research article volume 4-1 (2018) qi = flow outside each section i within the riveri + 1 (m³ day...

Abstract

The watershed of the Rio Conchos, San Pedro includes an area of 50.493km2, which classifies it as a watershed "very large". The main channel lengthwas estimated at 907 km, the distance between the ends of the basin was265 km, the maximum acho basin was estimated at 299 km, with aperimeter of 2,358 Km height variation ranged from 897 to 2.996 metersabove sea level. In these ecosystems logging practices, intensivemanagement of cattle, goats, horses, donkeys, sheep and pigs, extraction ofheavy minerals such as gold, silver, sulfur, copper, zinc and iron amongothers, in addition to both temporally and agriculture under irrigation,which use a lot of agrochemicals, which alters the surface water qualitymainly. The objective of this work was to study the overall quality of surfacewater by comparing the results obtained in the field and in the laboratoryagainst the simulated values by modeling QUAL2Kw computational model(5.1) The model of Washington State Department of Ecology-QUAL2Kw(Pelletier and Chapra, (2008), was selected as the best that is currentlyavailable to simulate the complete water quality in sections of any river.During the years 2010-2012, were selected, 13 sites representing differentgrades of water throughout the watershed of the Rio Conchos-Rio SanPedro. With a GPS, was recorded altitude, latitude and longitude of eachpoint within area concerned. It took five samples of water at selected sites(September 2010, September 2011). Was determined: temperature, pH,dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, totalphosphorus, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity of water,according to the methodology cited in NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996,(Ministry of Economy , 2010), in addition to appropriate, the flow velocityof the water, the cross-section and maximum depth of the river. Wedeveloped QUAL2Kw model validation (5.1 Pelletier and Chapra, (2008).In the Conchos River Basin, which could record a very high concentrationof phosphorus (65 mg L‑¹⁾, from Ciudad Juarez, on the Rio Grande, thesediment transport in all rivers of Chihuahua where appropriated valuesgreater than 1000 NTU, by dragging soil particles such as sand, silt and claydue to the high degree of deforestation and degraded pastures byovergrazing and drought, low dissolved oxygen, (4 mg L-¹), Fecal Coliformhigh concentration (over 2400 MPN/100 ML) in wastewater from the Cityof Parral Parral arising directly into the river, indicating strong degree ofcontamination. Wastewater from Ciudad Juarez, show phosphoruscontamination. Water discharges to the river are heavily contaminatedparral. All sampled points within the watershed of the Laguna de Bustillosalso show pollution. The quantity and quality of water was adequatelymodeled by QUAL2Kw (5.1) along the main channel of all Conchos basin.

Keywords:Microbiological, Chemical and Physical Contamination,Pollution

Introduction

In the area, rainfed agriculture is practiced in the upper partof the basin where corn is grown , under rainy conditions,when the weather (rain) allows it, since in the last twenty

years, drought conditions have been present and Thispractice has caused great havoc. In the middle part of thebasin there are two important dams Francisco IndalecioMadero, and La Boquilla , which allow the irrigation ofagricultural crops, under conditions of irrigation, excellingthe crops of Walnut and vegetables of annual cycle , lowsurfaces of wheat and forage oats, others of minorimportance, due to the conditions of lime c. Theseagricultural areas are not exposed to the process ofdeterioration due to the continuous use of the soil.

Livestock is practiced throughout the basin, highlighting thegrazing of cattle, sheep and goats, which leads to adeterioration of the herbaceous and arboreal strata, favoringsoil erosion, the loss of plant species and disturbance of thehabitat of animal species.

The timber forest activity presented a high degree ofdeterioration in all the municipalities of the sierra which arelocated southeast and east of the study area (Garcıa et al. al, 2005).

The combination of rapid population growth complementedby industrial, urban, agricultural, livestock, forestry, as wellas the physical and chemical conditions of the land in generalhas resulted in a strong deterioration of water quality withinthe basin. The greatest source of contamination is producedby the dragging of sediments throughout the basin, inaddition to the wastewater discharged into the riverConchos, especially those derived from the Parral River,which do not have a sewage treatment plant of any kind. Dataeasily exceed the maximum values established by the(Official Mexican Standard NOM-001-ecol-1996).

As you can see a comprehensive assessment of water qualityin a basin of these dimensions, where there is so muchvariation in all aspects, it is very complex, so it wasestablished as the objective of this study to study the integralquality of water by comparing the results obtained in thefield and in the laboratory against the simulated values ??bymodeling the computational model QUAL2Kw (5.1), whichis able to analyze all the parameters that indicate the integralquality of the water along the river.

Weber Earth Science & Environmental EngineeringISSN:2449-1610http://www.weberpub.org/wesee.htm© Author(s) 2018. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

Modeling Framework for the Simulation of the Integral Water Quality in the Conchos River , Using the Qual2kwTool

Jesus Amado Alvarez¹, Elsa Fabiola Segovía Ortega ² & Orlando Ramírez Valle³

¹,³ Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrıcolas y Pecuarias ‑ Experimental "Sierra de Chihuahua"31500.Cd. Cuauhtemoc, Chihuahua

² Universidad Politecnica de Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.

Accepted 28�� May 2018

Corresponding Author: Jesus Amado AlvarezInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrıcolas y Pecuarias ‑ Experimental "Sierra de Chihuahua"31500. Cd. Cuauhtemoc, ChihuahuaE-mail: [email protected]

Research Article Volume 4-1 (2018)

http://www.weberpub.org/wesee.htm

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How to Cite this Article: Jesus Amado Alvarez, Elsa Fabiola Segovıa Ortega & Orlando Ramırez Valle "Modeling Framework for the Simulation of the IntegralWater Quality in the Conchos River , Using the Qual2kw Tool" Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN:2449-1610), Vol. 4 (1) 2018, ArticleID wesee_231, 978-989

Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN: 2449-1610) page 2

Development of the Model.

The Washington State Departament of Ecology-QUAL2Kw(5.1) model was selected as the best currently available tosimulate the integral quality of water in stretches of anyPelletier and Chapra river (2008) . was selected as the mejor that is available today for sim u lar water quality withinthe river basin Amajac, the ual c is based on a complexnatural system that can be adopted on a personal computer.

The model was originally developed in 1970 and has hadsevere modifications, ((QUALI Model, ( 1970), QUALII Model(1973), QUAL2E Mode l (1985), QUAL2K Model (2000),QUAL2K: A Modeling Framework for Simulating River andStream Wate Quality (Chapra, and Pelletier, 2003) andfinally QUAL2Kw (5.1), Pelletier and Chapra, (2008).

This model which has been widely used in modeling of rivers((Drolc and K Oncan, (1999) ... Somlyody et al, (1998), Yang

et al, ((2000) Model it is numeric and accurate and includesmaking kinetics data structure of most conventionalpollutants ((Chapra, (1997), McCutcheon and French(1981); .. Roesner et al, (1977)) The most important modelQUAL2K, includes the expansion of the computationalstructure and the addition of New interactions betweenconstituents such as algal BOD, nitrification, and dissolvedoxygen caused by plant fixationAccording to Chapra andPelletier, (2003), QUAL2K w framework (Q2K) includes thefollowing new elements:

a) Environmental Software Interface The QUAL2Kw(version 5.1 ), It is implemented within the MicrosoftWindows environment It is programmed in the Windowslanguage with macros: Visual Basic for your application TheExcel program is used in the interface to make the graphs

b) Segmentation of the model QUAL2Kw (5.1) , allows themultiple segme ntation of different stretches of the river.

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c) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) .QUAL2Kw (5.1),simulates two ways of representing organic carbon (slowoxidation and rapid oxidation).

d) Anaerobic conditions. The QUAL2Kw (5.1), adjusts to theanaerobic conditions, reducing the oxidation to low oxygenlevels, reaching zero.

e) Interaction of Sediments with water. The flow of watersediments from dissolved oxygen and nutrients aresimulated internally, depending on the organic matter,which reacts within the sediments and the concentration ofthe soluble forms in the waters of good quality.

f) Deep seaweed. The model simulates explicitly algaeadhered to the bottom of the river.

g) Extinction of light. The extinction of the Light is calculatedas a function of algae, organic matter and inorganic solids.

h) pH.Both alkalinity and total inorganic carbon aresimulated. The river pH is also simulated based on these twoparameters.

j) Pathogens A series of pathogens are simulated, thepathogens are removed as a function of temperature.

Hydraulics and Segmentation

a) Balance of Flow

The flow balance is implemented for each section of the river. Qi = Qi- 1 + Qin, j - Qab, j.Where Qi = flow outside each section i within the riveri + 1(m³ day -1 ),

Qi-1 = upstream flow of each section i- 1 (m³ day -1 ), Qin, i,is the total of flow within each section of the river of a pointand its source (m³ day -1 ), and Qab, j, is the total flow thatleaves each section of the river (m³ day -1 ).

b) Hydraulic characteristics

L outputs as each section is computed, as well as the depthand water velocity.

c) Travel time

This value is calculated using the ratio of the volumebetween the expense ( t = v / q ).

d) Longitudinal dispersion.

You can simply use estimated input values .

Application of the Model

To validate the QUAL2K, during the years 2010-2012, 13representative sites of the different qualities of water in thewhole watershed of the Conchos River were selected. Bymeans of the use of a portable Geoposicionador, the altitude,latitude and longitude of each point within the zone inquestion were registered. Four water samples were takenin the selected locations where it was determined: Water

temperature, directly at the 13 sites, pH, (pH units) with amultifunctional potentiometer (Hanna Instruments pH / CE/ TDS / T meter), Dissolved Oxygen , with the HannaInstruments apparatus (HI 9145), Biochemical OxygenDemand (mg l-¹), Fecal Coliform Bacteria (NMP 100 ml-¹),Total Phosphorus (mg l-¹), Total dissolved solids (mg l-¹) ),Electrical Conductivity, Nitrates, by the method of brucineNMX-AA-079, Ammonium, Total phosphorus, by thespectrophotometric method NMX-AA-029 Waters, accordingto the methodology cited in NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996(Secretariat of Economics, 1996a).

Measurement of the Amount of Water in the MainChannel

The record of the initial runoff was measured using thevolumetric method, measuring the filling time (t) of acontainer of known volume (V) where the sample wascollected, after making the appropriate adjustments,determining the flow rate (Q) with the equation Q = V / t.When advancing the route through the river, the flowincreased due to the sum of water from the tributaries, inaddition to the waste from the surrounding population, soit was necessary to use the continuity equation the velocity(V) of the water, it was measured using a portable meter Thedetermination of the area (A) was made by dividing thewater mirror into several equal segments, forming trianglesand trapezoids, then the flow (Q) was determined with theequation Q = A * V, Briones and Garcıa (1997).

In some of the stations considered, as in the Rio Bravo,because this was facilitated by the conditions, therectangular pouring method was used, cited by Trueba,(1984), Q = 1.84 (L-0.1 * n * h) h ³/², where Q = flow in m³sec-¹, L = Crest length, in m, n = sides of the spillway, h = loador tether (m), which was measured with a stalk of 4m inlength.

Selection of the Sections of the Main Channel.

According to the natural conditions of the basin, 13 stretcheswere selected within the main channel, starting 15 kmbefore San Juanito, Bocoyna, Zaragoza Valley, La BoquillaDam, Lake Colina, Camargo, Conchos River + Florido Riverin Camargo, Ejido el Torreon, Julimes, Luis Leon Dam,Falomir Station, Ojinaga, Conchos River + Rio Bravo inOjinaga which was considered the final point of the Amajacbasin, and can be seen in Figure 1.

Results and Discussion

Physiographic Characteristics of the Basins of the RiverConchos and San Pedro

The river basin of the Conchos River includes an area of50,493 km2, which classifies it as a "very large" basinaccording to Campos (1998). The length of the main channelwas calculated at 907 km; the maximum length between theends of the basin was 265 km, the maximum width of thebasin was calculated in 299 km, with a perimeter of 2,358km. The variation of height oscillated from 997 to 2,996meters above sea level. Characteristics and order numberof currents. The order of a basin is given by the mainchannel, as can be seen in Figure 2, the order number of the




main channel is 5. The order of the currents and number ofchannels for each of them is quantified from the following

way: 251 first order tributaries; 49 of second order; 13 thirdorder; 2 fourth order and 1 fifth order.

Figure 1. Sampling points within the Conchos river basin , Chihuahua. 2012

Figure 2. Distribution of the main channel, tributaries and order number inthe Conchos-Rio San Pedro Basin, Chihuahua. 2012

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Hydraulic Parameters

Water Amount

The flow of water, in the river Conchos start with expensesof 29, 3, frozen water, and 93 liters per second, for the first,second, third and fourth water sampling respectively, duringthe 2011-2012 cycles. When the water reached the Zaragozavalley, the amount of water recorded was 263,890, 1,962,866 and 283,816, liters per second, respectively for the foursamplings. At the end of the journey, after crossing the damof La Boquilla, Lake Colina, covered channels of theirrigation district 005-Delicias, where on average 75,220 haare flooded and irrigation district 090 Bajo Rio Bravo, where10,153 ha are produced, of different agricultural crops, theLuis Leon dam (El Granero), and the City of Ojinaga

Chihuahua, where the Rio Bravo waters are included, thetotal amount of water consigned to 907 km from where theformation of the Conchos River starts, by San Juanito,Municipality of Bocoyna, Chihuahua, was 220,674, 6, 133,1,481 and 6,489 liters per second, for the first, second, thirdand fourth water sampling respectively.

In Figure 3, elaborated with the model QUAL2Kw, theaverage of the runoffs is shown from 15 km before SanJuanito, to the City of Ojinaga, Chihuahua, two points standout, the first 390 km away from where the Conchos River,crossing the Valley of Zaragoza, were approximated 149 M³s-¹, later in the City of Julimes, 160 m³ s-¹ were quantified,where the waters brought by the San Pedro River, the whichin turn has as tributary to the rivers, Santa Isabel, Satevo,and San Javier, among others.

Figure 3. Modeling the flow ( m³ sec-¹ ) of water in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Water speed

The speed of the water is directly related to the amount ofwater, which, in turn, depends on the rainy season and theslope of the terrain. In Figure 4, it can be seen that at thebeginning of the basin the water velocity exceeds one meter

per second , when passing through the Zaragoza valley, itexceeds the value of 1.2 ms-¹ , decreasing within the zone ofthe district of irrigation 005 Delicias, and finally it will riseagain to 0.8 ms-¹ in the city of Ojinaga, where the waters ofthe Rio Grande have already joined.

Figure 4. Modeling of water velocity (m sec -¹ ) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Water depth

The depth of the water depth does not go beyond 1.5 m,depth, at the beginning of the basin does not exceed half ameter in height, recording that the greatest depth is reached

when reaching the community of the valley of Zaragoza (1.35m ), going down to 0.8 m depth, at the end of the basin, inthe city of Ojinaga, Chihuahua. Making it clear that the datashown in Figure 5 refer to the average of the four evaluationsmade during the 2010-2011 cycles, and that the values of

the water stress fluctuate with the time of year, being themonth of May, where the amount of water is less and itsrelation to the water load within the river is direct.

Temperature

The results obtained in general on this parameter indicatean inversely proportional relationship between thetemperature and the height of the sampling location, that is,the higher the temperature of the water (Figure 6), the moresignificant the sampling period in February of 2011, anatypical freeze was recorded, reaching down to -28 ° C, theambient temperature at the beginning of the Conchos River,located 15 km before reaching San Juanito, along the LaJunta-San Juanito Highway, Chihuahua, so the water wasfrozen, while in the City of Ojinaga, Chihuahua, the watertemperature rose to 30 ° C. The simulation with theQUAL2Kw, is shown in Figure 6.

In this regard, a study by Justic, et al., (1996), indicates thatthermal pollution increases the solubility of certain chemicalcompounds and in general decreases the solubility of gases,especially the solubility of dissolved oxygen. It also reportsthat the higher the temperature, the greater the evaporation

and the decrease in water flow, which is often responsiblefor the accumulation of organic matter, is responsible forthe decrease in dissolved oxygen in the water. On the otherhand Foreman et al., (1997), registers that the hot water canaffect the life within the storages of the quoted resource,deriving in a change of the physiological composition of theaquatic species.

Water heating can accelerate biological processes in plantsand animals by decreasing dissolved oxygen. In anotherreport, Sawidis (1997), comments that the vulnerability forthe increase of diseases and changes in the production ofalgae and invasion of destructive organisms is expectant;every small change in temperature in a body of water canlead to the end of a species and the origin of another wildlife,which originally was present near the discharge of thesource and attract another species in its place. This situationis currently being experienced in places such as Laguna deBustillos, which is drying up at an accelerated rate, with adirect relationship in the death of fish, of great magnitude,which in turn causes foci of infection. Frutos (1998), in astudy done in Argentina, recorded that the abundance ofzooplankton was positively correlated with temperature,transparency and phytoplankton factors.



Figure 5. Modeling of the suspender, or load of water (m) in the main channel of the Rıo Conchos, Chihuahua. 2012

Figure 6. Modeling of water temperature (ºC) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Inorganic Solids

The QUAL2Kw, simulates the water quality, consideringwithin the inorganic solids a: Carbonates, bicarbonates,sulfates, chlorides, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and thepotentially toxic elements (cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, zinc,manganese, cadmium, and lead, were the metals consideredin the present work). As can be seen in Figure 7, all thevalues obtained in the Conchos river basin far exceed thelimit values established in the Official Mexican Standard(100 mg L-¹), NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996. (Ministry ofEconomy (1996a), which indicates water pollution indifferent ways It is important to record that in thebreakdown of the components studied, Bicarbonatescontribute 91.67% of the total inorganic solids, and that high(1122.37 mg L-¹) were consigned in the area with thehighest amount of salts, in Julimes, Chihuahua, 606 km fromwhere the river Conchos begins.

Similar conditions were reported by Kretschmer et al.,(2002), when establishing the general water quality valuesfor agricultural irrigation depending on the degree ofrestriction, less than 90 mg L-¹ of Bicarbonates, can be usedwithout any restriction, 90 to 500 mg L-1 the restriction ismoderate, while in a range greater than 500 mg L-¹ therestriction is severe.

Secondly of importance within the inorganic solids, thechlorides were registered, with a value of 63.9 mg L-¹,equivalent to 5.3% of the total, the toxic effect for plantssensitive to this ion is well known. Hakanson et al., (2005),used an empirical model to predict the concentration ofradio nuclei, nutrients, metals in water and biota of riversin Switzerland, France, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Sweden andthe United Kingdom, with similar results recorded in thepresent investigation.

Figure 7. Modeling of inorganic solids (mg L -¹ ) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Electric conductivity

In the QUAL2Kw model , it is established as the maximumpermissible limit around 300 μ siemens cm‑¹, what is trueup to the town of Bocoyna 43 km away from l , the beginningof the Conchos in the mountain , where the conductivityelectrical was quantified in a micro siemens per cm. Afterpassing the river water conchos in the town, Valle deZaragoza , Chihuahua, from then on, the concentration ofsalts far exceeds the maximum value allowed. This situationis well marked on the bed of the river, even to the City ofOjinaga Chihuahua. In Figure 8, a directly proportional

relationship is observed between the distance from thebeginning of the Conchos River and the increase in theconcentration of salts, reaching up to 8,000 μmhos cm ‑¹, inthe city of Ojinaga, Chihuahua. For this reason, waters foragricultural use under pressurized irrigation need to beacidified , in order to have plumbing in the exits.

On the subject, Ramos (1996), says that the domestic use ofwater produces an increase in its salt content that is usuallybetween 150 and 400 μmhos cm‑¹ , the increase is notaltered by the purification and this makes the waterresiduals may present salinity problems.

Figure 8. Modeling of electrical conductivity (μmhos cm ‑¹ ) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012


page 7 Weber Earth Science & Environmental Engineering (ISSN: 2449-1610)

Potential Hydrogen

The hydrogen potential is directly related to theconcentration of calcium carbonates and bicarbonates. ThepH of a test solution X, pH (X), is unambiguously determinedafter assigning a pH value, for each temperature, to one ormore reference standard solutions. This is done through acell without liquid connection and involves an agreementregarding a calculation of ionic activity coefficient.

Based on the previous "operational" definition, each countryestablishes its pH scale by selecting one or several primarystandard solutions of pH. The scales most commonly usedare those of the NIST in the US (National Institute ofStandards and Technology) that uses seven primarystandards and the British Standards scale in the UnitedKingdom that is based only on potassium biphthallate as theonly reference standard of pH.

The pH value is a parameter regulated by maximumpermissible limits in discharges of wastewater to the sewagesystem or to receiving bodies, it is also a parameter of water

quality for agricultural uses and activities, for primarycontact and for human consumption.

In Figure 9. It can be seen that all the representative valuesof the first nine sampling sites are above neutrality;however, this condition does not represent any problem forany of the uses, except if we think about using water forproduction of crops in hydroponics, with inert substrate,then this characteristic has to be acidified so that theavailability of minor nutrients is not a limiting factor inproduction.

At the end of dam barn registered values close to a pH = 7,which has been commented, is directly related to theconcentration of calcium carbonates and bicarbonates, havealso been reported high concentrations of sodium sulphates(8.0 meq L-¹) and Calcium chloride (53 meq L-¹), ingroundwater from wells for agricultural use, in areasproducing Cotton, Walnut, and vegetables, from the areawhere Mennonite producers work, such as the Oasis colony,New Holland, and the Bombs among others.

Figure 9. Modeling of the potential Hydrogen in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Water Alkalinity

According to the New York State Department of Health(1990), alkalinity it is a measure of the total amount ofalkaline substances present in water, and is expressed inparts per millionCaCO 3 equivalents. It is also done this way,because it is not known which alkalies are present, but theseare, at least, equivalent to the CaCO 3 that is reported.

The activity of an acid or alkali is measured by the pH value,therefore, the more active an acid, the lower the pH and themore active an alkali, the higher the pH. The alkalinity andpH are not the same, nor can one be calculated from theother.

In Figure 10 , one can observe the results obtained in thesimulation of the water quality within the Conchosriver basin , only in the Falomir station, 738 km from thebeginning of the basin , two values close to normal wereco‑assigned. (Around 150μg L‑¹), the rest of thevalues are above the international standards , registering asa maximum value the 1000 mg of CaCO 3 per Liter near thesite Torreon cercas de Meoqui, chihuahua.

Nitrogen Like Nitrates (NO 3 )

In the QUAL2K model w (5.1), the values are establishedaround 2000 ugN L -¹ , to indicate pollution problems, whichconfirms what was established by Hernandez et al. al (2006),since the two points (Figure 11) where the concentrationwas higher with values of 8,830 and 9,880, ugN L‑¹,correspond to the river Rio Bravo + river Conchos, at theexit of the City of Ojinaga , resp ectively The rest of the values are adjusted to the data established by Chapra and Pelletier(2003), in the QUAL2K.

In another study, Millie et al., (2006), determined thatammonium contributes 9.3% in the concentration ofchlorophyll "a" in the Neuse River, of North Carolina, in theUnited States of North America. Plus et al (2006), they usedthe SWAT, in the Thau Lagoon, in the Catchmene area, tosimulate the discharges of water and the entry of nutrientsinto the lagoon. Rekolainen et at ,. (2005), in Finland,reported that the reduction of nitrogen in water treatmentplants has begun in recent years. Kronvang et al ., (2005), inDenmark, began a monitoring plan in rivers, lakes andcoastal waters, with the purpose of reducing 50% of



nitrogen loads and 80% of phosphorus. Aubry et al ., (2004),did a study in the coastal area of Italy, on the influence ofnitrogen on the production of phytoplankton, reporting thata low concentration of nutrients favored the growth ofdinoflagellates, which have low nutrient requirements.

Total phosphorus

In the Q2K model, the values around 500 ugPL‑¹ �� ⁱ�� ,to indicate pollution problems, which confirms what wasestablished by Hernandez et al ., (2006), since the lastfour points (Figure 12) where the concentration it washigher with values above 30 of m gP L -¹ , for theriver Conchos to l to exit the basin from the Falomirstation. The rest of the values are adjusted to the dataestablished by Chapra and Pelletier (2003). Nikolaidis et al.,(2006), reported that Thermaikos Gulf is considered one of

the most polluted coasts in Greece. This is the final receiverof wastewater, which includes the industrial and municipalwaters of the city of Thessaloniki and two heavily pollutedrivers, the Axios and the Aliakmon.

Establishing that the enrichment of the nutrients nitrogen,phosphorus and the consequent Eutrofizacion, are the maincauses of the terioro of the quality of the water. Rekolainenet al., (2005), in Finland recorded that Phosphorus has beenconsidered to be the main factor for the growth of algae inlake waters. Gregor and Marsalek (2004), Quantifieddifferent groups of phytoplankton in rivers and lakes of theCzech Republic, comparing studies in vitro and directly.Garnier et al., (2005), did a study in France, in the Marneriver basin, where they concluded that the development ofphytoplankton can be strongly reduced if an 85% depletionof phosphorus is achieved in all treatment plants of waters.

Figure 10. Modeling of alkalinity in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Figure 11. Nitrogen modeling in the form of Nitrates (ug L-¹ ) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Figure 12. Modeling of Total Phosphorus (mg L -¹ ) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012



Turbidity

The river basin of the Conchos River has mainly soils of theleptosole and calcisoles type, average apparent densities of1.58 and saturation point were found near 50% in themajority of cases. It was observed that the soils that are theproduct of trawling, have a pH greater than 8.1, due to thedeposit of salts; likewise, around 1.1% of organic matter wasfound with values of up to 2.5% in the sites that presentedsome type of arboreal vegetation. In the determination ofsuspended sediments in the main channel of the basin, it wasfound that the greater the river progresses downstream, thegreater the quantity of sediments, thus at the beginning ofthe basin, the Conchos carries only 0.05 kg/s, while in themouth with the Rio Grande, the channel drags up to 31.28kg/s. The river receives the highest sediment load once it

flows through the semi-arid region of the state, thisdemonstrates the high water erosion that this area presents,also denotes the need to undertake activities of ecosystemrestoration as well as improvement and conservation of thesoil in the basin.

In Figure 13, the turbidity is represented, as a result of thedragging of sediments, it can be seen that since the beginningof the river, 200 NTU were recorded, in the rainy season, thevalues subsequently fall and rise towards the end of thebasin, but always above the permissible limits which arearound 10 NTU.

Sediment entrainment is one of the major problems of theChihuahuan ecosystems, basically overgrazing andclandestine logging in the forests of Chihuahua.

Figure 13. Modeling of Turbidity (NTU) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Dissolved Oxygen

In the QUAL2Kw model, the values above 7 mg L-¹, ofDissolved Oxygen are established as values that indicate thatthe waters are free of contamination, considering thisparameter, all the registered values, as can be seen in Figure14 they indicate that they are above the permissible limits,

except for the data recorded in the Parral River, around thecity with the same name, which occasionally is also atributary of the river Conchos as in the summer of 2010, thatthe water of rain reached enough values to contribute water,to the rest of the river basin of the river Conchos. In a similarwork reported by Capblancq (1989), it indicates that oxygenis reduced, when nitrites and nitrates are used as oxidants.

Figure 14 . Dissolved Oxygen Modeling (mg L -1 ) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Coliforms

According to the Department of Health of the State of NewYork (1990), bacteria are abundantly distributed in nature,

so it should not draw attention that all natural waterscontain a relatively large variety. Some of them aresaprophytes from the ground, others can be parasitic. Evenpathogenic bacteria can be found in water due to



contamination by detritus of human or animal origin. Awater supply contaminated by sewage is sure to contain thebacterial group known as "coliform". It is a group thatcomprises more than 20 particular species and is calledcoliform because of the fact that it has its natural habitat inthe large intestine of humans and animals. Generally thesebacteria are not pathogenic.

The presence of pathogenic bacteria in water, as a result ofcontamination with sewage, depends on the individualcontribution to black water, intestinal waste of patients andthe survival of pathogenic bacteria in an environment thatis not favorable. Coliform bacteria, on the other hand, arealways present in black water and are generally much moreresistant than pathogenic bacteria.

For this reason the bacteriological evaluation of water isbased on its bacteriological analysis to determine if thereare coliform bacteria and in what concentration. Thecoliform organisms, are in all warm-blooded animals harborin their intestinal tract parasitic bacteria of various types.

All members of a specific group of them are known as agroup of coliform bacteria. These microorganisms are notnormally pathogenic and intervene in the digestive processof the host organism. Parasitic bacteria of various types aredischarged from the intestinal tract. All members of a specificgroup of them are known as a group of coliform bacteria.

These microorganisms are not normally pathogenic andintervene in the digestive process of the host organism. Theyare discharged from the intestinal tract in huge quantities.They are always found in large quantities in sewage, whichusually contains at least four to five million coliform bacteriamL-¹. If a water gets black water, the bacteria are draggedwith it and survive there for long periods of time. Becauseof this, their presence becomes positive evidence ofcontamination and the possible presence of pathogenicbacteria from the discharges of the animals' bodies. With thisreference, it can be explained widely why, highconcentrations were quantified in the entire Amajac basin,as shown in Figure 15, mainly in the area of the city of Parral,specifically within the river with the same name.

Figure 15. Modeling of Coliforms (mg L -1 ) in the main channel of the Conchos River, Chihuahua. 2012

Conclusions

The validation of the QUAL2K model (5.1) was developed inthe Conchos River Basin, where it was possible to verify thatthe sources of contamination. The study of the modelingincluded the development and application of acomputational model which is appropriate to be used alongthe river, evaluating the concentration of the mainpollutants.

The QUAL2K model (5.1), the field and laboratory data,which were simulated within the main pollutants thatqualify the quality of the water in the rivers that receivewastewater without any previous treatment, was taken asa base, in addition to the waters with the physicochemicalcharacteristics produced by the natural geologicalconditions of the land. At the exit of the basin, by the City ofOjinaga, Chihuahua, values higher than 1000 NTU wererecorded, as sediment drag, such as sand, silt and clay, dueto the high degree of deforestation and pastures degradedby overgrazing and flooding Drought.

All the points of the Laguna de Bustillos basin are heavilycontaminated. The Parral River is still contaminating areas

surrounding the city of Parral, as it does not have sewagetreatment plants of any kind.

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research article volume 4-1 (2018) qi = flow outside each section i within the riveri + 1 (m³ day...

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