research article the pressure relief system design for...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of Industrial EngineeringVolume 2013 Article ID 453509 14 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013453509

Research ArticleThe Pressure Relief System Design for Industrial Reactors

Iztok Hace

University of California 1111 Franklin St Oakland CA 94607 USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Iztok Hace iztokhacegmailcom

Received 29 November 2012 Revised 4 June 2013 Accepted 11 September 2013

Academic Editor Eleonora Bottani

Copyright copy 2013 Iztok Hace This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

A quick and simple approach for reactormdashemergency relief system designmdashfor runaway chemical reactions is presented Acookbook for system sizing with all main characteristic dimensions and parameters is shown on one realistic example from processindustry System design was done based on existing theories standards and correlations obtained from the literature which wereimplemented for presented case A simple and effective method for emergency relief system is shown which may serve as anexample for similar systems design Obtained results may contribute to better understanding of blow down system frequentlyused in industrial plants for increasing safety decreasing explosion damage and alleviating the ecological problems together withenvironmental pollution in case of industrial accidents

1 Introduction

In process industry raw materials are converted into var-ious commercial products using different techniques Onefrequently used method is their conversion by exothermicchemical reactions which can lead to a reactor thermalrunaway if the heat generation rate exceeds the heat removalrate during process [1] Pressure build-up during the runawayis caused by an increasing vapor pressure of liquid compo-nents and by the production of noncondensable gases Apartfrom the loss of reactor inventory due to an uncontrolledconversion process a runaway reaction may lead to severelydamaged equipment or even a physical explosion if pressurebuild-up inside the reactor exceeds the design pressureThe emergency relief system is composed of vent areavent rupture membrane safety relief valve vent pipes blowdown tank horizontal condenser scrubber with absorberand vertical condenser outflow chimney correspondingpumps fan pipes fitting and supply system with electricitycooling water and neutralizationmedium In case of reactionrunaway the vent rupture disc opens and the reactor mixtureblows out into the vent pipes and flows into blow downtank Due to short residence time of reactor mixture inthe blow down tank the volume changes and the pressuredecreases at isothermal conditions which results in thecondensation of reaction mixtures Remained two phases

flow instantaneously blows into horizontal condenser whereit cools down condensates and flows into absorber withvertical condenser where it is neutralized [2ndash4]

In present study a detailed design of emergency reliefsystem is shown based on Design Method for EmergencyRelief Systems (DIERSs) It incorporates the state-of-the-art knowledge obtained from mechanical electrical andprocess engineering based on a long year experiences inthe process industries all over the world All componentswere designed based on API RP 520 and API STD 526standards [5 6] In case of problems reaction runaway mayappear due to loss of cooling water in the reactor over-or miss-charged reactant external fire and loss of agitationor wrong reaction temperature in reactor Such cases aredifficult to predict almost not possible to control and canlead to explosion Therefore a proper and correct sizedemergency relief system is appropriate method to preventfatal accidences and environmental pollutions

The purpose of present study is to

(i) show the main mechanical electrical and processfundamentals for this system

(ii) design emergency relief system with correspond-ing scrubber absorption column and correspondingconnections

2 Journal of Industrial Engineering

Blow down scrubber ATEX zone

From plant

Water inlet

Water outlet

Blow down tank 60m3

Drain Drain

Condenser 54m2

horizontal

Abso

rptio

n co

lum

nO

utflo

w ch

imne

y

Liquid levelScrubber

45m3

PC

Verticalcooler5m2

Scrubber filling

Centrifugalpump

Ventilator fan

Vent to ATM

DN 400

DN400

DN400

DN 100 DN 400 DN 100

DN 500

DN 80 DN 80

DN 300

DN 300

DN500

DN 150

DN 150

DN1500

DN400

DN 50

DN 150

DN 125

DN 125

DN 200

DN 200

To electric boards located outside ATEX zone

DN

200

DN

200

13∘C26∘C

Figure 1 Emergency relief system

Designed emergency relief system is presented inFigure 1 A real industrial example from process industrycomposed from twelve equal 30m3 batch reactors equippedwith pressure and temperature sensors cooling and heatingmechanism and rupture discs was taken In reactors anexothermic phenol formaldehyde reaction takes place Forreactor cooling towers with capacity of 700m3sdothminus1 of coolingwater at 13∘C26∘C cooling temperature regime was used

Based on the reaction runaway the emergency reliefsystem design was made in stages from plant vent systemblow down tank and scrubber with corresponding heatexchangers and absorption column

2 Pressure Relief Devices

Pressure relief devices design was made according to APIRP 520 standard [5] Detailed pressure relief system on thereactor is presented in Figure 3 and is composed of safetyrelief valve (SVR) and rupture disc (RD) with dimensionspresented in Table 1The pressure at which SVR piston opensdepends on the physicochemical characteristics of reactionsystem In present study it is designed so that SVR openswhen the reaction medium pressure is above 70 sdot 103 Pa Incase of runaway the outflow medium from reactor blows

into vent pipes connected to blow down tank Very high tipvelocities cause a phenomenon known as blow-off where theflame front is lifted and could eventually turn into a blow-out Therefore determination of the right pipe diameter isimportant as far as operation of the system is concernedThevent size is a crucial step at emergency relief system designIn this study an approach proposed by Fauske [1] and Leunget al [3] was used For pressure temperature relation Antoineequation was used to calculate the vapor pressure at reactionrunaway as follows

119875 = exp(1578 minus 8798

119879

) (1)

The two phase discharge flow rate per unit area was evaluatedaccording to the homogeneous equilibrium model whichcan be approximated in the low quality region by relationproposed by Leung [2] as follows

119866vent = 09 sdot 144 sdot119889119875

119889119879

sdot (

322

77816

sdot

119879

119888

119901vent)

12

(2)

where 119889119875119889119879was replaced by differential form of (1) and thetwo phase discharged flow per unit area was evaluated

Journal of Industrial Engineering 3

Table 1 Calculated system dimensions and characteristics for vent area horizontal and vertical heat exchanger blow down and scrubbertank absorption column and outflow chimney

(a)

Parameter Unit ValueCooling water data119879

119888in∘C 13 Designed

119879

119888out∘C 26 Designed

119879


119876 m3sdothminus1 700 Designed

Power supply119868 A 130 Designed119881 V 380 Designed119882 kW 50 DesignedMaterial flow from reactor119902

119888W 894 sdot 10

6 Calculated from (8)119902

ℎW 23 sdot 10

6 Calculated from (8)

(b)

Energy released data Set condition Peak condition

119875 Pa 207 sdot 10

5221 sdot 10

5 Obtained from literature Fauske (1988)[1] Leung (1986) [2]

119879 K 3946 3967 Obtained from literature Fauske (1988)[1] Leung (1986) [2]

(

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

(119889119879119889119905

)

119904

Ksdotminminus1 15 20 Obtained from literature Fauske (1988)[1] Leung (1986) [2]

119888

119901Jsdotkgminus1sdotKminus1 29308 Obtained from literature Fauske (1988)

[1] Leung (1986) [2]

119879

119898

∘C 1243 Obtained from literature Fauske (1988)[1] Leung (1986) [2]

119879

119904


(c)

Parameter Unit Value

119862

119901cold Jsdotgminus1sdotKminus1 4183 Obtained from literature Perry andGreen (2007) [7]

119862

119901hot Jsdotgminus1sdotKminus1 29281 Obtained from literature Perry andGreen (2007) [7]

Blow down tank119881

119900m3 30 Designed

119881bd m3 60 Calculated from (6)119875sat Pa 1 sdot 10

5 Calculated from (1)119866in kgsdotsminus1 346 Calculated from (2)

119875Pa 207 sdot 10


119875

1Pa 1 sdot 10

5 Pa Calculated from (7)119903

119888 024 Calculated from (34)

119866HZT kgsdotsminus1 82 Calculated from (35)119882

m 25 sdot 10

minus3 DesignedMAWP Pa 25 sdot 10

5 Designed


(c) Continued


Safety relief valveDN m 065 Designed119875safety Pa 70 sdot 10

4 DesignedVent area119902vent Jsdotkgminus1 846 Calculated from (6)119866vent kgsdotmminus2sdotsminus1 2124 Calculated from (2)119860vent m2 0326 Calculated from (3)119863vent m 065 Calculated from (5)Calculated data horizontal heatexchanger119871

mm 5000 Designed

ℎDirtIN = ℎDirtOUT Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 698 lt ℎ lt 9987

Obtained from literature Perry andGreen (2007) [7]

120582

119908Wsdotmminus1sdotKminus1 162 Obtained from literature Perry and

Green (2007) [7]

119876hot W 585711 Calculated from (8)

119876cold W 366125 Calculated from (8)119879

ℎout∘C 80 Calculated from (8)

LMTD ∘C 7616 Calculated from (9)

119877

119905 683 Obtained from literature Richardson et

al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]119879

119898

∘C 7311 Calculated from (10)119860

m2 54 Calculated from (11)119873


Pipe dimensions for horizontal heatexchanger119889out mm 508

BWG 16 Perry and Green (2007) [7]INOX AISI316

119889in mm 46732Wall thickness mm 2034119901

119905mm 635 Calculated from (14)

119863


BDC mm 93 Obtained from diagrams Richardsonet al (2009) [10]

119863


119861


119860

119904m2 004895 Calculated from (18)

119866shell kgsdotsminus1sdotmminus2 1986 Calculated from (19)119889


Reshell 65127 Calculated from (21)Prshell 748 Calculated from (22)Nushell 323 Calculated from (23)ℎshell Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 5490 Calculated from (23) and (25)119897


Δ119875shell Pa 53800 Calculated from (25)119873tpp 85 Calculated from (27)


(c) Continued


119866tube kgsdotmminus2sdotsminus1 7971 Calculated from (28)Vtube msdotsminus1 2596 Calculated from (29)Retube 30390 Calculated from (21)Prtube 0575 Calculated from (22)ℎtube Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 0044 Calculated from (30)119880tube Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 0022 Calculated from (32)119880shell Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 1957 Calculated from (31)Δ119875tube Pa 91500 Calculated from (33)Calculated data vertical heat exchangerRecycle hminus1 2222 Calculated from (40)Total heat vertical kW 23553 Calculated from (36)Heat per recycle kW 1454 Calculated from (38)119879

ℎinvert∘C 80 Calculated from (8)


119879

ℎoutvert∘C 40 Calculated from (8)

119879

119888invert∘C 15 Calculated from (8)

119879

119888outvert∘C 24 Calculated from (8)

Pipe dimensions for vertical heatexchanger119871

mm 2500119889out mm 508

BWG 16 Perry and Green (2007) [7]



119863



119863


119861


119860


119866

119904kgsdotsminus1sdotmminus2 8072 Calculated from (19)

119889




Δ119875shell Pa 82000 Calculated from (25)119873tpp 13 Calculated from (27)119866tube kgsdotmminus2sdotsminus1 6196 Calculated from (28)Vtube msdotsminus1 2018 Calculated from (29)Retube 23545 Calculated from (21)Prtube 0575 Calculated from (22)Δ119875tube Pa 128000 Calculated from (33)ℎtube Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 0036 Calculated from (30)119880tube Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 001867 Calculated from (32)119880shell Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1 5617 Calculated from (31)


(c) Continued



119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]DT119898




Absorber and scrubberScrubber

119871NaOH kgsdotsminus1 4221 Calculated from reactionstoichiometry

Recycle hminus1 2222 Calculated from (40)119881scrubber tank m3 45 Calculated from (40)119908

m 10 sdot 10


5 DesignedAbsorber(119871119866) sdot (120588

119892120588

119871)

12

0023 Calculated ratio119866

lowast2sdot 119865 sdot 120583

01

322 sdot 120588

119892sdot (120588

119892minus 120588

119871)

18 Obtained from correlations proposedin literature Seader et al (2010) [11]

119866

lowast kgsdotmminus2sdotsminus1 49 Calculated from obtained factor119860abs m2 168 Calculated from (41)119863abs m 146 Calculated from (42)

Δ119875abs m 03048 Obtained from literature Seader et al(2010) [11]

No foaming factor 119865nf 1 Obtained from literature Seader et al(2010) [11]

119865IMTP 12 Obtained from literature Seader et al(2010) [11]

IMTP packing mm 889 Obtained from literature Seader et al(2010) [11]

119873

119871 166 Obtained from literature Seader et al

(2010) [11]

HETP m 183 Obtained from literature Seader et al(2010) [11]

119867abs m 3 Obtained from literature Seader et al(2010) [11]


119871operation m3hsdotm2 599 Obtained from literature Seader et al(2010) [11]

119908m 10 sdot 10


5 DesignedNeutralization reaction in absorber andin scrubber

Δ119867react kJsdotmolminus1 2232 Calculated from literature data Perryand Green (2007) [7]

119876reaction kW 71 Calculated from (37)


(c) Continued

Parameter Unit ValueCentrifugal pump119871NaOH m3

sdothminus1 100 Calculated from reaction stochiometryΔ119875pump Pa 400000 DesignedVentilator fan designΔ119875Fan Pa 500 Calculated from (43)0

119881Fan m3sdothminus1 72000 Calculated from (44) and (45)

119907

119903msdotsminus1 230 Calculated from (47)

120599Fan RPM 2920 Calculated from (44) and (45)119875Fanmotor kW 34 Calculated from (46)119889Fan mm 1460 Calculated from (44) and (45)Chimney design

ℎchimney mm 6000 Obtained from literature diagramsBleier (1987) [12]

119889chimney mm 500 Obtained from literature diagramsBleier (1987) [12]

Pipe sizingPipes from blow down tank viahorizontal heat exchanger to absorberDNpipes

Blow down tank-horizontal heatexchanger mm 400 Calculated from (48)

Horizontal heat exchanger-absorber mm 400 Calculated from (48)Pipes from scrubber via pump andvertical heat exchanger to absorberDNpipes

Pipes from scrubber via pump mm 125 Calculated from literature data Fauske(1986) Richardson et al (2009) [3]

Cooling water pipesDNpipes

Main cooling water pipes mm 300 Calculated from literature data Fauske(1986) Richardson et al (2009) [3]

Cooling water pipes after crossing mm 200 Calculated from literature data Fauske(1986) Richardson et al (2009) [3]

The analytical vent sizing equation for homogeneousvessel venting is [2ndash4]

119860vent = 119898

119900sdot 119902vent

times (119866vent sdot [(119881

119898

119900

sdot

144

77816

sdot 119879 sdot

119889119875

119889119879

)

12

+(119888

119901vent sdot Δ119879vent)12

])

minus1

(3)

whereΔ119879vent = 119879119898 minus 119879119904

119863 =

radic

4 sdot 119860vent120587

119902vent =1

2

sdot 119888

119901vent sdot [(119889119879

119889119905

)

119904

+ (

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

]

(4)

and all necessary physical and chemical data are presented asfollows

Physical-chemical parameters use for blow down systemdesign

120588liq [mol sdot dmminus3] = 13798

031598

(1+(1minus(11987969425))032768)

119888

119901liq [J sdot Kmolminus1 sdot Kminus1] = 101720 + 31761 sdot 119879

119888

119901119892[J sdot Kmolminus1 sdot Kminus1] = 0434 sdot 10

5+ 2445 sdot 10

5

sdot [

1152119879

sinh [1152119879]]

2

+ 1512 sdot 10

5sdot [

507119879

cosh [507119879]]

2


120578liq [Pa sdot s] = exp(minus43335 + 38817

119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879

120582vap [W sdotmminus1 sdot Kminus1] = 0038846 sdot 119879

02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2

120582liq [W sdotmminus1 sdot Kminus1] = 018837 minus 00001 sdot 119879

Δ119867evap [J sdot Kmolminus1] = 7306 sdot 107 sdot (1 minus 119879

69425

)

04246

119875vapour [Pa] = exp (95444 minus 1013

119879

minus 1009 sdot ln (119879)

+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)

Formation enthalpies (Perry and Green (2007) [7])

Δ119867

119891

NaOH = minus46915 kJ sdotmolminus1

Δ119867

119891

PhOH = minus1650 kJ sdotmolminus1

Δ119867

119891

H2O= minus28583 kJ sdotmolminus1

Δ119867

119891

NaPhO = minus326 kJ sdotmolminus1

120588

50wt NaOH = 1529 kg sdot Lminus1

Reaction chemistry at runaway is very complex and dependson the type of used catalyst and other process conditions [1ndash4] In present study a ldquoworst-case scenariordquo was used for thethermal runaway of reaction Design bases of (119889119879119889119905)

119898and

(119889119879119889119905)

119904were obtained from the literature [2ndash4 8] and are

presented in Table 1 Calculated vent area was compared tothe nomogram method from study by Fauske [9] and yield avent area of 0326m2 or 065m vent area pipe diameter whichis in good agreement with the calculated results Pressurerelief devices designs were made according to API RP 526standard [5] Detailed presentation of pressure relief devicesare presented in Figure 3 with main dimensions shown inTable 1 In present design it was suggested that RD is locatedbetween reactor and SRV RD protects SRV piston fromvapors and opens when tank pressure is above allowablereactor pressure Maximal pressure which appears at reactionrunaway was not known and was obtained from the literaturereported data [9] A design pressure of 221 sdot 105 Pa was usedfor system design with 20 safety factor In present study avent membrane had a pressure relief from minus075 bar to 075bar At pressures higher than 075 bar the rupture disc openedand the material was discharged into the blow down tank

3 Blow Down Tank Design

Thepurpose of the blowdown tank is to capture the twophasematerial flow from reactor and to decrease the pressure of

outflow material [9] Blow down tank design was done basedon API RP 520 standard [5] Blow down tank volume wascalculated from the reactor volume as

119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)

and is reported in Table 1 A factor 2 in (6) was used as engi-neering safety coefficient which decreases the pressure fromreaction runaway by half It may also be called additionalsafety margin The pressure decrease in a blow down tankwas calculated by applying the ideal gas behavior at constanttemperatures as follows

119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)

and was 1 sdot 105 Pa The maximal allowable working pressure(MAWP) for blow down tank was calculated according toAPI RP 520 standard [5] and was 25 sdot 105 Pa MAWP washigher than peak pressure at 221 sdot 105 Pa Due to volumechange the MAWP in blow down tank will not be reachedduring reaction runaway In blow down tank a solid part oftwo phase runaway material is captured

4 Horizontal and Vertical HeatExchanger Design

Various procedures for heat exchanger design may be foundin the available literature [9 10 13] Only brief calculationprocedure is presented [5 7 10]

(i) Assume pipe diameter length inside and outsidefouling factor

(ii) For the pipe construction an INOX AISI 316 wasused with corresponding characteristics presented inTable 1

(iii) Corresponding energetic balances for horizontal andvertical heat exchanger were written as

119876 =

119876hot =

119876cold = 119888 sdot 119888119901119888 sdot (119879119888out minus 119879119888in)

=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879

ℎout minus 119879ℎin) (8)

Equation (8) enables calculation of heat duty 119902 andthe hot medium outflow temperatures and results arepresented in Table 1

(iv) The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) forcountercurrent flow was calculated by

LMTD =

(119879

ℎin minus 119879119888out) minus (119879ℎout minus 119879119888in)

ln ((119879ℎin minus 119879119888out) (119879ℎout minus 119879119888in))

(9)

(v) Based on the experiences and literature data dividedflow shell and even tube passes were assumed forboth condensers Following the procedure proposedby Richardson et al [10] parameters119877

119905 119878 and119865

119905were

obtained from the corresponding diagrams Obtainedparameters enabled calculation of mean temperaturedifference

119863119879

119898= 119865

119905sdot LMTD (10)


(vi) Overall heat transfer coefficients were assumed fromthe data reported in the literature [10] within theirminimum and maximum values and were between700Wsdotm2sdotK and 1000Wsdotm2sdotK Predicted heat trans-fer coefficients enabled calculation of minimum andmaximum provisional area which were taken as aver-age for heat exchanger design

119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)

Nextmain parameters used for heat exchanger designwere calculated using (12)ndash(18) Pressure drops andthe heat transfer coefficients for heat exchanger werecalculated using (19)ndash(25) for the shell and tube siterespectively

Equations used for horizontal and vertical heatexchanger design are as follows

119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901

119905minus 119889out) sdot 119863119878 sdot 119861119878

119901

119905

(18)

119866shell =shell side flow rate

119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)

Nu =ℎshell sdot 119889119890

119896

119891

(23)

Nu = 119895ℎsdot Re sdotPr13 sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905

number of passes (27)

119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)

(vii) The heat transfer coefficient ℎtube for turbulent flowwas calculated by using next correlation

ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903

119889insdot Re08 sdot Pr033 sdot (1 + 119889in

119871

) (30)

(viii) The overall heat transfer factor was calculated onldquooutside pipes flowrdquo

119880shell = 1 times (

1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+

119889out119889in sdot ℎdirtin

+


+

119889out sdot ln (119889out119889in)2 sdot 120582

119908

)

minus1

(31)

(ix) The overall heat transfer factor was calculated onldquoinside pipes flowrdquo

119880tube = 1 times (

1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+

119889in119889out sdot ℎdirtout

+

119889in119889out sdot ℎshell

+

119889in sdot ln (119889out119889in)2 sdot 120582

119908

)

minus1

(32)

(x) The tube-side pressure drop was calculated

Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)

Calculated parameters for horizontal and vertical condenserdesign are reported in Table 1

5 Vertical Heat Exchanger Design

For the vertical heat exchanger design exactly the sameprocedure as proposed for the horizontal heat exchanger wasused Firstly the amount of condensed vapor was calculatedfrom the ratio of vapor pressures at reactor release in the blowdown tank and after the volumetric expansion

119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901

1199042were the saturated pressures calculated

from (1) Obtained 119903

119888was used for calculation of gas flow


which needs to be neutralized and cooled down in verticalheat exchanger

119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)

where 119866HZT and 119866vent are the reactor runaway flow and flowthrough horizontal condenser reported in Table 1 Calculated119866HZT flow was used for vertical condenser design at the exactsame procedure as for horizontal condenser In the next step119866HZT flow needed to be cooled down and neutralized inabsorption column using sodium hydroxide solution beforeit was left in the surrounding 119866HZT flows from blow downreactor with temperature which is equal to the temperature ofrunaway flow due to short residence time Similar predictionswere obtained at design of other blowdownprocesses [3 8 9]

All calculated parameters are presented in Table 1 During119866HZT neutralization reaction heat was formed The heatwhich needs to be cooled down was calculated as the sumof vapor gas heat and the heat produced by neutralizationreaction

119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where

119876react was calculated using reaction enthalpy as follows

119876reaction = Δ119867reaction sdot 119866HZT (37)

and the heat pro recycles using

119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design

Since the reaction enthalpy for the neutralization reactionof phenol acid with sodium hydroxide cannot be foundin the available literature it was calculated from formationenthalpies and was 2232 kJmol [10] Since the compositionof the blow down gas is not known exactly it was assumedthat it is composed from phenolic acid [8]The neutralizationreaction of phenolic acid with sodium hydroxide was writtenas

PhCOOH +NaOH 997888rarr PhCONa +H2O (39)

Neutralization reaction gives the stoichiometric ratio ofphenolic acid versus sodium hydroxide and enables the cal-culation of the amount of neutralization medium needed forneutralization The necessary 50wt neutralization liquidflow rate was calculated from the reaction and was 423 kgsTo decrease the necessary volume of used sodium hydroxideits recycling was assumed The recycle flow was calculatedusing

Recycle = 119866HZT119881scrubber tank

(40)

The recycle ratio gives scrubber volume of 45m3 and enablesthe calculation of the liquid and the gas flow rates used forabsorption column design Scrubber design was performedaccording to API RP 520 standard All main scrubberdimensions are presented in Table 1 MAWP of scrubber wasdesigned to be 15 sdot 105 Pa

7 Absorption Column Design

Before outflow gas from blow down system was left intosurrounding air it was neutralized by sodium hydroxidein counterflow absorption column A lot of literature forabsorption column design can be found in available literature[11 14] Due to high flow of gas and neutralization fluid thechemical reaction was the limiting step of this process Ageneralized approach proposed in the literature was used forcolumn design [7 11 14] Firstly (119871119866) sdot (120588

119866120588

119871)

12 factor wascalculated Pump characteristics limited the pressure drop inabsorption column to 110158401015840 water column per feet of packingBased on existing correlations factor (119866lowast2 sdot119865 sdot12058301)(322 sdot120588

119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588

119871)) was obtained to be 18 and enabled to calculate the

gas flux119866lowast A ceramic IMTP packing number 70was taken aspacking material with main parameters presented in Table 1Calculated parameters enabled to design an absorption col-umn area and diameter from the following equation

119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)

Large absorption column diameter is a consequence of largegas flow at reaction runaway which was designed to be up to595m3sdothminus1sdotmminus2 which is lower than allowed maximal liquidflow rate of 122m3sdothminus1sdotmminus2 for IMTO packing number 70Next absorption column height was designed based on theprocedure proposed by Seader et al [11] and was obtained tobe 3000mm All other column parameters are presented inTable 1 and enabled to design the absorption column pressuredrop which was 30 sdot 103 Pa

8 Ventilator Fan Design

The vapor gas coming out from absorption column is mainlycomposed of different phenolic vapors which are heavierthan air therefore a ventilator fan needs to be inserted intooutflow chimney The role of the fan is to suck the vaporgas coming out from absorption column and to blow it outvia chimney into surrounding air Equations used for the fandesign are presented as follows [12]

Design equations for ventilator fan design in outflowchimney

Pressure of ventilator

Δ119875Fan = 120588 sdot 119892 sdot ℎchimney +120588 sdot V2

2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0

119881 Fan = 120587 sdot 119889Fan sdot 120599Fan sdot 119860Fan (44)

where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)

Ventilator motor power

119875Fan motor = 0 119881 Fan sdot Δ119875Fan (46)


95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3

Pump motor Fan motor

L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P

Figure 2 Electrical connections for pump and fan motor

Safety relief valve

Connection to pressurerelief system

Rupture disc

Connectionto reactor

Figure 3 Rupture disc and safety relief valve connection to reactor

Axial fan velocity

V119903= 120587 sdot 119889Fan sdot 120599Fan (47)

The fan pressure and the fan capacity were designed basedon capacity of 823 kg sdot sminus1 of outcoming gas by (43)ndash(47)Radial velocity of ventilator fan speed V

119903was calculated from

(47) and clearly indicates that an axial ventilator must beapplied All main designed technical characteristics of theventilator fan are shown in Table 1 A 34 kW ventilator fanmotor with corresponding ATEX protection with II 2G EExde II B T4 code and motor thermal protection should beused since the motor is located in Ex cone According toATEX directive the electric board with all main connectionsshould be located outside Ex cone which is presented in

Figure 2 Chimney height was obtained from standards andwas approximately 6000mm All other chimney dimensionsare presented in Table 1 [4 15]

9 Blow Down and Cooling Water Pipes Design

Blow down equipment is connected using thick wall pipesmade of INOX AISI 316 due to highly corrosive mediumhigh fluid velocities and large pressures at reaction runawayFor the vent size pipes diameter design at reaction runawayfrequently used technique proposed by Bleier [12] was used

119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)

where all parameters are explained in the Nomenclature Thepipe system with 400mm pipe diameter was proposed asconnection between horizontal heat exchanger and absorp-tion column at given conditions All other data are presentedin Table 1 and Figure 2 Connection pipe system betweenreactors and blow down tank should be as short as possiblestraight with no elbows no reductions to decrease theamount of condensing flow and to prevent the appearance ofplugs which may lead to fatal accidents Additionally suchsystem configuration ensures easy maintain and fast pipecleaning In parallel the pipe pressure drops were calculatedby method proposed by Crane [16] to ensure smooth andeasy flow The pipe length was designed to be as short aspossible with minimal pressure drop which will result inlow amount of condensed fluid High fluid velocities lowfriction factors and minimal pressure drops are expectedwhich agrees with results obtained from the literature [16]For the cooling water pipes diameter and sodium hydroxidepipe diameter design a method proposed byMays [17] which


is based on the steady state incompressible energy equationutilizing Hazel Williams friction loses and continuity equa-tion was used The results are presented in Table 1 and inFigure 2

10 Pump Design

Neutralization process characteristics demand 100m3sdothminus1 of50wt sodium hydroxide For this a corresponding pumpwith 55 kW electrical motor and capacity of 120m3sdothminus1 atapproximately 4sdot105 Pa is proposed A corresponding electricschema with all relevant parts is presented in Figure 2 Sincethe pump is situated in Ex cone a correct motor withmotor II 2G EEx de II B T4 code and correct connectionaccording toATEX standardmust be used [18] Electric boardwith necessary connections should be located outside theEx cone A pressure sensor (PC) is proposed on the pipefrom vertical heat exchanger to absorption column PC hastwo tasks to ensure that neutralization medium is pumpedall the time from scrubber tank on the absorption columnand to prevent the centrifugal pump running dry which canresult in pump failure and in the worst case in pump rotordamage

It needs to be mentioned that reaction mixture whichappears at reaction runaway is very viscous which mayresult in appearance of plug in designed pipes equipmentand huge pressure drops This problem will be avoided bydecreasing the connection pipe length without reductionsand low pipe elbow number Horizontal heat exchangerwhich is located above the blow down tank decreases thefluid temperature which results in fluid condensation thatis why lower amount of gas need to be neutralized inabsorption column Less required gas for neutralizationresults in lower NaOH consumption which decreases oper-ational costs of designed system Additionally horizontalheat exchanger produces huge pressure drop which results inlower gas velocities and higher gasliquid mass transfer coef-ficients which increases the efficiency of absorption columns[14]

11 Conclusions

Designed results of this study demonstrate that proposedmethod can be used for emergency relief system designBased on calculated data the following conclusions weremade

Emergency relief system for exothermic reaction forreactor volume up to 30m3 was designed A 60m3 blowdown tank with 700m3sdothminus1 of 13∘C26∘C cooling water andtwo condensersmdashhorizontal and verticalmdashwith cooling areaof 54m2 and 5m2 are proposed An absorber column withdiameter of 15m and 30m height 45m3 scrubber tankand corresponding outflow chimney were designed All othersystem parameters are presented in Table 1 It is hoped thatthe presented procedure will serve as an engineering tool foremergency relief system design in various process industriesall over the world

Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582

119908 Thermal conductivity

(Wsdotmminus1sdotKminus1)119862

119901cold Specific heat of cold medium(Jsdotgminus1sdotKminus1)

119862

119901hot Specific heat of hot medium(Jsdotgminus1sdotKminus1)

Cooling water Specific heat of cooling water(Jsdotgminus1sdotKminus1)

119876 Heat transfer (W)119879hin Temperature of hot medium

(∘C)119898

119900 Reactor charge (kg)

119860 Area (m2)119881 Reactor volume (m3)120588 Density (kgsdotmminus3)119902

119888 Heat release per unit mass cold

medium (Wsdotkgminus1)119902

ℎ Heat release per unit mass hot

medium (Wsdotkgminus1)119866 Discharge mass flow rate per

unit area (kgsdotm2sdotsminus1)119875 Pressure (Pa)119879 Temperature (K)119889119879119889119905 Self heat rate in runaway

reactions (Ksdotmin1)119902 Energy release rate (Jsdotkgminus1)

119876hot Heat of hot medium (W)

119876cold Heat of cold medium (W)119879

ℎout Temperature of hot medium(∘C)

LMTD Log mean temperaturedifference (∘C)

119877

119905 Parameter for temperature

correction factor prediction119878 Parameter for temperature

correction factor prediction119865

119905 Temperature correction factor

119879

119898 Mean temperature difference

(∘C)119880 Overall heat transfer coefficient

(Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1)119860 Average provisional area (m2)119873

119905 Number of tubes

119889 Pipe diameter (mm)119903 Ration Mass flow (kgsdots1)119865

119905 Friction factor

Δ119875shell Pressure drop on the shell side(Pa)

Δ119875tube Pressure drop on the tube side(Pa)

BDC Bundle diameter clearance(mm)

119908 Wall thickness (mm)119901

119905 Tube pitch (mm)


119863

119887 Bundle diameter (mm)

119863

119904 Shell diameter (mm)

119861

119904 Baffle spacing (mm)

119860

119904 Area for cross-flow (m2)

119866shell Shell-side mass velocity(kgsdotsminus1sdotmminus2)

119889

119890 Shell equivalent diameter (mm)

Re Reynolds numberPr Prandtl numberNu Nusselt numberℎshell Shell-side heat transfer

coefficient (Wsdotmminus2sdotK1)119895

ℎat 45 of baffle cut Shell-side heat transfer factor

119897


119873tpp Number of tubes per pass119866tube Tube-side mass velocity

(kgsdotmminus2sdotsminus1)119881tube Tube-side velocity (msdotsminus1)Retube Inside tube Reynolds numberPrtube Inside tube Prandtl numberNutube Inside tube Nusselt number119895

119891at 45 of baffle cut Shell side friction factor

ℎtubeside Inside heat transfer coefficient(Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1)

119880i Overall heat transfer factor forinside tubes flow (Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1)

119880o Overall heat transfer factor foroutside tubes flow (Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1)

119880 Average heat transfer factor(Wsdotmminus2sdotKminus1)

119865IMTP IMTP packing factor119871NaOH NaOH flow (m3sdoth1)Recycle Recycle of NaOH in absorber

(hminus1)119881scrubbertank Volume of scrubber tank (m3)119860abs Absorber area (m2)119863abs Absorber diameter (m)Δ119875abs Pressure drop on absorber tray

(Pa)119865IMTP IMTP packing factorIMTP packing Mark of absorber fill119873

119871 Number of theoretical plates or

traysHETP Height equivalent to the

theoretical plate (m)119867abs Height of absorption column

(m)119881bd Blow down volume (m3)119881max Maximal tank volume (m3)119902vent Heat release per unit mass at

reaction runaway (Wsdotsminus1)119888

119901 Specific heat of material

(Jsdotgminus1sdotKminus1)(119889119879119889119905)

119898 Self heat rate at temperature

turn around or maximal overpressure defined by API RP 520during run away (Ksdotsminus1)

(119889119879119889119905)

119904 Self heat rate at set pressure of

pressure relief devices (Ksdotsminus1)

119879

119898 Temperature of reactant

correlates to the temperatureturn around or maximum overpressure defined by API RP520 during runaway (K)

119879


correlates to set pressure ofpressure relief devices (K)

Δ119879 Temperature difference (K)119905 Time (s)120578 Viscosity (Pasdots)120583 Kinematic viscosity (m2sdotsminus1)119881 Volume (m3)119863 diameter (m)120588 Density (kgsdotmminus3)119865 Flow reduction factor119881 Voltage (V)119868 Current (A)119882 Power supply (W)GF Gas rate (m3sdothminus1)LF Liquid rate (m3sdothminus1)119888Li Liquid concentration (molsdotm3)119888gi Gas concentration (molsdotm3)119877 liquid rate to tank volume

(hminus1)0

119881Fan Ventilator fan flow (m3sdothminus1)V119903 Axial fan velocity (msdotsminus1)

Δ119875Fan Ventilator fan pressure (Pa)119875Fanmotor Ventilator motor power (W)0

119881Fan Rotational velocity ofventilator fan (RPM)

119860Fan Ventilator area (m2)119889Fan Fan diameter (mm)ℎchimney Height of outflow chimney

(mm)119892 Gravity acceleration (m2sdotsminus1)Vvapor Outflow vapor gas velocity

(msdots1)119891pipe Flow reduction factorΔ119867react Reaction enthalpy (Jsdotmol1)119866

lowast Gas flux (kgsdots1sdotm2)DN Inner diameter (m)bd Blow down119898 Pressure turnaround meanmax Maximal value119904 Relief set conditions shell119900 Initial conditionscin Cold incout Cold outabs Absorbervent VentBWG BirminghamWire Gaugedirt indirt out Coatings of dirt on the in and

out site of pipe119908 Walltube Tube sideshell Shell side119894 119895 Refers to tube and shell side119901 Specific heat


1 2 3 Refers to positionS1 S2 Saturated pressure at position 1

and 2HZT Horizontalhin Hot inhout Hot outout Out sitesdot Unit in time119890 EquivalentIMTP IMTP packing type119888 Coldℎ Hot119905 Pitch119887 Bundleℎ Heat119891 Friction119894 Inside119900 Outsideabs Absorber119871 Theoretical120587 314119904 Set pointPE Electrically groundedU1 U2 Electro phasesV1 V2 Electro phasesW1 W2 Electro phasesTK Electro phasesL1 L2 L3 Electro phases119873 Neutral phaseS1 Switch 10 1 2 3 4 Position in switch and

correctionF1 Fusion 1AC3 Analog currentX1X2 ContactorM Motor3 sim ΛΔ Three phase electro motorMAWP Maximal allowed working

pressure

References

[1] H K Fauske ldquoEmergency relief system design for reactive andnon-reactive systems extension of the DIERS methodologyrdquoPlantOperations Progress vol 7 no 3 pp 153ndash158 1988

[2] J C Leung ldquoSimplified vent sizing equations for emergencyrelief requirements in reactors and storage vesselsrdquo AIChEJournal vol 32 no 10 pp 1622ndash1634 1986

[3] J C Leung H K Fauske and H G Fisher ldquoThermal runawayreactions in a low thermal inertia apparatusrdquo ThermochimicaActa vol 104 pp 13ndash29 1986

[4] R C Rosaler Standard Handbook of Plant EngineeringMcGraw-Hill New York NY USA 3rd edition 2002

[5] API RP 520 Sizing Selection and Installation of Pressure Reliev-ing Devices in Refineries American Petroleum Institution 2000

[6] API STD 526 Flanged Steel Pressure Relief Valves AmericanPetroleum Institution 6th edition 2012

[7] R H Perry and D W Green Perryrsquos Chemical EngineersrsquoHandbook McGraw-Hill New York NY USA 2007

[8] J L Gustin J Fillion G Treand and K E Biyaali ldquoThe phenol+ formaldehyde runaway reaction Vent sizing for reactorprotectionrdquo Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industriesvol 6 no 2 pp 103ndash113 1993

[9] H K Fauske ldquoGeneralized vent sizing monogram for runawaychemical reactionsrdquo PlantOperations Progress vol 3 no 4 pp213ndash215 1984

[10] J F Richardson J H Harker and J R Backhurst Coulson andRichardsonrsquos Chemical Engineering Butterworth-HeinemannBoston Mass USA 2009

[11] J D Seader E J Henley and D K Roter Separation ProcessPrinciples John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 2010

[12] F Bleier Fan Handbook Selection Application and DesignMcGraw-Hill New York NY USA 1987

[13] S A Kudchadker A P Kudchadker R C Wilhoit and B JZwolinski ldquoIdeal gas thermodynamic properties of phenol andcresolsrdquo Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data vol 7no 2 pp 417ndash423 1978

[14] I Hace ldquoComparison of concentration profiles for boundarylayers in absorption with chemical reaction processesrdquo Chemi-cal Engineering and Technology vol 29 no 5 pp 574ndash582 2006

[15] J C Leung and H K Fauske ldquoRunaway system charac-terization and vent sizing based on DIERS methodologyrdquoPlantOperations Progress vol 6 no 2 pp 77ndash83 1987

[16] Crane Technical Paper ldquoA Process Design Engineerrsquos Perspec-tive on Using Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Fittings inPipeline Pressure Drop Calculations 410(TP-410)rdquo 2009

[17] L W Mays Hydraulic Design Handbook McGraw-Hill NewYork NY USA 1999

[18] ldquolsquoATEXDirective 949ECrsquo on equipment and protective systemsintended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (ATEX)rdquohttpeceuropaeuenterprisesectorsmechanicaldocumentslegislationatex

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Active and Passive Electronic Components

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of



RotatingMachinery


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration


Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in



Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics


Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SensorsJournal of


Modelling amp Simulation in EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation



DistributedSensor Networks



Blow down scrubber ATEX zone

From plant

Water inlet

Water outlet

Blow down tank 60m3

Drain Drain

Condenser 54m2

horizontal

Abso

rptio

n co

lum

nO

utflo

w ch

imne

y

Liquid levelScrubber

45m3

PC

Verticalcooler5m2

Scrubber filling

Centrifugalpump

Ventilator fan

Vent to ATM

DN 400

DN400

DN400

DN 100 DN 400 DN 100

DN 500

DN 80 DN 80

DN 300

DN 300

DN500

DN 150

DN 150

DN1500

DN400

DN 50

DN 150

DN 125

DN 125

DN 200

DN 200

To electric boards located outside ATEX zone

DN

200

DN

200

13∘C26∘C

Figure 1 Emergency relief system

Designed emergency relief system is presented inFigure 1 A real industrial example from process industrycomposed from twelve equal 30m3 batch reactors equippedwith pressure and temperature sensors cooling and heatingmechanism and rupture discs was taken In reactors anexothermic phenol formaldehyde reaction takes place Forreactor cooling towers with capacity of 700m3sdothminus1 of coolingwater at 13∘C26∘C cooling temperature regime was used

Based on the reaction runaway the emergency reliefsystem design was made in stages from plant vent systemblow down tank and scrubber with corresponding heatexchangers and absorption column

2 Pressure Relief Devices

Pressure relief devices design was made according to APIRP 520 standard [5] Detailed pressure relief system on thereactor is presented in Figure 3 and is composed of safetyrelief valve (SVR) and rupture disc (RD) with dimensionspresented in Table 1The pressure at which SVR piston opensdepends on the physicochemical characteristics of reactionsystem In present study it is designed so that SVR openswhen the reaction medium pressure is above 70 sdot 103 Pa Incase of runaway the outflow medium from reactor blows

into vent pipes connected to blow down tank Very high tipvelocities cause a phenomenon known as blow-off where theflame front is lifted and could eventually turn into a blow-out Therefore determination of the right pipe diameter isimportant as far as operation of the system is concernedThevent size is a crucial step at emergency relief system designIn this study an approach proposed by Fauske [1] and Leunget al [3] was used For pressure temperature relation Antoineequation was used to calculate the vapor pressure at reactionrunaway as follows

119875 = exp(1578 minus 8798

119879

) (1)

The two phase discharge flow rate per unit area was evaluatedaccording to the homogeneous equilibrium model whichcan be approximated in the low quality region by relationproposed by Leung [2] as follows

119866vent = 09 sdot 144 sdot119889119875

119889119879

sdot (

322

77816

sdot

119879

119888

119901vent)

12

(2)

where 119889119875119889119879was replaced by differential form of (1) and thetwo phase discharged flow per unit area was evaluated



(a)



119879


119879




119888W 894 sdot 10


ℎW 23 sdot 10


(b)


119875 Pa 207 sdot 10

5221 sdot 10



(

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

(119889119879119889119905

)

119904


119888


[1] Leung (1986) [2]

119879

119898


119879

119904


(c)


119862


119862






119875Pa 207 sdot 10


119875

1Pa 1 sdot 10




m 25 sdot 10


5 Designed


(c) Continued




mm 5000 Designed



120582


Green (2007) [7]





119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]119879

119898








119863



119863


119861


119860








(c) Continued





119879


119879


119879



mm 2500119889out mm 508




119863



119863


119861


119860


119866


119889






(c) Continued



119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]DT119898







m 10 sdot 10



119892120588

119871)

12



01

322 sdot 120588

119892sdot (120588

119892minus 120588

119871)


119866






119873


(2010) [11]





119908m 10 sdot 10






(c) Continued




119907













119860vent = 119898

119900sdot 119902vent


119898

119900

sdot

144

77816

sdot 119879 sdot

119889119875

119889119879

)

12

+(119888


])

minus1

(3)


119863 =

radic

4 sdot 119860vent120587

119902vent =1

2

sdot 119888

119901vent sdot [(119889119879

119889119905

)

119904

+ (

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

]

(4)




031598

(1+(1minus(11987969425))032768)

119888


119888


5+ 2445 sdot 10

5

sdot [

1152119879

sinh [1152119879]]

2

+ 1512 sdot 10

5sdot [

507119879

cosh [507119879]]

2



119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879


02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2



69425

)

04246


119879


+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


120588



119898and

(119889119879119889119905)






119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)


119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)







119876 =

119876hot =


=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879




LMTD =

(119879



(9)


119905 119878 and119865

119905were


119863119879

119898= 119865




119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











(a)



119879


119879




119888W 894 sdot 10


ℎW 23 sdot 10


(b)


119875 Pa 207 sdot 10

5221 sdot 10



(

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

(119889119879119889119905

)

119904


119888


[1] Leung (1986) [2]

119879

119898


119879

119904


(c)


119862


119862






119875Pa 207 sdot 10


119875

1Pa 1 sdot 10




m 25 sdot 10


5 Designed


(c) Continued




mm 5000 Designed



120582


Green (2007) [7]





119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]119879

119898








119863



119863


119861


119860








(c) Continued





119879


119879


119879



mm 2500119889out mm 508




119863



119863


119861


119860


119866


119889






(c) Continued



119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]DT119898







m 10 sdot 10



119892120588

119871)

12



01

322 sdot 120588

119892sdot (120588

119892minus 120588

119871)


119866






119873


(2010) [11]





119908m 10 sdot 10






(c) Continued




119907













119860vent = 119898

119900sdot 119902vent


119898

119900

sdot

144

77816

sdot 119879 sdot

119889119875

119889119879

)

12

+(119888


])

minus1

(3)


119863 =

radic

4 sdot 119860vent120587

119902vent =1

2

sdot 119888

119901vent sdot [(119889119879

119889119905

)

119904

+ (

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

]

(4)




031598

(1+(1minus(11987969425))032768)

119888


119888


5+ 2445 sdot 10

5

sdot [

1152119879

sinh [1152119879]]

2

+ 1512 sdot 10

5sdot [

507119879

cosh [507119879]]

2



119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879


02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2



69425

)

04246


119879


+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


120588



119898and

(119889119879119889119905)






119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)


119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)







119876 =

119876hot =


=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879




LMTD =

(119879



(9)


119905 119878 and119865

119905were


119863119879

119898= 119865




119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










(c) Continued




mm 5000 Designed



120582


Green (2007) [7]





119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]119879

119898








119863



119863


119861


119860








(c) Continued





119879


119879


119879



mm 2500119889out mm 508




119863



119863


119861


119860


119866


119889






(c) Continued



119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]DT119898







m 10 sdot 10



119892120588

119871)

12



01

322 sdot 120588

119892sdot (120588

119892minus 120588

119871)


119866






119873


(2010) [11]





119908m 10 sdot 10






(c) Continued




119907













119860vent = 119898

119900sdot 119902vent


119898

119900

sdot

144

77816

sdot 119879 sdot

119889119875

119889119879

)

12

+(119888


])

minus1

(3)


119863 =

radic

4 sdot 119860vent120587

119902vent =1

2

sdot 119888

119901vent sdot [(119889119879

119889119905

)

119904

+ (

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

]

(4)




031598

(1+(1minus(11987969425))032768)

119888


119888


5+ 2445 sdot 10

5

sdot [

1152119879

sinh [1152119879]]

2

+ 1512 sdot 10

5sdot [

507119879

cosh [507119879]]

2



119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879


02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2



69425

)

04246


119879


+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


120588



119898and

(119889119879119889119905)






119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)


119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)







119876 =

119876hot =


=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879




LMTD =

(119879



(9)


119905 119878 and119865

119905were


119863119879

119898= 119865




119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










(c) Continued





119879


119879


119879



mm 2500119889out mm 508




119863



119863


119861


119860


119866


119889






(c) Continued



119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]DT119898







m 10 sdot 10



119892120588

119871)

12



01

322 sdot 120588

119892sdot (120588

119892minus 120588

119871)


119866






119873


(2010) [11]





119908m 10 sdot 10






(c) Continued




119907













119860vent = 119898

119900sdot 119902vent


119898

119900

sdot

144

77816

sdot 119879 sdot

119889119875

119889119879

)

12

+(119888


])

minus1

(3)


119863 =

radic

4 sdot 119860vent120587

119902vent =1

2

sdot 119888

119901vent sdot [(119889119879

119889119905

)

119904

+ (

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

]

(4)




031598

(1+(1minus(11987969425))032768)

119888


119888


5+ 2445 sdot 10

5

sdot [

1152119879

sinh [1152119879]]

2

+ 1512 sdot 10

5sdot [

507119879

cosh [507119879]]

2



119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879


02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2



69425

)

04246


119879


+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


120588



119898and

(119889119879119889119905)






119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)


119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)







119876 =

119876hot =


=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879




LMTD =

(119879



(9)


119905 119878 and119865

119905were


119863119879

119898= 119865




119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










(c) Continued



119877


al (2009) [10]


al (2009) [10]

119865


al (2009) [10]DT119898







m 10 sdot 10



119892120588

119871)

12



01

322 sdot 120588

119892sdot (120588

119892minus 120588

119871)


119866






119873


(2010) [11]





119908m 10 sdot 10






(c) Continued




119907













119860vent = 119898

119900sdot 119902vent


119898

119900

sdot

144

77816

sdot 119879 sdot

119889119875

119889119879

)

12

+(119888


])

minus1

(3)


119863 =

radic

4 sdot 119860vent120587

119902vent =1

2

sdot 119888

119901vent sdot [(119889119879

119889119905

)

119904

+ (

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

]

(4)




031598

(1+(1minus(11987969425))032768)

119888


119888


5+ 2445 sdot 10

5

sdot [

1152119879

sinh [1152119879]]

2

+ 1512 sdot 10

5sdot [

507119879

cosh [507119879]]

2



119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879


02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2



69425

)

04246


119879


+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


120588



119898and

(119889119879119889119905)






119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)


119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)







119876 =

119876hot =


=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879




LMTD =

(119879



(9)


119905 119878 and119865

119905were


119863119879

119898= 119865




119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










(c) Continued




119907













119860vent = 119898

119900sdot 119902vent


119898

119900

sdot

144

77816

sdot 119879 sdot

119889119875

119889119879

)

12

+(119888


])

minus1

(3)


119863 =

radic

4 sdot 119860vent120587

119902vent =1

2

sdot 119888

119901vent sdot [(119889119879

119889119905

)

119904

+ (

119889119879

119889119905

)

119898

]

(4)




031598

(1+(1minus(11987969425))032768)

119888


119888


5+ 2445 sdot 10

5

sdot [

1152119879

sinh [1152119879]]

2

+ 1512 sdot 10

5sdot [

507119879

cosh [507119879]]

2



119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879


02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2



69425

)

04246


119879


+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


120588



119898and

(119889119879119889119905)






119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)


119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)







119876 =

119876hot =


=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879




LMTD =

(119879



(9)


119905 119878 and119865

119905were


119863119879

119898= 119865




119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











119879

+

43983

ln (119879)+ 30548 sdot 10

24sdot 119879

minus10)

120578vap [Pa sdot s] =10094 sdot 10

minus7sdot 119879

0799

1 + 1031119879


02392

1 + 98581119879 + 93717119879

2



69425

)

04246


119879


+67603 sdot 10

minus18sdot 119879

6)

(5)


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


Δ119867

119891


120588



119898and

(119889119879119889119905)






119881bd = 2 sdot 119881119900 (6)


119875

1sdot 119881

1

119879

1

=

119875

2sdot 119881

2

119879

2

(7)







119876 =

119876hot =


=

ℎsdot 119888

119901ℎsdot (119879




LMTD =

(119879



(9)


119905 119878 and119865

119905were


119863119879

119898= 119865




119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











119860 =

1

2

sdot (119860min + 119860max) (11)



119860 =

119902

119880 sdot 119863119879

119898

(12)

119873

119905=

119860

120587 sdot 119889out sdot 119871 (13)

119901

119905= 125 sdot 119889

119900 (14)

119863

119887= 119889

119900sdot (

119873

119905

119870

1

)

11198991

(15)

119863

119878= 119863

119887+ BDC (16)

119861

119878= 04 sdot 119863

119878 (17)

119860

119878=

(119901


119901

119905

(18)


119860

119904

(19)

119889

119890=

110

119889outsdot (119901

2

119905minus 0917 sdot 119889

2

out) (20)

Re =119889

119890sdot 120583 sdot 120588

120578

(21)

Pr =120583 sdot 119888

119901

120582

(22)


119896

119891

(23)


120583

120583

119908

)

014

(24)

Δ119875shell = 8 sdot 119895119891 sdot (119863

119904

119889

119890

) sdot (

119871

119897

119861

) sdot (

120588 sdot 119906

2

119904

2

) sdot (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus014

(25)

119897

119861=

07 sdot 119871

4

(26)

119873tpp =119873

119905


119866tube =119866in

119873tpp sdot (120587 sdot 1198892

in4) (28)

]tube =119866tube120588

119894

(29)


ℎtube = 0023 sdot119865

119903


119871

) (30)



1

ℎshell+

1

ℎdirtout+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(31)



1

ℎtube+

1

ℎdirtin+


+


+


119908

)

minus1

(32)


Δ119875tube = (15 + 119873119905 sdot [25 +8 sdot 119895

119891sdot 119871

119889in+ (

120583

120583

119908

)

minus119898

]) sdot

120588

119894 sdot V2

2

(33)




119903

119888=

119901

1199041

119901

1199042

(34)

where 1199011199041

and 119901






119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











119866HZT = 119903

119888sdot 119866vent (35)



119876total =

119876hot gas +

119876reaction (36)

where




119876recycle =

119876totalRecycle

(38)

6 Scrubber Design





(40)




119866120588

119871)


119892sdot

(120588

119892minus 120588



119866 = 119860 sdot 119866

lowast (41)

119860 =

120587 sdot 119863

2

4

(42)







2

(43)

Gas vapor velocity

0


where

119860Fan =120587sdot119889Fan

2

4

(45)




95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










95

96

1 3 5

2 4 6

F5

F4F3 F2 F1

F6

Frompressuresensor

PC

CCC

M

3

M3 55 kW M3 34kW

F3 F1

1 3 5

2 4 6

C C C

M

3


L1L2L3N

0

20A F20

120A

P


Safety relief valve


Rupture disc



Axial fan velocity








119863119873pipe = (119866

119891pipe)

12

sdot (

120588

119875

)

14

(48)




10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











10 Pump Design



11 Conclusions



Nomenclature

119871 Length (m)120582




119862




(∘C)119898













119877





119879













119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










119863


119863


119861


119860



119889





119897





















(119889119879119889119905)



119879



119879




(hminus1)0













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation













pressure

References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation









research article the pressure relief system design for...

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