypothesis or Objectives:Objectives: Spell out the Spell out the particular research hypothesis particular research hypothesis you will test or the specific you will test or the specific objective at which the research objective at which the research is aimed. Be concrete and clear, is aimed. Be concrete and clear, making sure that each making sure that each hypothesis or objective is stated hypothesis or objective is stated in terms of observable behavior in terms of observable behavior allowing the objective evaluation allowing the objective evaluation of the results.of the results.

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Design and Procedure:Design and Procedure: State State who your subjects will be, how who your subjects will be, how they will be selected, the they will be selected, the condition under which the data condition under which the data will be collected, treatment will be collected, treatment variables to be manipulated, variables to be manipulated, what measuring instruments or what measuring instruments or data-gathering technique will be data-gathering technique will be used, and how the data will be used, and how the data will be analyzed and interpreted?analyzed and interpreted?

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Assumptions:Assumptions: What assumption What assumption have you made about the nature have you made about the nature of the behavior you are of the behavior you are investigating. About the investigating. About the condition under which the condition under which the behavior occurs, about your behavior occurs, about your methods and measurement, or methods and measurement, or about the relationship of the about the relationship of the study to other persons and study to other persons and situations?situations?

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Limitations:Limitations: What are the What are the limitations surrounding your limitations surrounding your study? What limitation exist in study? What limitation exist in your methods or approach-your methods or approach-sampling restrictions, sampling restrictions, uncontrolled variables, faulty uncontrolled variables, faulty instrumentation, and other instrumentation, and other compromises to internal and compromises to internal and external validity? external validity?

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Delimitation:Delimitation: How have you How have you narrow the scope of the study? narrow the scope of the study? Did you focus only on selected Did you focus only on selected aspects of the problem, certain aspects of the problem, certain area of interest, a limited range area of interest, a limited range of subjects, and level of of subjects, and level of sophistication involved? sophistication involved?

Definition of Terms:Definition of Terms: List and List and define the principal terms you define the principal terms you will use, particularly where will use, particularly where terms have different meanings terms have different meanings to different people? Emphasis to different people? Emphasis should be placed on operational should be placed on operational or behavioral definitions.or behavioral definitions.

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1.Memilih Masalah

2. Studi Pendahuluan

3. Merumuskan MasalahHipotesis

Menetapkan metode/ rancangan

Menentukan variabel Menentukan sumber data

Menentukan dan menyusun instrumen

Mengumpulkan data

Analisis data

Menarik kesimpulan Menyusun laporan

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II. SELECTING THE PROBLEM. SELECTING THE PROBLEM

ELEVEN STEPS IN CONDUCTING GOOD

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

IIII. CONDUCTING PRELIMINARY STUDY . CONDUCTING PRELIMINARY STUDY

IIIIII. FORMULATING THE PROBLEM . FORMULATING THE PROBLEM

Page 48: RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE  TEACHING

IV.aIV.a. FORMULATING . FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESESTHE HYPOTHESES

IVIV. FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS . FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS

VI.aVI.a.DETERMINING .DETERMINING VARIABELVARIABEL

VI.bVI.b. DETERMINING . DETERMINING DATA SOURCE DATA SOURCE

VV. SELECTING THE . SELECTING THE APPROACHAPPROACH

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VIIVII. DETERMINING & CONSTRUCTING . DETERMINING & CONSTRUCTING INSTRUMENTINSTRUMENT

VIIIVIII. COLLECTING DATA . COLLECTING DATA

IXIX. ANALYSING DATA . ANALYSING DATA

XX. DRAWING CONCLUSION . DRAWING CONCLUSION

XIXI. MAKING A RESEARCH REPORT. MAKING A RESEARCH REPORT

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I. SELECTING THE PROBLEMI. SELECTING THE PROBLEM

A. PROBLEM ANALYSIS A. PROBLEM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES:PROCEDURES:Accumulate the facts that Accumulate the facts that

might be related to the might be related to the problem.problem.

Settle by observation Settle by observation whether the facts are whether the facts are relevant.relevant.

Select a problem that Select a problem that engage your interest.engage your interest.

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Trace any relationship Trace any relationship between the facts that might between the facts that might reveal the key to the reveal the key to the difficulty.difficulty.

Propose various explanation Propose various explanation (hypotheses) for the cause (hypotheses) for the cause of the difficulty.of the difficulty.

Assertain through Assertain through observation and analysis observation and analysis whether they are relevant to whether they are relevant to the problem.the problem.

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Trace relationships between Trace relationships between explanations that may give explanations that may give insight into the problem insight into the problem solution.solution.

Trace relationships between Trace relationships between facts and explanation.facts and explanation.

Question assumption Question assumption underlying the analysis of underlying the analysis of the problem.the problem.

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B. EVALUATION OF PROBLEMB. EVALUATION OF PROBLEMPersonal Consideration Personal Consideration

(Researcher’s questions (Researcher’s questions related to the research related to the research problem):problem):

Goal expectations of the Goal expectations of the researcher & others.researcher & others.

Genuine interest.Genuine interest.Skills, abilities, and Skills, abilities, and

background knowledge.background knowledge.

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Personal ConsiderationPersonal ConsiderationThe tools, equipment, The tools, equipment,

laboratories, and subjects laboratories, and subjects necessary to the researchnecessary to the research

Time & money.Time & money.Adequate data.Adequate data.The scope, significance, The scope, significance,

topical requirement.topical requirement.Administrative Support, Administrative Support,

guidance, and guidance, and cooperation.cooperation.

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Social Consideration Social Consideration Knowledge advancement.Knowledge advancement.Practical value.Practical value.The application of the The application of the

finding.finding.Not a duplication of Not a duplication of

others.others.Topic delimitation.Topic delimitation.The reliability of the tools The reliability of the tools

and techniques.and techniques.

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C. PROBLEMC. PROBLEM (MASALAH) (MASALAH)

Masalah timbul karena Masalah timbul karena adanya tantangan, adanya tantangan, kesangsian atau kesangsian atau kebingungan terhadap kebingungan terhadap suatu hal atau fenomena, suatu hal atau fenomena, kemenduaan arti kemenduaan arti ((ambiguityambiguity), halangan dan ), halangan dan rintangan, rintangan, celahcelah/kesenjangan/kesenjangan ( (gapgap) ) baik antarkegiatan atau baik antarkegiatan atau antarfenomenaantarfenomena,, baik yang baik yang telah ada ataupun yang telah ada ataupun yang akan adaakan ada..

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APA ITU MASALAH PENELITIAN?Kesenjangan harapan dan kenyataanDasar proses dialektika teori—penelitianTolok ukur pentingnya penelitianDasar mengkaji referensiDasar menentukan metode penelitianDasar menentukan anggaran penelitian

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PENDEKATAN EKSPLORASI MASALAH

PROBLEMORIENTED

PROCESSORIENTED

EXISTINGCONDITION

•MINAT•PERTANYAAN•MASALAH KHUSUS

•INSTRUMEN KHUSUS•PERLAKUAN TERPILIH•STRATEGI ANALISIS

KETERSEDIAAN:•DATA BASE•PEMBIMBING•PENDUKUNG

MENGKAJI REFERENSI&SIGNIFIKANSINYA

LOKASI YG SESUAIUTK MENERAPKAN

PROSES

MEMILIH MASALAHYG MENDASAR

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CIRI-CIRI MASALAH YANG BAIKCIRI-CIRI MASALAH YANG BAIK

1.1.Mempunyai nilai penelitianMempunyai nilai penelitian::

a.a.mempunyai sifat keaslian.mempunyai sifat keaslian.b.b.menyatakan suatu menyatakan suatu

hubungan.hubungan.c.c.merupakan hal yang merupakan hal yang

penting.penting.d.d.dapat diuji.dapat diuji.e.e.dinyatakan di dalam dinyatakan di dalam

bentuk pertanyaanbentuk pertanyaan..

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2. 2. Mempunyai fisibilitas (dapat Mempunyai fisibilitas (dapat dilaksanakandilaksanakan))::

a.a.Data serta metode untuk Data serta metode untuk memecahkan masalah memecahkan masalah tersedia.tersedia.

b.b.Cukup waktu, tenaga dan Cukup waktu, tenaga dan biaya untuk memecahkan biaya untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut.masalah tersebut.

c.c. Ada dukungan dari pihak-Ada dukungan dari pihak-pihak terkait.pihak terkait.

d.d.Masalah tidak bertentangan Masalah tidak bertentangan dengan hukum, moral dan dengan hukum, moral dan etika.etika.

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II. II. STUDI PENDAHULUANSTUDI PENDAHULUAN

1.1.ManfaatManfaat Akan diketahui hal-hal sbbAkan diketahui hal-hal sbb::

a.Apa yang akan diteliti.a.Apa yang akan diteliti.b.Di mana dan kepada siapa b.Di mana dan kepada siapa

informasi dapat diperolehinformasi dapat diperoleh..c.Bagaimana cara c.Bagaimana cara

memperoleh memperoleh data/informasidata/informasi..

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2. 2. Cara Mengadakan Studi Cara Mengadakan Studi PendPend..

Dengan Dengan 3 3 PP ( (paper, paper, person, placeperson, place).).

d.d.Teknik apa yang akan Teknik apa yang akan ddiigunakan untukgunakan untuk mengmenganalisis dataanalisis data..

e.e.Bagaimana mengambil Bagaimana mengambil kesimpulan serta kesimpulan serta memanfaatkan hasil memanfaatkan hasil penelitianpenelitian..

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III. III. MERUMUSKAN MASALAH MERUMUSKAN MASALAH

1.1.Sebaiknya Sebaiknya dirumuskan dirumuskan dalam bentuk pertanyaandalam bentuk pertanyaan..

2.2.Rumusan jelas dan padatRumusan jelas dan padat..3.3.MMencerminkan ciri penelitian encerminkan ciri penelitian

yang dilakukanyang dilakukan..4.4.MMerupakan dasar erupakan dasar

perumusan judul, perumusan judul, perumusan tujuan, dan perumusan tujuan, dan pembuatan hipotesispembuatan hipotesis..

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HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, RUMUSAN RUMUSAN MASALAHMASALAH, TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS, TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS

PENELITIAN KWANTITATIFPENELITIAN KWANTITATIF

JUDULJUDUL:: Korelasi antara Motivasi Korelasi antara Motivasi Belajar dengan Prestasi Belajar Belajar dengan Prestasi Belajar Bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004-Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004-20052005..

MASALAHMASALAH:: Adakah korelasi Adakah korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Madiun tahun Siswa SMU 3 Madiun tahun ajaran 2004-2005?ajaran 2004-2005?

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HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, RUMUSAN RUMUSAN MASALAHMASALAH, TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS, TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS

PENELITIAN KWANTITATIFPENELITIAN KWANTITATIF

TUJUANTUJUAN:: Untuk mengetahui ada Untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya ktidaknya korelasi antara orelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMUN 3 Madiun tahun siswa SMUN 3 Madiun tahun ajaran 2004-2005ajaran 2004-2005..

HIPOTESIS:HIPOTESIS: Ada kAda korelasi antara orelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMU 3 Madiun tahun siswa SMU 3 Madiun tahun ajaran 2004-2005ajaran 2004-2005..

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Judul penelitian kuantitatif Judul penelitian kuantitatif tersebut tersebut disarankan memuat hal-disarankan memuat hal-hal hal sbb.sbb.::1.1.Sifat Sifat atau Jenis Penelitian:atau Jenis Penelitian:

Penelitian KorelasiPenelitian Korelasi..2.2.Objek YObjek Yang Diteliti: ang Diteliti: Motivasi Motivasi

Belajar Belajar dandan Prestasi Belajar Prestasi Belajar Bahasa InggrisBahasa Inggris

3.3.Subyek Subyek Penelitian:Penelitian: Siswa SMU3 MdnSiswa SMU3 Mdn..

4.4.Lokasi Lokasi Penelitian:Penelitian: Sekolah SMU3 MadiunSekolah SMU3 Madiun..

5.5.Waktu Waktu Penelitian:Penelitian: Tahun Ajaran 2005-2006Tahun Ajaran 2005-2006

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IVIV. FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS. FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS

Anggapan Dasarsebuah titik tolak pemikiran yang kebenarannya diterima oleh peneliti.

Contoh:Siswa SMU 3 Madiun mendapatkan mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris.Motivasi belajar siswa SMU 3 Madiun bervariasi.Prestasi belajar siswa SMU 3 Madiun bervariasi.

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IV.a. FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESESIV.a. FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESES

Hipotesis PenelitianHipotesis Nol (Ho) :

Tidak ada korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMU 3 Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004-2005.

Hipotesis Alternatif (Ha/H1): Ada korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMU 3 Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004-2005