Sashin

Ramjattan

12c

E.G.D

P.A.T

RESEARCH

CONTENT

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SCENARIO

A couple, living in the Montagu area in the south-western Karoo, own a property which is situated on the corner of Claasen and Ernie Streets.

On the property is an old Cape Dutch house dating back to the late 1800s and a freestanding outbuilding, consisting of a garage and a washing room, which was built in the 1970s.

As the Montagu area is experiencing a shortage of self-catering accommodation for tourists and guests, the couple have decided that if they altered and extended the existing outbuilding to provide much-needed self-catering accommodation, they could supplement their income.

The couple approached you to provide them with ideas for the proposed alterations to the existing outbuilding and to draw the plans for them. During your meeting with the couple, they mentioned that because of its historical significance, the old house may not be altered in any way as they intend to open it up to the public for viewing. The couple also requested that the alterations should complement the old house, in order to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the property, and that the existing roof must be replaced by a thatched roof. They also indicated that although the existing outbuilding may be altered and extended, it may not be demolished.

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DESIGN BRIEF

I Sashin Ramjattan of Blaze Architecture accept the task given by “A couple, living in the Montagu area in the south-western Karoo, own a property which is situated on the corner of Claasen and Ernie Streets.”

By providing ideas for the proposed alterations to the existing outbuilding and to draw the plans for them. And incorporating their suggestions and into my designs, by preserving the historical significance of “the old house” by altering it or extending it but not demolishing it, also the alterations should complement the old house, in order to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the property, and that the existing roof must be replaced by a thatched roof.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications of the existing dwelling: • It is an old Cape Dutch house dating back to the late 1800s. • There are gables on the southern and western ends of the house. • All the walls are plastered and finished in white. • It has originally styled wooden frame windows and wooden doors. • It has a thatched roof.

Specifications of the existing outbuilding: • The outer walls are standard load-bearing brick walls, plastered on the outside. • The inner wall is a standard non-load-bearing brick wall. • It has a single garage with a wooden tip-up door that opens onto Claasen Street. • It has a 2 860 x 1 580 washing room on the northern side. • Both the garage and washing room have a standard wooden door on the east-facing wall. • The washing room has a 700 x 1 700 wooden frame window on the north-facing wall. • The garage has a 1 000 x 2 200 wooden frame window on the east-facing wall. • The outbuilding has a 30° pitched roof covered with Canadian pattern asbestos cement.

Specifications of the site: • The site has a fall of 1,5 metres from the south-eastern side to north-western side.

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CONSTRAINTS

The existing outbuilding must form part of the alterations for the self-catering accommodation. It may therefore be altered, but not demolished.

• It must be a single-story structure(s). • The total area of entire structure(s), excluding the carports, may not exceed 84 m². • The entire structure(s), excluding the carports, must be covered by a thatched

roof(s). • ALL features and finishes of the structure(s) must complement those of the old

Cape Dutch house. • It must include TWO accommodation units, each containing the following: Sleeping facilities for FOUR A bathroom with at least a toilet, shower and hand washbasin A living area A built-in heating system(s) • It must include ONE kitchen, to be shared by both units, equipped with the

following: A stove A fridge A microwave oven Kitchen units for all the crockery and cutlery A double sink • Each accommodation unit must have a carport. • There must be a secluded garden with TWO separate braai areas. • There must be sufficient security.

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RESEARCH

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The Cape Dutch House Plan

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Second Floor Plan

FREESTANDING Outbuilding/ Garage

Replacing or creating a freestanding garage or other outbuilding may not require an application for planning

permission if the work meets certain criteria.

An application for planning permission may not be required for the erection of a freestanding garage or other

outbuilding within the curtilage of your house provided that:

It is to be used solely for non-commercial purposes; No part of the garage or other outbuilding extends forward of any elevation of the house that faces a

highway; Where the garage or other outbuilding is within a conservation area, the roof:

o is pitched and has a pitch of not less than 22 and half degrees, ando is of natural slate or clay tiles;

The height of any elevation of the garage or other outbuilding, where it meets the eaves of the roof of that garage or other outbuilding, does not exceed 3 metres;

The height of the roof of the garage or other outbuilding, measured to the apex of that roof where that roof is pitched, does not exceed 4 metres;

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Where any part of the garage or other outbuilding is located within 1 metre of the boundary of a neighbouring property the height of that part does not exceed 2 metres;

The base area of the garage or other outbuilding does not exceed 20 square metres; No part of the garage or other outbuilding is located more than 30 metres from the house; The walls of the garage or other outbuilding, other than glazed areas, are constructed of timber, natural

stone or rendered blockwork; Any opening designed to admit a motor vehicle is set back at least 5 metres from a highway accessible

from that opening.

You must also ensure:

There is only one freestanding garage or other outbuilding within the curtilage of your house; Neither the house nor the garage or other outbuilding is within a site of special significance.

This exemption does not apply to a Protected Monument or Protected Building.

This work may be exempt under building regulations.

SELF- CATERING

Tourism Grading Council of South Africa

Grading Criteria and Minimum Requirements

Self-Catering

A self-catering property is your home away from home. It usually offers guests a sole occupancy unit consisting of one or more bedrooms or suites and a dining area with cooking facilities. Self-catering accommodation styles include Apartments, Villas and Resorts. Limited service is optional.

Apartment - Unit/s within a multi complex dwelling.

Villa – A free standing residential dwelling.

Resort – Multi self-contained accommodation with communal facilities and amenities.

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Category Entry Requirements

Cooking facilities: minimum of a microwave, two hot plates, saucepans, crockery, cutlery and cooking utensils must be provided.

The host / representative must be contactable 24 hours a day, 7 days per week.

Bathroom facilities may or may not be en-suite and/ or private.

All Stars

The reception entrance as well as individual unit entrances should be clearly identifiable and the doorway illuminated when it is dark. Excellent levels of lighting for safety and comfort in all public areas, including sufficient light on stairways and landings at night.

Universal Accessibility Sign

FLOOR PLANS

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Apartment 12 bedrooms - Garden View

6 persons max Ground floor 75 m²Each bedroom has twin beds;

the lounge has a sofa-bed

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Apartment 22 bedrooms - Garden View

2 + 1 persons max First floor 77 m²Each bedroom has twin beds;

lounge has a sofa-bed

Additions, Extensions And Alterations

The latest edition of Owner Building in South Africa gives new insight into

planning and managing projects, from small alterations and additions to

building your own home. We publish an extract from it.

Undertaking a major extension can be as complex as building from scratch.

When you plan your home, it is a good idea to consider the possibility of

future expansion, and make provisions in your initial plans. Clever planning

can limit the amount of future demolition work that may be required.

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For example, where you might want to add a door, build in a lintel and enclose the door area within straight joints in the

original building. This will make it easier to break out later on.

Apart from lateral extensions, options for creating extra space include adding an upper floor, building an extra room over a

garage or converting unused roof space into a habitable attic or loft.

Before you begin any alterations, check with your local authority whether plans are required. Even if you only undertake

'minor building work' as defined in the building regulations (such as opening up a wall to put in a sliding door or enlarging a

room by demolishing an internal wall), some councils will insist on working drawings although, in most cases, these will be

readily approved.

The National Building Regulations state that local authorities are permitted to exempt additions and extensions to single

storey buildings from the new requirement relating to the appointment of a 'competent person'. However, the building

inspector must be assured that the existing foundations were built according to the relevant standard and that there is neither

excessive cracking nor any possibility of future cracking.

Additions and alterations

Additions (including simple extensions) and alterations (which can be straightforward or quite structural and complex)

should always blend with the established style of the house and not be immediately noticeable as extensions.

Give careful thought to the design of any addition or alteration and try not to look at it in isolation. Look at the property as a

whole, bearing in mind that details such as proportion, paint colour, brick finish and so on are all relevant. If you do add to

the house, either now or later on, you will need to match them.

Structural alterations tend to be expensive, although you can make substantial savings if you plan for future extensions in

advance. It is often more economical to extend a house, by adding another room for instance, rather than trying to change the

structure of an existing home or add on another storey.

Matching new materials to older ones is often problematic. There is frequently a tone variance, even if you are using the

same product. For instance, although new roof tiles may be the same colour (even from the same batch, if you kept extra tiles

when you first built), the original tiles will have faded over the years.

However, over time, the new tiles will also fade and, hopefully, become indistinguishable from the older ones. The shape

and dimensions of materials can change over the years. For example, older, tin-roofed homes might have been built using

imperial-size corrugated iron sheets, so the metric profiles that are available today will be quite different.

Bricks and wall tiles are also subject to similar variations in size and shape. If you cannot match old materials satisfactorily,

then consider opting for a complete contrast; for example, adding a timber frame extension to a face brick dwelling.

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WOODEN WINDOW FRAMES

WOODEN DOORS

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DD48/4HBSIZE: 1206x2032mm

COTTAGE HBSIZE: 813x2032mm

21 PGSIZE: 813x2032mm

2 PANEL HBSIZE: 813x2032mm

CAPE DUTCH HBSIZE: 813x2032mm

DD48/4 ARCHSIZE: 1206x2032mm

AT1 ARCHSIZE: 813x2032mm

AT5SIZE: 813x2032mm

2 PANEL VICTORIANSIZE: 813x2032mm

4 PANEL VICTORIANSIZE: 813x2032mm

VICTORIAN GLASS TOPSIZE: 813x2032mm

BOSCHENDALSIZE: 813x2032mm

NEDERBURGSIZE: 813x2032mm

7 PANELSIZE: 813x2032

MB5 PANELSIZE: 813x2032mm

2 PANEL EXTERIORSIZE: 610x2032mm

762x2032mm813x2032mm

2 PANEL INTERIORSIZE: 610x2032mm

762x2032mm813x2032mm

CAPE ECONO 813SIZE: 813x2032mm

TOP GLASS INTERIORSIZE: 610x2032mm

762x2032mm813x2032mm

HAPPY DOOR 813SIZE: 610x2032mm

762x2032mm813x2032mm

load bearing and non-load bearing walls

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Difference between load bearing and non-load bearing walls?

Non-load-bearing walls support only themselves; they are interior partition walls. They have a single top plate. While non-load-bearing walls might run perpendicular to floor and ceiling joists, they will

not be aligned above support beams.

As the name implies, load-bearing walls carry the structural weight of your home. Load-bearing walls in platform-frame homes will have double top plates. That is, two layers of framing lumber. Note: all

exterior walls are load bearing.

CARPORTSA carport is a covered structure used to offer limited protection to vehicles, primarily cars, from the elements. The structure can either be free standing or attached to a wall. Unlike most structures a carport does not have four walls, and usually has one or two. Carports offer less protection than garages but allow for more ventilation.

Quoting from the Carport Integrity Policy for the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office:

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As early as 1909, carports were used by the Prairie School architect Walter Burley Griffin in his design for the Sloan House in Elmhurst, Illinois (Gebhard, 1991: 110). By 1913, carports were also being employed by other Prairie School architects such as the Minneapolis firm of Purcell, Feick & Elmslie in their design for a residence at Lockwood Lake, Wisconsin. In this instance, the carport was termed an “Auto Space” (Gebhard, 1991: 110). The late architectural historian David Gebhard suggested that the term “carport” originated from the feature’s use in 1930s Streamline Moderne residences (Gebhard, 1991: 107). This term, which entered popular jargon in 1939, stemmed from the visual connection between these streamlined residences and nautical imagery. In the 1930s through the 1950s, carports were also being used by Frank Lloyd Wright in his Usonian Houses; an idea that he probably got from Griffin, a former associate.

Modern carports are typically metal (steel, tin, or aluminum) and are modular in style in the USA, while remaining flat-roofed permanent structures in much of the rest of the world. The carport is considered to be an economical method of protecting cars from the weather and sun damage, and tens of thousands are installed in the USA alone each year.

The term carport was coined by renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright, when he began using the carport for the first of his "Usonian" homes; the house of Herbert Jacobs, built in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1936.

In describing the carport, he said to Mr. Jacobs, "A car is not a horse, and it doesn't need a barn." He then added, "Cars are built well enough now so that they do not require elaborate shelter." Looking back at life in 1936, it is easy to imagine automobiles prior to this time were not completely water tight; the era of robotic-assembly, advanced materials, and perfect closure lines was still 50 years in the future.

The carport was therefore a cheap and effective device for the protection of a car. Mr. Jacobs added: "Our cheap second-hand car had stood out all winter at the curb, often in weather far below zero (Fahrenheit). A carport was a downright luxury for it."

BEDROOMSPrinted information on requesting assistance and evacuation procedures, in the event of an emergency, to be advertised in every bedroom. Emergency procedure notices clearly displayed in every bedroom in English and / or multi-pictograms.Facilities to keep guests’ valuables safe inside the room with additional safe facilities (e.g. large items) made available upon request, given the size of the establishment,All Bedrooms:

Size of opening leaf of all doors should be, when measured in the 90-degree open position, at least 76cm wide.

Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms:

Size of unobstructed space in-front of doors - Minimum space 90cm x 120cm, lack of clear unobstructed space can result in a guest not being able to enter the room.Door-handles should be located at a height below 120cm.

FURNITURE:

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A bedside table or shelf should be provided and be located beside all permanent sleeping positions. One bedside table between the beds is acceptable in a twin room. This may either be an 'all in one' fixture with a bed headboard or a free standing table.

ELECTRONIC APPLIANCESAll Bedrooms:Sub-titles available on television on services where available.Televisions to have working remote controls.Bedside radio/ clock alarm within easy reach from the bed.Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms:Remote controls for air-conditioning system.Bedside radio/ clock alarm within easy reach from the bed.Designated Communication Accessible Bedrooms:Induction loop extensions or ear-phones linked to the television.Remote controls for air-conditioning system.Bedside radio/ clock alarm within easy reach from the bed.

WARDROBES, SHELVES AND LUGGAGE STORAGE Number of hangers is appropriate to the level of star grading being applied for.All Bedrooms:Cupboard door handles height between 80cm- 120cm with handles that are easy to grasp.Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms:Cupboard hanging rail height located at 140cm height above the floor level.Wardrobe / draw handles to be easy to grip with limited twisting required

CURTAINS AND WINDOW COVERINGS

Window dressings must be large enough to draw easily and completely across the width and height of the window - with or without lining.All ground floor bedrooms must provide additional privacy without restricting the natural light.Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms:

Curtains fitted with pull-rods / closing cords

FLOORING, CEILING, SKIRTING AND CORNICES

All are of an acceptable quality and condition throughout, e.g. no threadbare or fraying sections of carpet or rugs. A reasonable effort is made to minimise noise levels taking into account size and location of establishment as well as the profile of the guest.All Bedrooms:

Fixed, level slip-resistant floor surfaces used.

BEDDING AND LINEN

Purpose designed mattress protectors and pillow protectors are required to be fitted to all beds.All bedding must be the appropriate size, free of stains, holes and fraying. This will include sheets, pillowcases, blankets, bedspreads/quilts/duvet on all beds.

FORM OF BEDDING (BEDS, BASES AND MATTRESSES)Sofa beds are not acceptable as permanent bed spaces.

Where bunk beds are provided, a purpose designed, safe, effective ladder must be fitted.

An acceptable form of headboard.

There should be access to both sides of beds for double occupancy.

All Bedrooms:Emergency pull cord next to bed linked to monitoring alarm / system (cord must reach floor level). An alternative system may be employed e.g. vibrating wrist-bands, issued beepers, cellphone technology etc.Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms:

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Size of firm bed 45cm to 50cm in height and minimum 90cm in width.Unobstructed space to turn adjacent to bed. (At least 120cm width on one side of the bed).TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND VENTILATION

Adequate ventilation in the room. Heating and cooling system appropriate to the level of star grading being applied for, that can be individually controlled by the guest to their comfort levels based on the geographical location of the establishments and for all seasons.All Bedrooms:

Height of environmental controls to enable users to comfortably reach them below 120cm in height.

Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms:

Remote controls for air-conditioning or equivalent cooling system in designated Mobility Accessible Rooms.

LIGHTING, POWER AND SWITCHES

All rooms should have light switches located on the inside of each doorway or equivalent.All Bedrooms:

Bedroom lighting must be even and well lit.

Height of light switches and controls should be 80cm – 120cm.

ACCESSORIES

Fire extinguisher or fire blanket located between 80cm and 120cm above floor level.

Bedroom accessories need to have bold labels for easy identification, with labels in large print.

Staff assistance available to guests to assist in locating and using bedroom accessories.Flashing lights and vibrating pads linked to alarm. All emergency evacuation systems are linked to flashing emergency lights in the bedroom and vibrating alarm pads placed under pillows.Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms and Designated Communication Accessible Bedrooms:Emergency ID door hangers provided for identification of guests with functional communication/hearing/visual/mobility and physical limitations, which can facilitate services that require access to the room. The use of door hangers is up to preference of the guest. Ideally this type of service should be offered to all guests

SPACIOUSNESS AND OVERALL IMPRESSION

Bedrooms must have a well-planned layout to ensure the room is very spacious, allowing generous ease of use for movement, comfort, dining and relaxation.Greater space would be expected where temporary beds or sofa beds are usedAll Bedrooms:

Floor space clear of any obstacles which may cause injury to guests with functional visual limitations

Designated Mobility Accessible Bedrooms:

Unobstructed access widths between walls, features, furniture and fittings should be a minimum of 90cm.(It is essential that the room be free of any obstructions which may deny a guest access certain provisions within the room e.g. switches.)

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BATHROOMS

TYPE OF BATHROOM

Bathroom can be internal or external to unit. Dependent on location of self-catering units i.e. bush location vs. resort location.If bathrooms are located external to the unit, one bathroom per every 8 guests is acceptable.The bathrooms in the unit must be privateand In multiple bedroom units at least one en-suite bathroom in the unit.

FLOORING AND CEILINGAn impervious surface must be provided to all walls, floors and ceilings.

No coat hooks or other projections that extend more than 3cm from the wall or doors. (It is important to ensure that no harmful obstructions project from the walls.)Fixed slip-resistant floor surface. Wooden floors, tiles or close pile carpet no higher than 13mm.Flooring to have no design obstructions.

FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

All basin, bath and shower taps to be in working order with sufficient hot and cold water supply.

Baths and showers providing a strong and easily adjustable flow of water.

Towel rails sufficient for the number of guests in the unit.

A mirror must be situated above or adjacent to the hand basin.

Sufficient open vanity space for maximum number of guests.

Window treatment to ensure privacy.

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All bathrooms equipped with:

Internal lock or bolt on bathroom doors except where open plan bathrooms exist. In this instance, the toilet must be lockable.

Flashing light linked to alarm. (All emergency evacuation systems should be linked to a flashing emergency light in the bedroom and bathroom.)

Bathroom instructions must be provided in large print.

Emergency pull cord linked to monitoring alarm / system (Cord must reach floor level). An alternative system may be provided e.g. vibrating wrist-bands, beepers, cell phone communication etc.

HAND BASIN AND TOILET AREAS

A WC (toilet) with seat and lid.All bathrooms equipped with: A lidded disposal bin. Double ply toilet paper and holder plus spare toilet rolls. Toilet brush or provide a cleaning service. A well-lit mirror situated above or adjacent to the hand basin.

TOWELLINGTowels must be free of stains or discolouration, fraying or holes. Bath mat should be provided

LIGHTING AND VENTILATION Outstanding illumination, lighting coverage and ventilation across all areas of the bathroom. Direct frontal lighting to be provided at all washbasins.All areas in bathroom must be well and evenly lit.

ACCESSORIESAll bathrooms equipped with:

Wrapped soap provided for each new guest.

Hook for clothes.

Toilet paper and holder plus spare toilet paper.

A lidded disposal bin.

Bathroom toiletries/accessories need to have bold labels for easy identification.

public placesDecoration Good overall impression. Decoration is simple and effectiveEnd of corridor highlighted by colour, tone or light contrast between walls and floor coverings.Public areas should have clearly demarcated areas providing information for guests to navigate. This should consist of textured and demarcated areas that should be incorporated into the interior décor of public areas.

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FURNISHINGS AND FIXTURES

Adequate seating for both internal lounge area as well as external patio area, where applicable.

Background music in public areas avoided or kept at a low level.Voice amplification option linked to public telephone in the lobby.Where televisions are provided subtitles must be shown.A selection of chairs to be with and without arm-rests.At least 10% of chairs should have a seat height of 50cm. (no lower than 48cm and no higher than 52cm)All relevant emergency information and escape route maps available in large print and provision should be made for Braille mapping.Emergency evacuation signage to incorporate symbols and pictograms.Public telephones to be fitted with a raised pip on button number 5.The size of opening leaf on all doors en-route should be at least 76cm measured when the door is open at 90-degrees.Where revolving doors, turnstiles or other barriers have been installed in the establishment, an alternative means of access should be installed.Height of emergency equipment, switches and controls located between 80cm and 120cm.

FLOORING AND CEILING, SKIRTING AND CORNICES

All are of an acceptable quality and condition throughout, e.g. no threadbare or fraying sections of carpet or rugs. A reasonable effort is made to minimise noise levels taking into account size and location of establishment as well as the profile of the guest.End of corridors highlighted by colour, tone or light contrast.Fixed, slip-resistant floor surface.

LIGHTING, HEATING/COOLING and VENTILATION

Appropriate, fit for purpose levels of lighting appropriately positioned for safety and comfort in all public areas, including sufficient light on stairways and landings at night.Appropriate, fit for purpose temperature control and ventilation given the level of the star grading being applied for.Directional and informational signage related to physical and environmental access must be well lit.

Lighting must be even and effective, with minimum lighting levels of 200 lux.

RAMPSGradient en-route to facilities (internal and external). Gradients en-route to facilities must not steeper than 1:12. (optimum gradient 1:15)There should be a landing at the top of ramps with minimum dimensions: 90cm x 90cm.Unobstructed width of not less than 90cm (to allow for easy access for mobility aids).Ramps should have a strong textured surface that is easily differentiable from surrounding surfaces.Ramps should have handrails on both sides at a height of between 85-95cm.Fixed, slip-resistant floor surface.

STEPS AND STAIRWAY SYSTEMS

Corridors and stairs in good repair and free from obstruction. Well lit 24 hours.

Clear, directional signage to bedrooms and reception (where needed).

All emergency information and signage to be clearly displayed in public areas.

Protected soffits to underside of the stairs below the height of 210cm.Fixed slip-resistant floor surface.Desire lines and main circulation path should have strongly textured surfaces. Routes leading to different elements or facilities should, ideally, have differently textured floor surfaces.Unobstructed width of not less than 90cm.

Stairs fitted handrails at a height of 85-95cm.

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Stairs fitted non-slip treads.

Provision for unobstructed landing of 90cm x 90cm (clear of door swings etc.).

SPACIOUSNESS AND OVERALL IMPRESSION

The number of units and variety of facilities offered will be influenced by the guest expectation given the nature and style of the establishment.

Living rooms LOUNGE, DINING ROOM and PATIODECORATION Good overall impression. Decoration is simple and effective. End of corridor highlighted by colour, tone or light contrast between walls and floor coverings.

FURNISHING AND FIXTURES Adequate seating for both internal lounge area as well as external patio area, where applicable. Appropriate window treatment to ensure privacy.

Good quality outdoor settings which can accommodate all permanent sleeping positions, to be provided on a patio.

Provision of handles on doors which should be located between 80cm and 120cm, this handle must be at least 12cm in length and be easy to grasp so that a seated user can easily open and close doors.All relevant emergency information and escape route maps available in large print and provision for Braille mapping. Emergency evacuation procedures need to take into account the needs of guests with functional visual limitations.Size of opening leaf of all doors the clear opening must be measured with door in 90-degree open position and must measure at least 76cm to enable a mobility aid user to gain access.Adjacent alternative route to revolving doors, gates or turnstiles which these form part of the entry into the facility.Clear unobstructed access between furniture and fittings no less than 90cm in width.

FLOORING AND CEILING, SKIRTING AND CORNICES

All are of an acceptable quality and condition throughout, e.g. no threadbare or fraying sections of carpet or rugs. A reasonable effort is made to minimise noise levels taking into account size and location of establishment as well as the profile of the guest.End of corridors highlighted by colour, tone or light contrast.Fixed, slip-resistant floor surface.

TEMPERATURE CONTROLAppropriate, fit for purpose temperature control and ventilation given the level of the star grading being applied for.

ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES Where televisions are not provided in the units, there should be easy access to a lounge which has comfortable seating and a functional remote controlled colour television with a minimum of 9 channels to be provided. Sub-titles available on television on services where available.Televisions to have working remote controls.Induction loop extensions or ear-phones linked to the television.

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KITCHEN

PROVISION A kitchen is a facility specifically designed for the preparation of food, and should be appropriate to the nature and style of the establishment. Provision should be made for fire safety (extinguisher and fire blanket) and emergency lighting.All designated mobility accessible bedrooms must have a unit kitchen, where such is provided in other typical units, that complies with the provisions laid out here.

DECORATION Kitchen walls, floors and ceilings to be finished with impervious surfaces. Decor appropriate to the nature and style of the establishment.

FURNISHINGS AND FITTINGSA covered waste disposal bin to be provided, with liner.

An opening window or effective air extraction. Adequate storage space for crockery, cutlery, kitchen and cleaning equipment as well as guests’ supplies.At least one hygienic and durable work surface.

Hot and cold running water at a sink equipped with a draining board and plug.

All Unit Kitchens:Kitchen work surfaces should be free of sharp or abrasive elements and be colour contrasted with adjacent elements.The water supply and drain pipes under kitchen sinks should be insulated or otherwise configured to protect against contact and be free of sharp or abrasive surfaces.Kitchen appliances, including ovens, ranges and cook-tops, should be insulated or otherwise configured to prevent burns, abrasions, or electrical shock, and should be equipped with a safety switch to de-activate appliance controls.Kitchen elements should incorporate colour contrast to visually differentiate the cabinets and appliances from adjacent wall and floor surfaces, the counter-top from the cabinets and adjacent walls, and operable hardware on cabinets.Designated Mobility Accessible Unit KitchensThere should be space in front of storage elements, cabinets, sinks, appliances, and work surfaces a minimum of 1500mm deep to permit forward and lateral approach by a person using a wheelchair or scooter.Kitchen work surfaces should be located on an an accessible route with clear floor space for a forward approach. It should incorporate knee and toe space. The height of work surfaces or counter tops should be 80cm above the floor. They should be free of sharp or abrasive elements and be colour contrasted with adjacent elements.Kitchen sinks should be located on an accessible route with an adjacent clear floor space for forward approach. The kitchen sink should incorporate clear knee and toe space. The height of the rim or the counter top (whichever is higher) should be 80cm above the floor and incorporate faucets and other controls.Refrigerators/ freezers should be configured with at least 50% of the freezer space a maximum 120cm above the floor and incorporate clear floor space in-front.

CROCKERY AND UTENSILS

The following items are 'must haves' : Braai tongs and other accessories where braai facilities are provided Storage containers for multiple purposes

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Knives - bread knife, paring knife, meat knife Serving spoons Potato peeler Egg lifter Fish slice (large egg lifter) Grater Spatula Slotted spoon Wooden spoons or equivalent Whisk Hygienic chopping board Colander Cutlery box or drawer divider Good quality stainless steel cutlery. Numbers of each crockery/glass/cutlery item according to the maximum number of occupants. Ladle Jug Roasting tray Sugar bowl Mixing bowls x 3 sizes Salad bowl Salad servers Saucepans (one large, medium and small) Frying pans x 2 sizes Teapot Condiment set Table cloths and placemats Oven gloves Ironing board

Cleaning Equipment: Tea towels Washing up brush or sponge Broom Bucket with mop Cleaning agents / dishwasher tablets/ liquid/ powder for the dishwasher Cloths Dustpan and brush

Electrical equipment: Kettle (can be gas) Toaster Iron

Cooking Equipment 4 plate stove Microwave oven A refrigerator with a freezer compartment with ice tray

All Unit Kitchens:Kitchen work surfaces should be free of sharp or abrasive elements and be colour contrasted with adjacent elements.Kitchen appliances, including ovens, ranges and cook-tops, should be insulated or otherwise configured to prevent burns, abrasions, or electrical shock, and should be equipped with a safety switch to de-activate appliance controls.Kitchen elements should incorporate colour contrast to visually differentiate the cabinets and appliances from adjacent wall and floor surfaces, the counter-top from the cabinets and adjacent walls, and operable hardware on cabinets.Designated Mobility Accessible Unit KitchensThere should be space in-front of storage elements, cabinets, sinks, appliances, and work surfaces a minimum of 1500mm deep to permit forward and lateral approach by a person using a wheelchair or scooter.Kitchen work surfaces should be located on an accessible route with clear floor space for a forward approach. It should incorporate knee and toe space. The height of work surfaces or counter top should be 80cm above the floor. It should be free of sharp or abrasive elements and be colour contrasted with adjacent elements.Ranges and cook-tops should incorporate controls that are located to avoid reaching across the burners.Ovens should have controls located on the front panels, mounted no higher than 120cm.

LIGHTINGDirect lighting in all work areas.Energy-saving initiatives to be respected.

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BUILT IN CUPBOARDS

A cupboard is a type of storage cabinet, often made of wood, used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and protect them from dust and dirt.

The term cupboard was originally used to describe an open-shelved side table for displaying plates, cups and saucers. These open cupboards typically had between one and three display tiers, and at the time, a drawer or multiple drawers fitted to them. The word cupboard gradually came to mean a closed piece of furniture.

The ambiance of any room in your house is set by the décor. Cupboards are a vital part of home décor. If your home is your haven and new cupboards are on your to-do list, you should enlist the services of a cupboard artisan.

KITCHEN:Kitchens can be made in melamine, wrappe or solid wood, counter tops in formica and granite of your choice - units are manufactured in house to the highest quality standard and available as D.I.Y or professionally installed by us.

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BEDROOM:B.I.Cs are available in D.I.Y in standard or non standard sizes or professionally installed by us.Best quality and incl. back panel and double sides so every door has an individual side.Easy to install as each BIC is made as a free standing unit available in the colour of your choice in melamine, wrappe or solid wood.

Grounds and gardens Seasonal changes, environmental concerns, water availability and water usage must be taken

into account.

Grounds and gardens attractively maintained, kept tidy and safe.

Good quality and functional garden furniture provided in garden area for guests' use.

Clear signage. Signage should incorporate symbols and pictograms. Signage is an essential for way for guests to find their way.

Grounds and garden pathways kept clear of obstacles / obstructions. Fixed, level, matt and slip resistant ground and floor surfaces. Canopy structures should not protrude into any pedestrian walkways, and should not be lower than 2.1m. No steps en-route to facilities. Textured surfaces, such as roughened finishes, on all ramps, stairways and main circulation paths. Route surface firm and even - the surface should be hard with no gravel or cobble type finishes.

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BRAAI AREATips for Creating Fantastic Braai Areas

If you reside in sunny South Africa then you will probably know just how much the South African people love a

good braai. The scent of barbecued meat is as mouth watering to their taste buds as a symphony is to the ears of

a music aficionado. What is more, braai areas can be very convivial spots and often become the centre of the

home. For these reasons alone, a well-appointed braai area is a must.

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However, if you are planning on building a braai area there are a couple of other things you may want to take into

account as well. First of all, it is essential to get the positioning and ventilation of braai areas right as both these

factors can potentially destroy the fun of the braai experience if they are not properly handled. Braai areas can be

informal in the sense that you take a portable braai and position it somewhere in your garden or built-in as part of

a patio wall-structure, for instance. In any event, you will want your braai area to be covered in some way during

the summer either by means of a shady tree or a lapa and to be sheltered from the wind during the winter.

What is more, be careful not to position your braai area in a place where it might annoy the neighbours in terms of

smoke and noise. It can be unpleasant for your poor neighbours, and also strain the neighbourly relationship, to

be subjected to noise and clouds of foul smelling smoke wafting over the garden wall and in through the open

windows of their homes. Hence it would be wise to build your braai area in a well-ventilated spot that does not

form part of a boundary wall if at all possible. Also, be sure to install a proper chimney in built-in braai areas on

patios so that the smoke from the grill is directed away from you and your guests.

Lastly, something else to think about with regard to braai areas is positioning in relation to serving space. You do

not want your braai area to be too far away from the serving area and it is also advisable to have a place on which

to rest serving dishes and braai implements while you are busy braaing.

Home security

Home Security System Install a home security system with alarm monitoring and armed reaction. Never listen to music, watch a TV or entertain guests with open or unbarred windows or doors. Report strange vehicles or suspicious activity in your neighborhood to your security company and the

police. Never leave a key inside of an exterior door which has glass panels or glass near it. Don’t leave messages on your door stating what time you will be home. Try not to keep large amounts of cash at home. Keep your garden well lit and cut back your trees and shrubs to eliminate any possible hiding places.

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Please ensure that your house number or address is clearly marked on the outside of your premises. This makes it easier for Emergency personnel to find you if necessary.

Store emergency contact numbers on your cell phone or make a note of them next to the telephone. Windows should be secured or closed at night, even if you live above the ground floor. Glass break detectors can be installed onto your existing alarm system, they can be set up to trigger

when glass is broken even if your alarm system is not armed. Ensure all your exterior doors are secured with security gates. Burglar bars should be fitted over all windows, especially all windows that can open. Outward opening doors usually have hinges on the outside, making it easier for criminals to remove the

hinge pins. Install hinge bolts or security gates to cover these areas. Sliding doors need to be secured against criminals lifting them off their rails. Fit a peep-hole and chain to your front door. Do not leave garden tools or items out when not in use, these can be used to gain entry to your

premises. It is your right to see identification cards of callers claiming to be government officials or company

representatives. Insist on it, if they cannot be provided or you are still unsure, call your security company and the police.

If you come home to an open door or any other sign of forced entry, don’t go in. Contact your security company and local police and wait for them to arrive.

Floor finishes

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid materials.

Materials almost always classified as floor covering include carpet, area rugs, and resilient flooring such as linoleum or vinyl flooring. Materials commonly called flooring include wood flooring, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and various seamless chemical floor coatings.

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Levelling of ceramic tiles floor with a laser device

Subfloor The floor under the flooring is called the subfloor. This provides the support for the flooring. Special purpose subfloors like floating floors, raised floors or sprung floors may be laid upon another underlying subfloor which provides the structural strength.

Flooring materials

Example of stone flooring : white marble slabs covering the floor of the courtyard of the Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia.The choice of material for floor covering is affected by factors such as cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort and cleaning effort. Some types of flooring must not be installed below grade (lower than ground level), and laminate or hardwood should be avoided where there may be moisture or condensation.The sub-floor may be finished in a way that makes it usable without any extra work, see:

Earthen floor adobe or clay floors Solid ground floor cement screed or granolithic

Soft coverings Carpet is a floor covering woven or felted from natural or man-made fibers. Fitted carpet is attached to the floor structure, extends wall-to-wall, and cannot be moved from place to place. An underlay will extend carpet life and improve comfort. Rugs are also woven or felted from fibers, but are smaller than the room in which they are located, have a finished edge, and usually lie over another finished floor such as wood flooring. Rugs may either be temporarily attached to the flooring below by adhesive tape or other methods to prevent creep, or may be loose-laid.

Wood flooring

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Many different species of wood are fabricated into wood flooring in two primary forms: plank and parquet. Hardwoods are typically much more durable than softwoods. Reclaimed lumber has a unique appearance and is used in green (environmentally responsible) building.Laminate is a floor covering that appears similar to hardwood but is made with a plywood or medium density fiberboard ("MDF") core with a plastic laminate top layer. HDF laminate consists of high density fiberboard topped by one or more layers of decorative paper and a transparent protective layer. Laminate may be more durable than hardwood, but cannot be refinished like hardwood. Laminate flooring is available in many different patterns which can resemble different woods or even ceramic tile. It usually locks or taps together.Bamboo flooring is a floor manufactured from the bamboo plant and is a type of hardwood flooring, though technically not a wood. Bamboo is known to be durable and environmentally friendly. It is available in many different patterns, colors, and textures.Cork Flooring is a flooring material manufactured from the by-product of the cork oak tree. Cork floors are considered to be eco-friendly since the cork oak tree bark is stripped every nine to ten years and doesn't damage the tree. Cork flooring comes in both tiles and planks, and can have glue or glues-less installation.

Resilient flooringResilient flooring is made of material that has some elasticity. It includes many different manufactured products including linoleum, sheet vinyl, vinyl composition tile (VCT), cork (sheet or tile), rubber, and others. Performance surfaces used for dance or athletics are made of either wood or resilient flooring.

Hard flooring

Ceramic tiles flooring in Istanbul streetCeramic tile includes a wide variety of clay products fired into thin units which are set in beds of mortar or mastic with the joints between tiles grouted. Varieties include quarry tile, porcelain tile, terracotta tile, and others.Many different natural stones are cut into a variety of sizes, shapes, and thicknesses for use as flooring. Stone flooring is usually set in mortar and grouted similar to ceramic tile. Slate and marble are popular types of stone flooring.New technologies are emerging since 2004 to produce hard floorings having the ability to light up when needed. These security glazing materials contain transparent LED embedded films laminated between glass:

Seamless chemical flooringMany different seamless flooring materials are available. These are usually latex, polyester, urethane or epoxy compounds which are applied in liquid form to provide a completely seamless floor covering. These are usually found in wet areas such as laboratories or food processing plants. These may have granular or rubberized particles added to give better traction.

Sustainable flooringSustainable flooring is produced from sustainable materials (and by a sustainable process) that reduces demands on ecosystems during its life-cycle. Some think that sustainable flooring creates safer and healthier buildings and guarantees a future for traditional producers of renewable resources that many communities depend on.

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Flooring toolsSpecial tools used for flooring include:

Flooring clamp , a clamp for tongue-and-groove floors while nailing Knee kicker , used to position carpets precisely and stretch small areas, like steps Concrete moisture meter used to check a concrete floor before laying flooring on top

Floor featuresThere are a number of special features that may be used to ornament a floor or perform a useful service:

Floor medallions decorative centerpieces of a floor design Doormats to help keep a floor clean Gratings used to drain water or to rub dirt off shoes Tactile or rumble strips to warn of for instance a wheelchair ramp, these would normally also be

distinctively colored or patterned. Light strips to show an escape route out, especially on airplanes. Moldings or baseboards to decorate the sides of a floor or to cover the edge of a floating floor. Anti-slip mats - The addition of either granular or rubberized particles that will allow wheels, shoes, or

feet better traction.

Issues with floorsWood floors, particularly older ones, will tend to 'squeak' in certain places. This is caused by the wood rubbing against other wood, usually at a joint of the subfloor. Firmly securing the pieces to each other with screws or nails will remove this problem.Floor vibration is a particularly annoying problem with floors. Wood floors tend to pass sound, particularly heavy footsteps and low bass frequencies. Floating floors can reduce or eliminate this problem. Concrete floors are usually so solid they do not have this problem, but are also much more expensive to construct, and much heavier, resulting in further requirements regarding the structure of the building.The flooring may need protection sometimes (e.g., a gym floor used for a graduation ceremony). A Gym floor cover can be used to reduce the need to satisfy incompatible requirements.

WALL FINISHESBuilding walls have one main purpose: to support roofs and ceilings. Such walls most often have three or more separate components. In today's construction, a building wall will usually have the structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish elements or surface (such as drywall or panelling). In addition, the wall may house various types of electrical wiring or plumbing. Electrical outlets are usually mounted in walls.Building walls frequently become works of art externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect.On a ship, the walls separating compartments are termed "bulkheads", whilst the thinner walls separating cabins are termed "partitions".

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In architecture and civil engineering, the term curtain wall refers to the facade of a building which is not load-bearing but functions as decoration, finish, front, face, or history preservation.

Partition wallA partition wall is a wall for the purpose of separating rooms, or dividing a room. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing.Partition walls may be constructed with bricks or blocks from clay, terra-cotta or concrete, reinforced, or hollow. Glass blocks may also be used.They may also be constructed from sheet glass. Glass partition walls are a series of individual toughened glass panels, which are suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track. The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold.Timber may be used. This type of partition consists of a wooden framework either supported on the floor below or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms a reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement sheeting are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks.Metal framed partitioning is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and stud (vertical sections fixed at 600mm centres).Internal wall partitions also known as office partitioning is made using plasterboard (drywall), or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option as it is feasible however there is also low iron glass better known as opti-white glass which increases light and solar heat transmission.Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking which are either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground. The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed.There are variations of wall partitions which include the level of fire resistance they have, and their acoustic performance rating.

Movable partitionsMovable partitions are used where the walls of a room are frequently opened to form one large floor area. In this system, there are several types of partitions:

Sliding: Sliding partitions consists of series of panels that slide in tracks fixed to the floor and ceiling. The machine if the partition is similar to those of sliding doors.

Sliding & folding: Sliding and folding partitions operate in a similar manner to sliding folding doors. They are normally used for smaller spans.

Screens: Screens are usually constructed of a metal or timber frame. It is fixed with plywood and chipboard inside. The screen supported with legs for free standing and easy movement.

Pipe and drape : Fixed or telescopic uprights and horizontals provide a ground supported drape system with removable panels.

Boundary walls

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Stone wall of an English barnBoundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade into fences; the conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often is open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, if an exterior structure is made of wood or wire, it is generally referred to as a fence, while if it is made of masonry, it is considered a wall. A common term for both is barrier, convenient if it is partly a wall and partly a fence, for example the Berlin Wall. Another kind of wall/fence ambiguity is the ha-ha which is set below ground level, so as not to interrupt a view yet acting as a barrier to cattle for example.

An old Italian wall surrounded by flowersBefore the invention of artillery, many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" is derived from Latin vallum, which was a type of fortification wall. Since they are no longer relevant for defense, such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many of the walls, or portions thereof, have been torn down, for example in Rome, Italy and in Beijing, China. Examples of protective walls on a much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall.

Separation wallsSome walls are designed to formally separate one population from another. An example was the Berlin Wall, which divided East and West Berlin.Retaining walls

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In areas of rocky soils around the world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both.Retaining walls are a special type of wall, that may be either external to a building or part of a building, that serves to provide a barrier to the movement of earth, stone or water. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall will be noticeably higher than on the other side. A dike is one type of retaining wall, as is a levee, a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall.

Shared wallsSpecial laws often govern walls shared by neighbouring properties. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking a wall on one side will break the wall on the other side.Portable wallsPortable walls, such as room dividers or portable partitions, are used to take a large open space and effectively divide it into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static such as cubicle walls, or they can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels and corporate facilities.

EtymologyIt is notable that English uses the same word to refer to an external wall, and the internal sides of a room. This is by no means universal, and many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer, in Spanish between pared and muro.

Walls in popular cultureWalls are often seen in popular culture representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example, the progressive/psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd used a metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept album The Wall. American poet laureate Robert Frost describes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem Mending Wall. In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall, constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation.In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier.Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook previously used an electronic "wall" to log the scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the "timeline" feature.

Physiological wallIn marathon running a runner can 'hit' 'the wall'. A point where the human brain and body feels like it cannot be pushed further or continue. Runners find this incredibly hard to break through and continue.A wall can also refer to something that the human mind is blocking or hiding from memory but this is debatable.

RAINWATER DOWNPIPES

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A downspout, waterspout, downpipe, drain spout, roof drain pipe, leader or rone (Scotland) is a vertical pipe for carrying rainwater from a rain gutter to ground level. There the water is directed away from the building's foundation and to a sewer, rainwater harvesting, or let into the ground through seepage.The bottom of the downspout often has an elbow which directs the water away from the building.This is to protect a building's foundation from water damage. Decorative heads are occasionally added, these being low-height gargoyles.Information on copper downspouts is available.

Lounge sets

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Dining room sets

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Patio furnitureGarden furniture, also called patio furniture and outdoor furniture, is a type of furniture specifically designed for outdoor use. It is typically made of weather-resistant materials. The oldest surviving examples of garden furniture were found in the gardens of Pompeii.

Types of furniture

An area of typical patio furniture, including umbrellas, in Taiwan.SeatingGarden furniture is often sold as a patio set consisting of a table, four or six chairs, and a (parasol). A picnic table is used for the purpose of eating a meal outdoors. Long chairs, referred to as chaise longue, are also common items.Temperature controlSee also: Outdoor fireplaceThe British 'garden parasol' or American 'garden umbrella' is the term for a specialised type of umbrella designed to provide shade from the sun. Parasols are either secured in a weighted base or a built in mount in the paving. Some are movable around outdoor tables and seating, others centred through a hole mid-table.Patio heaters are used to enable people to sit outside at night or in cold weather. They can be permanently mounted on eaves and patio roofs, or portable and self-supporting. They can operate on electricity, propane, bottled butane (small units), or natural gas. The latter can be plumbed into permanent locations or attached to 'quick-connect' outlets.Modular outdoor fire pits and portable fire bowls have become widely available in many materials to extend outdoor living. The tall clay Chimeneas of North America are an example.Materials

Green plastic garden furnitureThe most commonly sold types of patio sets are made of plastic, wood, aluminium, wicker, and wrought iron.

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Wooden garden furniture can suffer through exposure to the elements and therefore needs to be periodically treated. Teak is a commonly used material for outdoor furniture. It naturally contains silica, which makes it resistant to fungal decay, many of the effects of water (such as rot, swelling and warping), as well as chemicals. It is also resistant to fire, acid and alkalis, and there are certain oils specifically for the treatment of teak to help it resist weather and the adverse effects of being outside.Aluminium garden furniture is robust and long-lasting. However, if the protective coating is compromised it will corrode. Plastic garden furniture is naturally waterproof, so it can be left out year-round.Wicker outdoor living furniture was originally made from the stems of any one of 600 species of palms found in tropical regions all over the world. The palm stems were tightly woven into interlocking panels, and formed into the desired structure. Now, most modern wicker furniture is made from synthetic resin, increasing the life expectancy and reducing manufacturing costs. Today's resin furniture is often made of recycled plastic and incredibly durable, usually carrying warranties of 20 years or longer. It can be moulded to resemble real wood or wicker.

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Electrical fittings and wiring detail

Please use these diagram-electrical-wiring instructions carefully for all electrical installations. There's never any reason to be working with live or energized circuits.I got my electrical training as an apprentice because I wanted to become an electrician.Later I learned about electric theory from a technical college as I applied it to telecommunications and residential electrical wiring.I went into electronics training because I was tired of working outside in the harsh weather. My very first job after trade school was a cozy indoor job working on computer network communication lines. According to my luck, that same job switched from T1 data lines to satellite wireless systems and I found myself working on the roof tops out in the cold again for another 11 years.Anyway, that's the life of electrical technicians.From start to finish, I will address the Electrical installation in its many aspects and components, starting with wiring the service entrance.Then I'll give a breakdown on cables and wiring for a better understanding of how electricity is used. It's also necessary to have a good understanding of breakers and fuses to prevent overloads.Simple lighting circuits are easy to install, yet still need a small level of skill. Complex lighting circuits take a little head-scratching to figure out, but I've made some good diagrams of these.The big bad boys that need special attention are the dedicated high-voltage circuits. These need to be done correctly.Next on the list is phone and doorbell wiring. This is easy and fun. Every home needs to have computer network wiring to connect to all computers in your home and to prevent spying from nosy neighbors because you thought wireless was a good idea. Finally, all homes should have Cable and satellite TV wiring just to be prepared for the future.We'll start off with some terminology. We used to refer to electrical circuits as 110-volts and 220-volts. We now refer to them as 120-volts and 240-volts. The actual voltage is right around 119-volts. This varies from place to place, but you might still hear it referred to as 110-volts. Many diagram-electrical-wiring circuits still use this term.Don't worry, some people can't let go of the past. For us modern folk, it's 120-volt circuits. A 240-volt diagram-electrical-wiring circuit is just two 120-volt circuits put together for that extra bit of umph! Ovens, water heaters, clothes dryers, and HVAC(heating, venting, and air-conditioning)systems need a little extra voltage, so we give them two hot lines instead of one. I'll go over it a little at a time. We do most of the work with non-metallic sheathed cable, but I'm just going to refer to it as Romex. Almost every electrical contractor uses this term. Romex comes in different sizes and kinds for special uses. The type of wire is marked on both the cable and the box it comes in.For example "12-2" first describes the thickness of the wire, being 12-gauge wire. The "2" says there are 2 service wires inside. That is a hot(black) wire and a neutral(white) wire. There is also a bare copper ground wire. I know that makes three wires in total, but the ground doesn't count. Why not? I don't know! We all just kind of go along with that one.So, "12-3" says there is three wires in there. There is an extra hot(red) wire for three-way switches. I'll go over that too. See the pics. Most diagram-electrical-wiring circuits don't say Romex on the cables, don't worry about it. It's a common term at electric supply places.

The gauge tells how thick the wire is. The lower the gauge, the thicker the wire. Naturally, thicker, heavier wire can tolerate more electrical current without getting too hot. Diagram-electrical-wiring circuits usually won't have the type and size of cable listed. It's just kind of a known thing that lights and outlets use 12-gauge cable.

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Let's begin the actual work by putting electrical boxes in wherever there will be a single light switch, an outlet, a phone jack, or a data port. Light switches that have more than one switch will require a bigger box.These are some of the box types you can use. Some locations won't let you use plastic boxes. The places where you get electric supplies can usually tell you the code for the boxes.Once all the boxes are in place, you can start running cable. You will need to have the cables run from box to box before your first Electrical inspection. They don't have to be connected to anything, but all the wires should be run and the wiring inspected before the drywall goes on. The experienced electrical contractor will have the work inspected before the sheetrock goes on.For lights and receptacles, you can use 12-2 Romex for the electrical. Some locations still allow 14-2 Romex, but I think that is no longer adequate for an electric supply. Any diagram-electrical-wiring plan should have adequate wiring for future expansion.

Most outlet receptacles have four terminal screws, two on each side, two neutral and two hot. They are wired so that the circuit is continuous.A more practical method in wiring receptacles is called "pigtailing". Pigtailing uses wire nuts to consolidate wires so that only one wire goes to each terminal. This is especially necessary in Ground Fault Interrupter Circuits.

Pigtailing, for example, takes both ends of the neutral wire(incoming and outgoing) and joins them both together along with a third white wire that goes to the terminal. You will do this with the black wire and the copper wire also in plastic boxes. The experienced electrical contractor uses pigtails a lot.We'll do a simple light circuit next. The Romex comes from the circuit to the light first, then on to the switch. This is how it looks. Keep in mind that there are several ways of running circuits. This is just one way. This is part of a clean diagram-electrical-wiring plan.

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Prepping the cables-and-wiring for the receptacles and switches couldn’t be easier if you have some good wire strippers. You can get these at any electrical supply outlet. You will need to strip about ¾ -inch off the wire and make a bend in the direction that the screw will turn on the receptacle or switch.Tighten down the screws really well. Most cables-and-wiring receptacles and switches have insertion fittings or holes on the back to put wires in. This gives more options, but seldom do electricians use the insertion fittings because it crowds the wires inside the box often causing wire connectors to come apart. Every electrical contractor I have ever known uses the screws on the side of the receptacle.Circuits forHome-improvement-electrical systemsNow let’s get into some circuit runs for home-improvement-electrical projects. We’ll start with a plain outlet receptacle. Your local codes will indicate the number of minimum electrical outlets each wall will need.I prefer to have a lot of outlets. Most electrical inspectors encourage homeowners to have more outlets than needed these days for future expansion.In these modern times where we have computers, the peripherals for the computer like printers, scanners, speakers, monitors, and external drives can completely fill up one eight-slot surge protector with several things left to plug in.It’s the same for TV/Stereo entertainment centers. Remember, outlet boxes and receptacles are very inexpensive so definitely put in plenty outlets. I thought I had gone way overboard by putting outlets about every eight feet. Still there are times when I could use another plug.The picture below shows how to connect a plain receptacle in the middle of the circuit and at the end of a circuit run. In the middle of a circuit run, one cable comes into the box and one cable goes out of the box on to the next receptacle or switch.At the end of the run, there is just a cable coming into the box, so only one hot terminal and one neutral terminal screw is used. Hot terminal screws are usually brass colored and neutral terminal screws are silver. The ground wire attaches to a grounding screw that is usually green.You will have to use only GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) receptacles in the kitchen, bathrooms, and outside outlets. It is a code requirement for home-improvement-electrical wiring upgrades.You will want to wire the GFCI receptacles in a pigtail style and not in a continuous circuit like normal receptacles. You can wire GFCI receptacles like normal receptacles where you have both incoming and outgoing hot and neutral wires on each side, but if a GFCI trips, then everything after it on the circuit will be dead until the GFCI is reset. Not only that, but when you put too many loads on a GFCI, it will trip more often and you will be resetting it constantly.It’s better to make a splice off of the circuit with wire nuts and have only one hot and one neutral going into the “line” terminals on each side. That is called a “pigtail”.

Next, let’s move on to the home-improvement-electrical lighting. There are a few different kinds of light switches, but they all have one thing in common.A switch is just a voltage interrupter within the hot wires that either completes the circuit, or breaks it. This shows some of the basic light switches that are used frequently in residential construction.

Single-pole switches activate a light or lights, from only one location. Three-way switches activate a light or lights from two locations. Four-way switches activate a light or lights from more than two locations.Diagrams for light-switch-wiring for new homesA good house design plan includes light-switch-wiring for interior light fixtures and bath fixture lighting. Also kitchen lighting , office lighting, dining room lighting, and family room lights.

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The color of the wires is especially important, so you may want to squint at the drawings to better understand them.The diagram below shows a simple single pole light switch diagram with the switch before the light in the circuit run.

The diagram below shows a single-pole with the switch behind the light. In this case, an extra hot wire is needed so it is legal to paint or wrap electricians’ tape around both ends of the white wire.

Three-way switches are a little confusing at first, but after you look at the diagram and think it through, it’ll make perfect sense.The easiest way for three-ways is to place the light between the two switches. You might have to go to an electric supply store for these switches.

Another way is to put the light at the end of the switches as shown in the electrical wiring diagram belowFour-way switches sound confusing, but they are quite simple. Just remember this one thing: four-way switches are always between three-way switches.You can have one light that is controlled from a dozen locations, but you’ll start with a three-way switch at the start of the light circuit, place ten four-ways in between, and then end with another three-way switch. Are you confused? Yeah, me too.Many homes, especially those with garages, have lights controlled from many locations. You need to be able to turn the garage light on when you’re entering from outside, or entering from upstairs, or downstairs into the garage.You will want to be able to turn the same light on or off from any surrounding part of the garage outside or inside. Any place where there is a doorway or entrance should have a light switch.Three-way switches aren’t really “three way” at all. They’re only two-way if you consider that a light can only be controlled from two locations with three-way switches. I don’t know where that word came from, but if you need to have a light controlled from three locations, you will need to start with a three-way, put a four-way in the middle, and end with another three-way. See the diagram below.

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Dedicated circuits are easier to run than lighting circuits because there isn’t any branch circuitry. There is only one thing on each circuit.This is a definite code requirement. The dedicated circuits will require special wire and breakers.Each appliance will have a specific outlet or plug that will be used. The only appliance that has no outlet is the water heater. It will be hard-wired which means the cable will run from the wall directly into the water heater’s own wiring box inside the water heater.Any cable that comes out of the wall through the sheetrock should be encased in flex conduit (BX Cable) or wire loom and fastened at each end from the wall to the appliance with cable fasteners or grommets.The water heater circuit will be a Romex 10-2 cable utilizing both black and white wires as hot lines. This gives the water heater a total of 240 volts.

Easy basic-house-wiring-diagramfor phones, doorbells, and security systemsNow, let’s take a look at the basic-house-wiring-diagram for low voltage wiring which is used mainly in doorbells, residential phone systems, alarms, audio speakers, and intercom devices also use low voltage wiring.Most electrical contractors will install these communication lines, but due to the complexity of home wiring, many contractors leave communications wiring to residential phone services professionals.Doorbell wiring ties in to the electric circuitry of your home by means of a transformer that reduces voltage. The transformer will fit into a junction box just like a light or a switch.The illustration below shows a doorbell controlled from two locations. Usually the chime is different between the front and back so you know which door to answer.The 120-volt line goes into the transformer and usually two small lines go to each doorbell. The wires are usually about 18-guage and carry a voltage smaller than 12-volts.

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Waste-water disposal (sewerage)Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Municipal wastewater is usually conveyed in a combined sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant or septic tank. Treated wastewater is discharged into a receiving water via an effluent sewer.Sewage is the subset of wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, but is often used to mean any wastewater. Sewage includes domestic, municipal, or industrial liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a pipe or sewer (sanitary or combined), sometimes in a cesspool emptier.Sewerage is the physical infrastructure, including pipes, pumps, screens, channels etc. used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal. It is found in all types of sewage treatment, with the exception of septic systems, which treat sewage on-site.

OriginWastewater or sewage can come from (text in brackets indicates likely inclusions or contaminants):

Human waste (fæces, used toilet paper or wipes, urine, or other bodily fluids), also known as blackwater, usually from lavatories;

Cesspit leakage; Septic tank discharge; Sewage treatment plant discharge; Washing water (personal, clothes, floors, dishes, etc.), also known as greywater or sullage; Rainfall collected on roofs, yards, hard-standings, etc. (generally clean with traces of oils and fuel); Groundwater infiltrated into sewage; Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic sources (drinks, cooking oil, pesticides, lubricating oil, paint,

cleaning liquids, etc.); Urban rainfall runoff from roads, carparks, roofs, sidewalks, or pavements (contains oils, animal feces, litter,

gasoline, diesel or rubber residues, metals from vehicle exhausts, etc.); Seawater ingress (high volumes of salt and microbes); Direct ingress of river water (high volumes of micro-biota); Direct ingress of manmade liquids (illegal disposal of pesticides, used oils, etc.); Highway drainage (oil, de-icing agents, rubber residues); Storm drains (almost anything, including cars, shopping trolleys, trees, cattle, etc.); Blackwater (surface water contaminated by sewage); Industrial waste industrial site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical residues);

o Industrial cooling waters (biocides, heat, slimes, silt);o Industrial process waters;o Organic or biodegradable waste, including waste from abattoirs, creameries, and ice cream manufacture;o Organic or non bio-degradable/difficult-to-treat waste (pharmaceutical or pesticide manufacturing);o Extreme pH waste (from acid/alkali manufacturing, metal plating);o Toxic waste (metal plating, cyanide production, pesticide manufacturing, etc.);o Solids and emulsions (paper manufacturing, foodstuffs, lubricating and hydraulic oil manufacturing,

etc.);o Agricultural drainage, direct and diffuse.o Hydraulic fracturing

Wastewater constituents

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The composition of wastewater varies widely. This is a partial list of what it may contain: Water ( > 95%) which is often added during flushing to carry waste down a drain; Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, prions and parasitic worms; Non-pathogenic bacteria; Organic particles such as feces, hairs, food, vomit, paper fibers, plant material, humus, etc.; Soluble organic material such as urea, fruit sugars, soluble proteins, drugs, pharmaceuticals, etc.; Inorganic particles such as sand, grit, metal particles, ceramics, etc.; Soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, road-salt, sea-salt, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, thiocyanates,

thiosulfates, etc.; Animals such as protozoa, insects, arthropods, small fish, etc.; Macro-solids such as sanitary napkins, nappies/diapers, condoms, needles, children's toys, dead animals or plants,

etc.; Gases such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.; Emulsions such as paints, adhesives, mayonnaise, hair colorants, emulsified oils, etc.; Toxins such as pesticides, poisons, herbicides, etc. Pharmaceuticals and hormones.

Sewage disposalIn some urban areas, sewage is carried separately in sanitary sewers and runoff from streets is carried in storm drains. Access to either of these is typically through a manhole. During high precipitation periods a sanitary sewer overflow can occur, forcing untreated sewage to flow back into the environment. This can pose a serious threat to public health and the surrounding environment.Sewage may drain directly into major watersheds with minimal or no treatment. When untreated, sewage can have serious impacts on the quality of an environment and on the health of people. Pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses. Some chemicals pose risks even at very low concentrations and can remain a threat for long periods of time because of bioaccumulation in animal or human tissue.

TreatmentThere are numerous processes that can be used to clean up wastewaters depending on the type and extent of contamination. There are two basic approaches: to use the waste in the water as a resource (such as constructed wetlands) or strictly as a pollution (such as the majority of today's treatment plants). Most wastewater is treated in industrial-scale energy intensive wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which include physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. However, the use of septic tanks and other On-Site Sewage Facilities (OSSF) is widespread in rural areas, serving up to one quarter of the homes in the U.S.The most important aerobic treatment system is the activated sludge process, based on the maintenance and recirculation of a complex biomass composed by micro-organisms able to absorb and adsorb the organic matter carried in the wastewater. Anaerobic processes are also widely applied in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge. Some wastewater may be highly treated and reused as reclaimed water. Increasingly, for most wastewaters ecological approaches using reed bed systems such as constructed wetlands are being used. Tertiary treatment is being increasingly applied and most common technologies are micro filtration or synthetic membranes. After membrane filtration, the treated wastewater is indistinguishable from waters of natural origin of drinking quality (without its minerals). Nitrates can be removed from wastewater by natural processes in wetlands but also via intensive microbial denitrification, for which a small amount of methanol is typically added to provide the bacteria with a source of carbon. Ozone Wastewater Treatment is also growing in popularity, and requires the use of an ozone generator, which decontaminates the water as Ozone bubbles percolate through the tank but is energy intensive.Disposal of wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans. Constructed wetlands are being used in an increasing number of cases as they provided high quality and productive on-site treatment. Other Industrial processes that produce a lot of waste-waters such as paper and pulp production has created environmental concern leading to development of processes to recycle water use within plants before they have to be cleaned and disposed of.

ReuseTreated wastewater can be reused as drinking water, in industry (cooling towers), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in agriculture (70% of Israel's irrigated agriculture is based on highly purified wastewater)[citation needed] and in the rehabilitation of natural ecosystems (Florida's Everglades).

Use of untreated wastewater by agricultureAround 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste directly to water their crops.

Creosote poles

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Creosote is the portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties. It is produced in some quantities from the burning of wood and coal in blast furnaces and fireplaces; commonly found inside chimney flues when the wood or coal burns incompletely, producing soot and tarry smoke, and is the compound responsible for the preservation and the flavor of meat in the process of smoking. The name is derived from the Greek kréas (κρέας), meaning "flesh", and sōtēr (σωτήρ), meaning "preserver".

The two main types in industrial production are wood-tar creosote and coal-tar creosote. The coal-tar variety, having stronger and more toxic properties, has chiefly been used as a preservative for wood, while the wood-tar variety has been used for meat preservation, wood treatment, and for medicinal purposes as an expectorant, anti-septic, astringent, anaesthetic and laxative, though these have mostly been replaced by newer medicines. Coal-tar creosote had also, in the past, been used as an escharotic to burn malignant skin tissue and in dentistry to prevent necrosis but no longer is used that way because of its toxic, carcinogenic properties and because better and safer treatments are now available. Varieties of creosote have also been made from both petroleum and oil shale called oil-tar creosote, when derived from the oil tar, and water-gas-tar creosote when derived from the water gas tar. Creosote also has been made from pre-coal formations such as lignite, yielding lignite-tar creosote and peat, yielding peat-tar creosote.

Creosotes are commercially valuable and, therefore, are produced industrially on a large scale, either for direct use or as raw material for the production or extraction of various chemicals. There are several other names for such fluids, but most are not trustworthy, being regional, applying to only some variants, or to other fluids as well. For example, the term pitch oil can refer to either creosote-like fluids or kerosene.

Creosote oils

For some part of their history, wood-tar creosote and coal-tar creosote were suggested to be the same substance — only in different purities — accounting for their common name; the two were determined only later to be chemically different substances. All types of creosote are composed of phenol derivatives and share some quantity of simple phenols, but these are not the only active element of any creosote. For its useful effect, wood-tar creosote relies on the presence of methyl ethers of phenol, and coal-tar creosote on the presence of naphthalenes and anthracenes; otherwise either would dissolve in water.

Creosote was first discovered in its wood-tar form in 1832 by Carl Reichenbach, when he found it both in the tar and in pyroligneous acids obtained by a dry distillation of beechwood. Because pyroligneous acid was known as an anti-septic and meat preservative, Reichenbach did experiments with dipping meat in a diluted solution of distilled creosote. He found that the meat was dried without undergoing putrefaction and had a delicious, smoky flavor. This led him to reason that creosote was the antiseptic principle contained in smoke, and he further argued that the creosote he had found in wood tar was also in coal tar, animal tar, and amber tar in the same abundance as in wood tar.

Carbolic acid was soon commonly sold under the name "creosote", and the rarity of wood-tar creosote in some places led chemists to believe that it was the same substance as described by Reichenbach. In the 1840s, Eugen Freiherr von Gorup-Besanez after realizing that two samples of substances labeled as creosote were different, started a series of investigations to determine the chemical nature of carbolic acid, leading to a conclusion that it more resembled chlorinated quinones and must have been a different, entirely unrelated substance. Independently, there were investigations into the chemical nature of creosote. A study by F.K. Völkel revealed that the smell of purified creosote resembled that of guaiacol, and later studies by Heinrich Hlasiwetz identified a substance common to guaiacum and creosote that he called creosol and determined that creosote contained a mixture of creosol and guaiacol. Later investigations by Gorup-Besanez, A.E. Hoffmann and Siegfried Marasse showed that wood-tar creosote also contained phenols, giving it a feature in common with coal-tar creosote.

Historically, coal-tar creosote has been distinguished from what was thought of as creosote proper — the original substance of Reichenbach's discovery — and referred to specifically as "creosote oil". But because creosote from coal-tar and wood-tar are obtained from a similar process and have some common uses, they have also been placed in the same class of substances, with the terms "creosote" or "creosote oil" referring to either product.

Wood-tar creosote

Wood-tar creosote is a colourless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odor, produces a sooty flame when burned, and has a burned taste. It is buoyant, with a specific gravity of 1.037 to 1.087, retains fluidity at a very low temperature, and boils at 205-225°C. When transparent, it is in its purest form. Dissolution in water requires up to 200 times the amount of water as the base creosote. The creosote is a combination of plant phenolics: primarily guaiacol and creosol (4-methylguaiacol), which will typically constitute 50% of the oil; second in prevalence, cresol and xylenol; the rest being a combination of monophenols and polyphenols.

The simple phenols are not the only valued element in wood-tar creosote; on their own they coagulate albumin, the water-soluble proteins contained in meat, so serve as a preserving agent, but also cause disintegration. Most of the phenols in the

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creosote are methoxy derivatives — they contain the methoxy group linked to the benzene nucleus (O–CH3). The level of high methyl derivates created from the action of heat on wood (also apparent in the methyl alcohol produced through distillation) make wood-tar creosote substantially different from coal-tar creosote. Guaiacol is a methyl ether of pyrocatechin, while creosol is a methyl ether of methyl-pyrocatechin, the next homolog of pyrocatechin. Methyl ethers differ from simple phenols in being less soluble in water, and less caustic and poisonous. This allows meat to successfully be preserved without disintegration, and allows creosote to be used as a medical treatment.

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benzothiophenes — and oxygen-containing heterocycles, dibenzofurans. Lastly, creosote will contain a small number of aromatic amines produced by the other substances during the distillation process and likely resulting from a combination of thermolysis and hydrogenation.The tar bases are often extracted by washing the creosote with aqueous mineral acid, although they're also suggested to have anti-septic ability similar to the tar acids.

Commercially used creosote is often treated to extract the carbolic acid, naphthalene, or anthracene content. The carbolic acid or naphthalene is generally extracted to be used in other commercial products. American produced creosote oils typically will have low amounts of anthracene and high amounts of naphthalene, because when forcing the distillate at a temperature that produces anthracene the soft pitch will be ruined and only the hard pitch will remain; this ruins it for use in roofing purposes, and only leaves a product which isn't commercially useful.

Current uses

Industrial

Coal-tar creosote is the most widely used wood treatment today; both industrially, processed into wood using pressure methods such as "full-cell process" or "empty-cell process", and more commonly applied to wood through brushing. In addition to toxicity to fungi, insects, and marine borers, it serves as a natural water repellant. Its commonly used to preserve and waterproof cross ties, pilings, telephone poles, power line poles, marine pilings, and fence posts. Although suitable for use in preserving the structural timbers of buildings, it is not generally used that way because it is difficult to apply.

Due to its carcinogenic character, the European Union has regulated the quality of creosote for the EU market and requires that the sale of creosote be limited to professional users.The United States Environmental Protection Agency regulates the use of coal tar creosote as a wood preservative under the provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Creosote is considered a restricted-use pesticide and is only available to licensed pesticide applicators.

LAYOUTS OF SELF-CATERING ACCOMODATION UNITS

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OLD CAPE DUTCH STYLE ARCHITECTURE USED IN THE MONTAGU AREA

IDENTITY THROUGH DETAIL: ARCHITECTURE ANDCULTURAL ASPIRATION IN MONTAGU,SOUTH AFRICA, 1850-1915THE ANTHROPOLOGIST ROBERT THORNTON HAS SUGGESTED THAT TRADITION AND CULTURE AREused by groups within a society to create identity and status boundaries. Such activityoccurred in the development of the South African colonial town of Montagu. By the mid-nineteenthcentury the small-farmer elite of the area had marked out a clear status hierarchyon the landscape through the form of their residential architecture. This architecture reliedon British patterns of space making and British-inspired systems of detail that connoted theconcept of progress that was important to their self-image. But the architectural symbolismschosen by this first generation represented only a transitional phase in the overall developmentof the architectural form of the town. As Montagu changed from an agriculturalsettlement to a more complex town by the end o f the century, old symbolisms were replacedby a new order whose distinctions were more subtle. This new order, which was influencedby much more far-reaching architectural developments, in many ways represented aninversion of the previous tradition. In the case of both styles, however, the deployment ofarchitectural form in the interest of social boundaries involved both "basic form" and "styleand detail," a pattern described elsewhere in the work of Henry Glassie.

BUILDING TYPES AND SOCIAL STATUS,1850-1885All high-status houses in the village and on the farms in thesurrounding district were one of three types, each adaptedfrom themes current in Cape building for generations: eitherthey were gabled houses with thatched roofs (FIGS. 4A, B),

rectangular houses with thatched roofs (FIG. 4D), or double storied,parapeted houses with flat roofs (FIG. 4C). The houseswere usually associated with our buildings for agricultural use,mainly wine cellars, and their plans were often the sameirrespective of type. For the most part these were representativeof the double-pile configuration typical of similar buildingsof the period throughout the Breede River Valley.The interiors of the houses were simply finished. Floors weregenerally boarded, although some had traditional peach-pipfloors in the kitchen area. Some had reed ceilings, but mosthad boarded ceilings on exposed beams. The interior wallswere plastered and lime-washed white, although a few had onespecial room that was wallpapered.

There was an intermediary category of buildings in thesettlement that may be discerned from the census, secondhouses on landholdings. Two examples of these survive, eachoriginally built for a son of a major landholder (they wereunusual because they were attached to a wine cellar) (FIG. 4£). 18But by and large most people in the village lived in modest cottages. These were one room deep, usually with double pitched,thatched roofs and gable ends (FIG. 4G), although theysometimes had flat roofs and parapets (FIG. 4F). 19 Either formcould be built with one, two, or three rooms in a row, or witha fourth room, usually a kitchen, added to form an "1." Thesebuildings could have different dimensions: more substantialhouses had an internal width of about 5.5 meters, but otherswere much narrower. A photograph of Montagu West20 takenin about 1915 shows a group of such houses which were obviouslyolder than the photograph. A few of these stillremain. They had very modest interiors, their rooms wereusually open to their thatched roofs, and their floors wereprobably of mud or cow dung.

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THE OLD CAPE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERBy way of contrast with this "English" model of a high-statusresidence, the old Cape architectural character had been theproduct of at least three particular "local" architectural features.The first of these was the distinctive block forms thathad developed during the eighteenth and early-nineteenthcenturies. During this period, pitched-roofed houses withfront and side gables, and double-storied houses with flat roofsand parapets, had become the typical dwellings of the colonialelite on the wine and wheat farms and in Cape Town, respectively.In these places such houses had become well-establishedsymbols of power and prosperity. Both building typeswere influenced by European practice, bur neither had a directparallel in Europe. A third type of residential structure, asimpler thatched-roofed house without gables, was also common;but in Montagu and the surrounding district several ofthe earliest farmhouses were gabled, and houses with frontgables continued to be built until the late 1870S.

Double-storied houses with parapets only appeared in theMontagu area around the late 1850S. In the countrydistricts the traditional construction technique for a flat roofwas the so-called brakdak, a rural version of the Cape Townmethod of using crushed brick on planking covered with alayer of plaster waterproofed with sea-shell lime or whale oil.In the rural version of this roofing method, round poles or sawnbeams supported a layer of reeds on which a bed of puddledclay was laid. Roofs of this type were common in the Karoci,

the driest part of the Cape, but even there they were notoriousfor leaking, In the Montagu District it seems the advent offlat-roofed houses may have been delayed until technicalproblems associated with waterproofing could be solved bythe introduction of corrugated iron sheeting shortly befote1860. By this time, ironically, double-storied houses in CapeTown were usually built with pitched roofs - flat roofshaving passed out of fashion. But it seems flat roofs wererevived in the country districts as a symbol of sophistication.In the first two decades after 1850 flat -roofed houses were farmore common in country villages than houses like theZeederberg house .The second characteristic of the old Cape architectural stylewas a distinctive pattern of space arrangement. Before thearrival of the British at the Cape, the interiors of most high statushouses, both in town and in the countryside, werecentred on the voorhuisand the agterhuis, the main receptionroom and the family living and dining room, respectively.These spaces occupied the central axis of a variety of planconfigurations, most of which were one room deep. In the Montagu District the original house on Uitvlugt had a"T" plan, as did the main house on Baden farm, built around1835. The main house on the farm Rietvlei II had a late "H"plan. In the town, 20 Bath Street, dated 1854 on its gable, wasbuilt with a "T" plan (FIG. 8). Bur after 1850 most high-statushouses in the Montagu District, both in the village and onsurrounding farms, were built with plan forms two roomsdeep.

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CHANGES TO THE OLD CHARACTERAfter 1850 these qualities that had defined high-status housesat the Cape for many years were greatly modified, even ingabled houses, the type most solidly rooted in the localtradition. Traditional technology was in part retained: houseswere still built with mud-brick walls; the poles of theirthatched roofs were still sometimes fixed with wooden pegsand leather thongs; and some houses still had reed ceilings andpeach-pip kitchen floors. But a range of new details borrowedfrom English practice were associated with these features, andthey had a marked effect on the visual and tactile qualities ofthe houses.The most obvious example of change came in the area ofjoinery, where the influence of the English pattern book, andsometimes even of the hand of English craftsmen, becameevident. However, English influence was not simply

a question of available skills, because plaster details were usedthat radically modified the architectural language of the wallin spite of the fact that village plasterers, unlike villagecarpenters, were not usually English. By the mid-1830S in thelarger centres, the taste for unornamented walls, which English-influenced buildings initially shared with the localtradition, had given way to a trend toward increased articulationof surfaces with robust moldings and rustications.

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After mid-century this tendency spread to the smaller villages,and plaster details of this kind began to appear even ongabled buildings. Some examples in the Montagu district arethe Malherbe house, with its heavy pilasters extending acrossthe entire facade, and Klaasvoogdsrivier II, with deeply incisedrustication on its gable window surrounds and quoins.

The extent to which details such as these transformedthe old Cape architectural character can be gauged if onecompares them to details of Montagu buildings which remainedcloser to the local tradition. Among these, one cannote the Joubert houses in Long and Bath Streets, both ofwhich have English joinery bur more traditional treatments ofwall surfaces.In light of this analysis, it is difficult to agree with Lewcockthat the old Cape character continued little changed invillages and on farms. After 1850 traditional elements such asgables were retained, bur in buildings with new plan configurations;traditional technology was still used, but as asupplement to other building methods; and traditional blockforms and technology were still evident, bur in combinationwith British patterns of space making and British-inspiredsystems of detail.The result was an ambiguous hybrid architecture that resistsclear stylistic categorization. This ambiguity was characteristicof all standard house types, even gabled houses. Bur it wasparticularly marked in the case of rectangular houses. If athatched roof were combined with walls that were plain rather than articulated, a rectangular house of striking traditional «

character could be obtained. On the other hand, therectangular shape could accommodate detail features likepilasters, plaster moldings, and rustication that could createa convincing "English" character. One such example, 24 BathStreet, had heavy pilasters and rusticated corners, plastermoldings around the windows, and a very up-to-date andsuperbly made round-headed, two-panelled, vertically divideddoor - a feature quite different from the eight-panelleddoors that were usual in most other Montagu houses of theperiod (FIG. 14B). Rectangular houses, therefore, could be readin two ways: as gabled houses without a gable, related to thelocal tradition; or as double-story houses without a secondstory, related to English practice. Either connotation could begiven by the combination of forms and details used.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF "ENGLISHNESS"The rapid spread of English-inspired plan forms and details invillage buildings after 1850 seems less the slow overcoming ofa moribund tradition than the rapid abandoning of a self imagethat had become obsolete. The obvious question, therefore, is whatkind of statements about identity did the trend toward"Englishness" in Montagu architecture signal.The English house represented civilization.However, it is also clear that many "Dutch" peopleresponded to this distinction between modernity and conservatism,particularly the so-called "Cape Dutch" who werelikely to be absorbed into mainstream English society from1850-1880.There was a curious twist to the meanings that architecturaltraditions seem to have had. Some English residentsin country settlements such as Montagu admired thecharacter of the local vernacular. What they admired was not"Dutch" planning, which they often explicitly condemned,but the aesthetic character of the "Dutch" village. Theyadmired it because it represented a romantic alternative to theindustrialized England from which they had escaped . Theypreferred the picturesqueness of white walls, gables, andthatch to what they sometimes saw as the mechanistic precisionof contemporary architectural models in their own culture. To "Dutch" village residents, however, such romanticismmust have been incomprehensible.

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Thatched roofsThatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost, local vegetation. By contrast in some developed countries it is now the choice of affluent people who desire a rustic look for their home, would like a more ecologically friendly roof, or who have purchased an originally thatched abode.

Thatch material

A closeup of the thatching.

Bundling technique used in straw thatching.

Inside view of a straw-thatched house.

Although thatch is popular in Germany, The Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium and Ireland, there are more thatched roofs in the United Kingdom than in any other European country. Good quality straw thatch can last for more than 50 years when applied by a skilled thatcher. Traditionally, a new layer of straw was simply applied over the weathered surface, and this ‘spar coating’ tradition has created accumulations of thatch over 7’ (2.1 m) thick on very old buildings. The straw is bundled into 'yelms' before it is taken up to the roof and then is attached using staples, known as 'spars', made from twisted hazel sticks. Over 250 roofs in Southern England have base coats of thatch that were applied over 500 years ago, providing direct evidence of the types of materials that were used for thatching in the medieval period. Almost all of these roofs are thatched with wheat,

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rye, or a 'maslin' mixture of both. Medieval wheat grew to almost 6 feet (1.8 m) tall in very poor soils and produced durable straw for the roof and grain for baking bread.

All of the evidence indicates that water reed was rarely used for thatching outside of East Anglia. It has traditionally been a 'one coat' material applied in a similar way to how it is used in continental Europe — weathered reed is usually stripped and replaced by a new layer. It takes 4–5 acres of well-managed reed bed to produce enough reed to thatch an average house, and large reed beds have been uncommon in most of England since the Anglo-Saxon period. Over 80% of the water reed used in the UK is now imported from Turkey, Eastern Europe, China and South Africa. Although water reed might last for 50 years or more on a steep roof in a dry climate, modern imported water reed on an average roof in England will not last any longer than good quality wheat straw. The lifespan of a thatched roof is also dependent on the skill of the thatcher, but other factors need to be taken into account, such as climate, quality of the materials used, and the pitch of the roof.

In areas where palms are abundant, palm leaves are used to thatch walls and roofs. Many species of palm trees are called "thatch palm", or have "thatch" as part of their common names. In the southeastern United States, Indian and pioneer houses were often constructed of palmetto-leaf thatch. The chickees of the Seminole and Miccosukee Indians are still thatched with palmetto leaves.

Maintenance in temperate climates

Good thatch will not require frequent maintenance. In England a ridge will normally last 8–14 years, and re-ridging will be required several times during the lifespan of a thatch. Covering thatch with wire netting is no longer recommended, as this will slow evaporation and reduce its longevity. Moss can be a problem if it is very thick, but is not usually detrimental, and many species of moss are actually protective.

The Thatcher's Craft, 1960remains the most widely used reference book on the techniques used for thatching.The thickness of a layer of thatch decreases over time as the surface gradually turns to compost and is blown off the roof by wind and rain. A thatched roof can be thought to be nearing replacement when the horizontal wooden 'sways' and hair-pin 'spars', also known as 'gads'(twisted hazel 'staples') that fix each course become visible near the surface. It is not total depth of the thatch within a new layer applied to a new roof that will determine its longevity, but rather how much weathering thatch covers the fixings of every overlapping course. “A roof is as good as the amount of correctly laid thatch covering the fixings.”

Flammability

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Thatch is not as flammable as many people believe and burns slowly 'like a closed book'. The vast majority of fires are linked to the use of wood burners and faulty chimneys with degraded or poorly inserted or maintained flues. Sparks from paper or burned rubbish can ignite dry thatch on the surface around a chimney. Fires can also begin when sparks or flames work their way through a degraded chimney and ignite the surrounding semi-charred thatch. This can be avoided by ensuring that the chimney is in good condition, which may involve stripping thatch immediately surrounding the chimney to the full depth of the stack. This can easily be done without stripping thatch over the entire roof. Insurance premiums on thatched houses are higher than average in part because of the perception that thatched roofs are a fire hazard, but also because a thatch fire can cause extensive smoke damage and a thatched roof is more expensive to replace than a standard tiled/slate roof. Workmen should never be allowed to use an open flame near thatch, and nothing should be burnt that could fly up the chimney and ignite the surface of the thatch. Spark arrestors usually cause more damage than good as they are easily blocked and reduce air flow. All thatched roofs should have smoke detectors in the roof space. A spray-on fire retardant or pressure impregnated fire retardants are available to reduce the spread of flame and radiated heat output, but are not a substitute for common sense and fire prevention planning.

On new buildings a solid fire retardant barrier can be applied over the rafters making the thatch sacrificial in case of fire. If fireboards are used, it is essential that a ventilation gap be left between the boarding and the thatch so that the roof can 'breathe', as condensation can be a significant problem in thin, single layer thatch. Condensation is much less of a problem on thick straw roofs, which also provide much better insulation since they do not need to be ventilated.

Disadvantages

Thatched houses are harder to insure because of the perceived fire risk, and because thatching is labour intensive it is much more expensive to thatch a roof than to cover it with slate or tiles. Birds can damage a roof while they are foraging for grubs, and rodents are attracted by residual grain in straw.

Thatched hut in Lesotho.

New thatched roofs were forbidden in London by the Normans in the 12th century, and existing roofs had to have their surfaces plastered to reduce the risk of fire. The Great Fire of London in 1666 had nothing to do with thatch. The modern Globe Theatre is one of the few thatched buildings in London (others can be found in the suburb of Kingsbury), but the Globe's modern, water reed thatch is purely for decorative purpose and actually lies over a fully waterproofed roof built with modern materials. The Globe Theatre, opened in 1997, was modelled on the Rose which was destroyed by a fire on a dry June night in 1613 when a burning wad of cloth ejected from a special effects cannon during a performance set light to the surface of the thatch. The original Rose theatre was actually thatched with cereal straw, a sample of which was recovered by Museum of London archaeologists during the excavation of the site in the 1980s.

It is claimed that thatch cannot cope with regular snowfall but, as with all roofing materials, this depends on the strength of the underlying roof structure and the pitch of the surface. A law passed in 1640 in Massachusetts outlawed the use of thatched roofs in the colony for this reason. Thatch is lighter than most other roofing materials, typically around 7 lb per square foot, so the roof supporting it does not need to be so heavily constructed, but if snow is allowed to accumulate on a lightly constructed thatched roof it could collapse. A thatched roof is usually pitched between 45–55 degrees and under normal circumstances this is sufficient to shed snow and water. In areas of extreme snowfall, such as parts of Japan, the pitch is increased further.

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Built- in-heating systems

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms. When combined with other systems in order to control the building climate, the whole system may be an HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system.

Central heating differs from local heating in that the heat generation occurs in one place, such as a furnace room in a house or a mechanical room in a large building (though not necessarily at the "central" geometric point). The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion of fossil fuel in a furnace or boiler. The resultant heat then gets distributed: typically by forced-air through ductwork, by water circulating through pipes, or by steam fed through pipes. Increasingly, buildings utilize solar-powered heat sources, in which case the distribution system normally uses water circulation.

In much of the temperate climate zone, most new housing has come with central heating installed since the Second World War, at least. Such areas normally use gas heaters, district heating, or oil-fired system, often using forced-air systems. Steam-heating systems, fired by coal, oil or gas, are also used, primarily for larger buildings. Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are practical only with low-cost electricity or when ground source heat pumps are used. Considering the combined system of central generating plant and electric resistance heating, the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating.

Water heating

Common components of a central heating system using water-circulation include:

Gas supply lines (sometimes including a propane tank), oil tank and supply lines or district heating supply lines

Boiler (or a heat exchanger for district heating): heats water in a closed-water system

Pump : circulates the water in the closed system

Radiators : wall-mounted panels through which the heated water passes in order to release heat into rooms

Engineers in the United Kingdom and in other parts of Europe commonly combine the needs of room heating with hot-water heating and storage. These systems occur less commonly in the USA. In this case, the heated water in a sealed system flows through a heat exchanger in a hot-water tank or hot-water cylinder where it heats

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water from the normal water supply before that water gets fed to hot-water outlets in the house. These outlets may service hot-water taps or appliances such as washing machines or dishwashers.

Electric and gas-fired heaters

Electric heating or resistance heating converts electricity directly to heat. Electric heat is often more expensive than heat produced by combustion appliances like natural gas, propane, and oil. Electric resistance heat can be provided by baseboard heaters, space heaters, radiant heaters, furnaces, wall heaters, or thermal storage systems.

Electric heaters are usually part of a fan coil which is part of a central air conditioner. They circulate heat by blowing air across the heating element which is supplied to the furnace through return air ducts. Blowers in electric furnaces move air over one to five resistance coils or elements which are usually rated at five kilowatts. The heating elements activate one at a time to avoid overloading the electrical system. Overheating is prevented by a safety switch called a limit controller or limit switch. This limit controller may shut the furnace off if the blower fails or if something is blocking the air flow. The heated air is then sent back through the home through supply ducts.

In larger commercial applications, central heating is provided through an air handler which incorporates similar components as a furnace but on a larger scale.

Hydronic and steam systems

Hydronic heating systems are systems that circulate a medium for heating. Hydronic radiant floor heating systems use a boiler or district heating to heat water and a pump to circulate the hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab. The pipes, embedded in the floor, carry heated water that conducts warmth to the surface of the floor, where it broadcasts heat energy to the room above.

Hydronic systems circulate hot water for heating. Steam heating systems are similar to heating water systems, except that steam is used as the heating medium instead of water.

Hydronic heating systems generally consist of a boiler or district heating heat exchanger, hot water circulating pumps, distribution piping, and a fan coil unit or a radiator located in the room or space. Steam heating systems are similar, except that no circulating pumps are required.

Hydronic systems are closed loop: the same fluid is heated and then reheated. Hydronic heating systems are also used with antifreeze solutions in ice and snow melt systems for walkways, parking lots and streets. They are more commonly used in commercial and whole house radiant floor heat projects, whereas electric radiant heat systems are more commonly used in smaller "spot warming" applications.

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Heat pumps

In mild climates a heat pump can be used to air condition the building during hot weather, and to warm the building using heat extracted from outdoor air in cold weather. Air-source heat pumps are generally uneconomic for outdoor temperatures much below freezing. In colder climates, geothermal heat pumps can be used to extract heat from the ground. For economy, these systems are designed for average low winter temperatures and use supplemental heating for extreme low temperature conditions. The advantage of the heat pump is that it reduces the purchased energy required for building heating; often geothermal source systems also supply domestic hot water.

Environmental aspects

From an energy-efficiency standpoint considerable heat gets lost or goes to waste if only a single room needs heating, since central heating has distribution losses and (in the case of forced-air systems particularly) may heat some unoccupied rooms without need. In such buildings which require isolated heating, one may wish to consider non-central systems such as individual room heaters, fireplaces or other devices. Alternatively, architects can design new buildings which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, such as those built to the Passive House standard.

However, if a building does need full heating, combustion central heating offers a more environmentally friendly solution than electric-air central heating or than other direct electric heating devices. This stems from the fact that most electricity originates remotely using fossil fuels, with up to two-thirds of the energy in the fuel lost (unless utilized for district heating) at the power station and in transmission losses. In contrast, hot-water central heating systems can use water heated in or close to the building using high-efficiency condensing boilers, biofuels, or district heating. Wet underfloor heating has proven ideal. This offers the option of relatively easy conversion in the future to use developing technologies such as heat pumps and solar combisystems, thereby also providing future-proofing.

Fireplace

A fireplace is an architectural structure designed to contain a fire. Fireplaces are used at the present time mostly for the relaxing ambiance they create. Historically they were used for the practical purposes of heating, cooking, and heating water for laundry and domestic uses. A fire is contained in a firebox or firepit; a chimney or other flue allows exhaust to escape. A fireplace may have: a foundation; a hearth; a firebox; a mantelpiece; a chimney crane, used in kitchen and laundry fireplaces; a grate; a lintel; a lintel bar; overmantel; a damper; a smoke chamber; a throat; a flue. On the exterior there is often a corbeled brick crown; the projecting courses of brick act as a drip course to keep rainwater from running down the exterior walls. A cap, hood, or shroud serves to keep rainwater out of the exterior of the chimney; rain in the chimney is a much greater problem in chimneys lined with impervious flue tiles or metal liners than with the traditional masonry chimney, which soaks up all but the most violent rain. Some chimneys have a spark arrestor incorporated into the crown or cap.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CONCLUSION

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DESIGN 1#

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DESIGN2#

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DESIGN 3#

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