research article solar energy potential assessment in the...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of Renewable EnergyVolume 2013 Article ID 496348 11 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013496348

Research ArticleSolar Energy Potential Assessment in the Algerian South AreaCase of Ghardaa Region

Kacem Gairaa and Yahia Bakelli

Unite de Recherche Appliquee en Energies Renouvelables URAER Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables CDER47133 Ghardaıa Algeria

Correspondence should be addressed to Kacem Gairaa gisol47gmailcom

Received 5 December 2012 Revised 17 February 2013 Accepted 23 February 2013

Academic Editor Jayanta Deb Mondol

Copyright copy 2013 K Gairaa and Y Bakelli This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Due to its geographical position in the solar belt Algeria is blessed with an abundance of solar energy and has the opportunityto utilize this bounty of natural energy effectively promoting a clean environment and developing renewable energy technologiesin the region This paper assesses and analyses the solar energy potential in Ghardaıa area (south Algeria) to help users for solarenergy applications A database of solar radiation components has been employed for this purpose The data presented in thepaper are compared with other data supplied by renowned regional and international establishments such as the solar atlas for theMediterranean and the NASAThe frequency and the hourly distribution of solar radiation components indicate that the region isconsidered as an economical area and favorable for solar applications such as the photovoltaic and the concentrating solar power(CSP) technologies In addition to solar radiation data of two functions namely clearness index and sunshine fraction have beenexamined their results specify that the site has a clear sky conditions in most time of the year In general the obtained resultsillustrate that the site under consideration can use solar energy as a promising solution to conventional energy

1 Introduction

In the recent years Algeria has approved its determinationto contribute to the world efforts to combat the globalwarming and protect the environmentThroughout this goala dynamic green energy has been initiated by launching anambitious program of development of renewable energy andenergy efficiency This vision is based on a strategy focusedon the development of inexhaustible resources such as solarenergy The program aims to achieve a renewable powerinstallations of about 22000 (MW) between 2011 and 2030of which 12000 (MW) will be oriented to cover the nationaldemand and 10000 (MW) for export So renewable energiesare placed at the center of economic and energy policyawareness of the country About 40of electricity productionfor domestic consumption will be issued from renewablesources by the year 2030 Indeed our country will become animportant player in the production of electricity from solarphotovoltaic and solar thermal [1] Large-scale projects toexploit renewable resources in particular solar energy are

already underway we can cite as example the photovoltaicsolar power plant of OuedNechou (20 kmnorth of Ghardaıa)with a production capacity of 11 (MW) to generate solarelectricity and the thermal solar plant of Hassi RrsquoMel (100 kmnorth of Ghardaıa) that uses CSP technology with a capacityof 150 (MW) which is operational since July 2011

Nowadays the world is interested by the renewableenergies more than before to reduce the greenhouse effectcaused by the absurd exploitation of conventional sourcesThus knowing the amount of solar radiation potential of agiven site is required to convert sunlight rays into anotherform of energy

Therefore many studies were developed to evaluate thesolar potential in many areas of the Middle East and NorthAfrica (MENA) region Alnaser et al [2] have established asolar atlas of the Arab world this atlas contains four kinds ofinformation the sunshine duration diffuse solar radiationthe DNI solar radiation and the global solar radiation Itcontains data from 280 stations in 19 Arab states sweepinglatitudes 0∘ (tropical) to 37∘ north and longitude 19∘ west

2 Journal of Renewable Energy

to 60∘ east They reported that the maximum value of theaverage annual global solar radiation in the MENA regionwas 67 (kWhm2) detected in Nouakchott (Mauritania)and 66 (kWhm2) in Tamanrasset (Algeria) The maximumannual average sunshine duration was recorded in Aswan(Egypt) with 107 hours of sunshine while the lower value isrecorded in Tunis with 75 hours of sunshine duration

Trabea [3] has analysed solar radiation measurementsat Al-Arish site (Egypt) He presented a database for fiveyears from 1986 to 1990 for the global and the diffuse solarradiation his study shows that the monthly average dailyvalues of global solar radiation reach 8000 (Whm2day) insummer 4322 (Whm2day) in spring and autumn and 2917(Whm2day) in the winter season

Shaltout et al [4] have studied the solar radiation atMeniasite (Egypt) They used measurements of one complete yearfrom January 1 to December 31 1997 they concluded thatthe highest values of global solar radiation on horizontalsurface were in summer season with a mean value of 775(Wm2) while the lower ones were found in winter withan average value of 487 (Wm2) Regarding the direct solarradiation the highest values were recorded in summer witha value of 778 (Wm2) where the lower one was detectedin autumn season with a value of 691 (Wm2) Al-Mohamad[5] has established solar radiation components in Syria usingseveral mathematical models these models have been testedby a statistical method and then determined the relativepercentage error between calculated values and themeasuredones he suggested that the relative error reached the range ofplusmn3 in the worst case Evaluation of Oman solar potentialwas conducted by Al-Hinai and Al-Alawi [6] And Dorvloand Ampratwum [7] they have built a database of typicalsolar radiation for six stations of different locations for sixyears Then they have estimated for each location the hourlyvalues of the three solar radiation components (global directand diffuse) by the modeling of meteorological data usingpolynomial and trigonometric models They found that thebest fit was obtained by the regression based on the ambienttemperature and the atmospheric pressure

An empirical formula for estimating hourly solar radia-tion over Bahrain has been developed by Al-Sadah et al [8]the results obtained were compared with experimental datameasured at latitude of 26∘ north a good agreement betweentwo values (estimated and measured) was found

Evaluation of solar radiation resources in Saudi Arabiahas been presented by Al-Abbadi et al [9] One and fiveminute network data are collected and assessed for qualitythey were indicating that more than 80 of the networkdata fall within quality limits of plusmn5 Bahel et al [10] usedan Eppley Pyrheliometer to measure sunshine duration forDhahran (Saudi Arabia) they have exploited these measure-ments to derive a linear correlation between the monthlyaverage global solar radiation and sunshine duration andthey noted that there is an agreement between the predictedand measured values better than 4

In this paper the actual solar radiation measurements forthe three solar components (global DNI and diffuse solarradiation) are presented In addition the values of clearness

Figure 1 Ghardaıa site location [12]

index and sunshine fraction have been discussed Next ourmeasurements are compared with the corresponding dataavailable in the literature of someArab areas andwith the dataof the NASA SSEmodel and the Solar-Med-Atlas website Forthis purpose a database for one complete year was used toassess the solar potential in Ghardaıa region

2 Description of Study Area

Ghardaıa site is considered an arid and dry area located inthe south of Algeria about 600Km south of the capital city(Figure 1) it is framed by the following geographical coordi-nates latitude of 32∘361015840N longitude of 3∘481015840 E and altitude of450m above MSLThe site is characterised by an exceptionalsunshine where the rate of insolation is significant the meanannual global solar radiation measured on a horizontal planeexceeds 6000 (Whm2) and the sunshine duration is morethan 3000 (hoursyear) The winter in Ghardaıa is describedby an extreme cold due to windblown of snow from thehighlands sandstorms from the southwest at the end ofwinter are particularly troublesome which is the result ofextreme dustiness Temperature is high in summer and canexceed 45∘C and is relatively cool in winter the jellies areexceptional and small [11]

3 Measurements

The measured data on solar radiation used in the presentstudy were collected by a radiometric station with highprecision and installed on the solar radiation laboratory roofof applied research unit for renewable energies (URAER)building (Figures 2 and 3) The station has two parts

(i) A fixed part consists of twoEKOMS-64 pyranometersfor the measurement of global radiant flux on ahorizontal plane (its short wave sensitivity is 70(mVkWm2)) and on inclined surface at the latitudeof the site

(ii) A moving part which is able to track the path of thesun from sunrise to sunset

The last one is consisting with an EKO MS-101D pyrhe-liometer with short wave sensitivity of 671 (mVkWm2)which is pointed at the sun disk for measuring the DNI

Journal of Renewable Energy 3

URAER

Figure 2 Location of measurement station

Figure 3 Radiometric station

component Another EKO MS-64 pyranometer with shortwave sensitivity of 70 (mVkWm2) for the measurement ofdiffuse radiant flux on the horizontal plane is equipped witha shadow band for hiding the radiant flux coming directlyfrom the sun All solar components are made with an intervalof five minutes for each one More technical specifications ofused solar instruments are reported in Table 1

4 Data Analysis

41 Annual and Monthly Accumulated Solar Radiation Inorder to get an overview of solar radiation potential inthe area Table 2 presents the monthly and the annualaccumulated values of the three components which aremeasured and analysed for a one complete year It can beseen that the accumulated solar radiation is very importantThe annual values were estimated by 2118 (kWhm2day)2067 (kWhm2day) and 706 (kWhm2day) for global DNIand diffuse solar radiations respectively Considering themonthly values the maximum was recorded in July with avalue of 251 (kWhm2day) for global solar radiation and212 (kWhm2day) for the DNI solar radiation while it is91 (kWhm2day) for the diffuse solar radiation observed inMay

Table 1 Technical specifications of used solar instruments

PyranometerMS-64

PyrheliometerMS-101D

Directional response ltplusmn10Wm2ltplusmn10Wm2

Temperature response ltplusmn1 ltplusmn1Non-linearity ltplusmn02 ltplusmn02Tilt response ltplusmn02 mdashOperating temperaturerange (∘C) minus40 sim +80 minus20 sim +60

Wavelength range (nm) 305ndash2800 200ndash4000

Table 2 Annual and monthly accumulated solar radiation (kWhm2day)

Diffuse DNI GlobalJan 29 174 120Feb 40 170 140Mar 77 153 181Apr 70 202 220May 91 188 240Jun 83 192 244Jul 77 212 251Aug 60 154 163Sept 63 156 181Oct 51 154 150Nov 35 156 121Dec 30 156 107Total 706 2067 2118

A comparison of our measurements with satellite dataprovided by the solar atlas for theMediterranean (Solar-Med-Atlas) website [13] has been made This website is a portalfor global horizontal and DNI solar radiation data for thesouthern and eastern Mediterranean regions but without thediffuse solar radiation which covers a period extending to 20years (1991ndash2010) of measurements

The comparisons between the monthly accumulatedglobal and DNI solar radiation have been shown in Figure 4In general themeasurements are in agreementwith the Solar-Med-Atlas data for the entire year except for the months ofMarch and August where there are differences between thetwo values The relative error between the annual accumu-lated global solar radiations is 06 where it is about 2for theDNI solar radiation Consequently ourmeasurementscan be considered as representative

42 Daily and Monthly Solar Radiation The daily maximumand average diffuse DNI and global solar radiation com-ponents are illustrated in Figure 5 during the entire yearThe diffuse values are important in the summer season themaximumand average irradiance of 1058 and 221 (Wm2)wasdetected in the month of May For the DNI solar radiationcomponent the average values are substantial in winterspring and autumn and relatively low during the summer


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month

URAER dataSolar-med data

Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2d

ay)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month


DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2d

ay)

Figure 4 Monthly accumulated global and DNI solar radiation

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 3230

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323

Day of year Day of year

Day of year

Diff

use s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ir

radi

ance

(Wm2)

Glo

bal s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

MaxAverage

MaxAverage

MaxAverage

Figure 5 Daily average and maximum diffuse DNI and global [14] solar radiation

season the maximum ones of 1018 (Wm2) were recordedin the day number of 68 (09 March) while the highestdaily average DNI solar irradiance of 74273 (Wm2) wasobserved on April 18 Regarding the global solar radiationdata indicates that irradiance is high during the summermonths and relatively low during the winter season theaverage values are important during the period from March

to September and the highest daily mean and the dailymaximum of 1268 (Wm2) were recorded in May and Junerespectively

Our experimental data of the monthly mean daily valuesof solar radiation components are supported with the largertime-series data of the NASA SSE model [15] as presented inFigure 6 Our measurements agreed with the 22-year average


Table 3 Comparison between the monthly mean daily diffuse solar radiation (kWhm2day) for Ghardaıa and other sites from the MENAregion

Site Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualGhardaıa 09 14 18 19 20 21 19 18 18 17 11 10 16Algiers 09 13 17 20 23 24 22 20 18 14 11 08 17Oran 10 13 17 21 22 23 23 21 17 15 10 09 17Tamanrasset 11 13 18 20 24 26 24 23 22 15 12 11 18Tunis 12 14 18 22 26 23 21 19 17 16 12 10 17Marrakech 12 15 18 21 22 21 18 18 18 16 13 12 17Tripoli 11 12 17 21 23 23 22 21 18 15 12 10 17Cairo 13 16 19 24 24 22 21 21 18 15 13 12 18Abu Dhabi 13 18 20 20 21 22 25 23 15 13 11 12 18Kuwait 11 12 19 21 27 17 22 15 12 12 12 10 16Baghdad 12 13 19 22 24 24 23 21 19 16 13 11 17Muscat 15 16 21 22 23 24 24 23 21 18 16 15 20

0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Month

Month

05

15

25

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

Diff

use s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2)

Figure 6 Monthly diffuse DNI and global solar radiation

solar radiation data of the NASA SSE model with somediscrepancy especially in summer season mainly for the DNIsolar radiation

The monthly mean daily values of diffuse solar radiationDNI solar radiation and the global solar radiation of theGhardaıa area have been supported also to some other sites

from the MENA region reported by Alnaser et al [2] asarranged in Tables 3 4 and 5 It is clear that the monthlyaverage of global and DNI solar radiation over the course ofthe year is comparatively higher for Ghardaıa The monthlymean diffuse solar radiation is considered lower comparedwith other Arab locations


Table 4 Comparison between the monthly mean daily DNI solar radiation (kWhm2day) for Ghardaıa and other sites from the MENAregion

Site Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualGhardaıa 56 59 49 67 61 72 83 56 52 50 50 50 55Oran 34 38 39 52 54 54 54 52 49 32 31 30 43Tunis 24 32 36 44 51 63 67 62 51 36 28 24 43Cairo 33 35 44 51 55 66 63 60 54 44 36 31 48Kuwait 37 45 54 63 61 83 71 77 69 53 57 38 59Bahrain 24 33 30 40 48 54 50 46 43 36 28 21 38

100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

DNI range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Global range

Diffuse range

Figure 7 Frequency distribution of diffuse DNI and global solar radiation

43 Frequency Distribution of Solar Radiation The frequencydistribution of the three solar radiation components is shownin Figure 7 For the diffuse solar radiation it can be reportedthat 23 of frequencies are between 0ndash100 (Whm2) 35receive between 100ndash200 (Whm2) 23get between 200ndash300(Whm2) while 12 of frequencies obtain between 300ndash400(Whm2) 6 get between 500ndash600 (Whm2) and less than5 of the frequencies for the rest For the DNI component143 of the data are between 600ndash700 (Whm2) 17 of

frequencies obtain between 700ndash800 (Whm2) and 13 arebetween 800ndash900 (Whm2) We can note that this analysisis advantageous mostly for users who tend to do the CSPtechnology

Regarding the global solar radiation received on a hor-izontal plane it is found that more than 12 of the fre-quencies are between 500ndash600 (Whm2) and between 600ndash700 (Whm2) 105 receive between 700ndash800 (Whm2)998 get between 900ndash1000 (Whm2) and only 3 between


Table 5 Comparison between the monthly mean daily global solar radiation (kWhm2day) for Ghardaıa and other sites from the MENAregion


1 18 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154 171 188 205 222 239 256 273 290 307 324 341 3580

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Clea

rnes

s ind

ex (119870119905)

Day of year

Figure 8 Daily variation of clearness index (119870119905

)

1000ndash1100 (Whm2) This can be important for some solarapplications that use global solar radiation as an inputparameter for sizing

44 Frequency Distribution of Clearness Index and SunshineFraction The clearness index 119870

119905is the ratio of global

monthly average solar radiation measured on a horizontalsurface (H) to the monthly average extraterrestrial radiation(1198670) and can be determined from the following [16 17]

119870119905=119867

1198670

1198670=24

120587

119866SC (1 + 0033360119899

365

)

times (cos120601 cos 120575 sin120596 + 2120587360

120596 sin120601 sin 120575)

120575 = 2345 sin(360284 + 119899365

)

120596 = cosminus1 (minus tan120601 tan 120575) (1)

where 120601 is the latitude of the site and119866SC is the solar constantequal to 1367 (Wm2)

The daily variation of the clearness index for a wholeyear is presented in Figure 8 The clearness index variationsrange between 05 and 08 except for a few days wherewe observed some downward excursions when the skyconditions dramatically reduce the solar radiation energyThe monthly average clearness index is a constant value ofapproximately 067 The 22-year monthly average clearnessindexes for selected Arab sites are compared with that of


01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

January February March

April May June

July August September

October November December

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

Figure 9 Frequency distribution of clearness index for each month

Ghardaıa using the NASA SSE model as tabulated in Table 6There are no significant differences between the NASA dataand our measurements This analysis is confirmed by thefrequency distribution graphs shown in Figure 9 wheremorethan 50 of the frequencies have values between 07-08 forall months except July and October when 119870

119905turns around

06-07

The sunshine fraction is the ration between effectivesunshine duration (n) and maximum daylight (N) it can bedescribed by [16 17]

120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15

cosminus1 (minus tan120601 tan 120575) (2)


Table 6 Monthly averaged clearness index of Ghardaıa and some Arab sites

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AnnualGhardaıa 069 069 067 072 069 068 066 068 066 064 067 066 067NASA Data 055 062 058 069 067 064 070 065 066 050 046 047 060Algiers 042 045 050 051 055 061 063 061 060 055 049 041 053Tunis 047 050 051 052 057 059 064 061 053 048 047 047 053Abu Dhabi 055 059 059 059 060 059 059 060 061 062 057 046 058Kuwait 052 057 056 056 062 069 068 067 065 060 05 047 059Baghdad 055 059 058 053 058 065 062 064 061 054 052 052 058Riyadh 054 057 057 059 064 070 068 067 065 065 059 054 062

50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899

Figure 10 Sunshine duration and maximum daylight

The evolution of the effective sunshine duration maxi-mum daylight and sunshine fraction distribution are shownin Figures 10 and 11 The amount of daylight hours can beconsiderable the summer season shows the peak of daylighthours with the maximum value occurring in June whilethe winter season exposes lower daylight hour in DecemberThe analysis of the sunshine fraction frequency distributionspecified that 35 of frequencies receive values between 08-09 reflecting the abundance of sunshine in the area

45 Hourly Distribution of Solar Radiation The knowledgeof the hourly distribution of solar radiation is the basis ofsizing and design of many solar applications however theperformance of some solar systems is sensitive to variousdesign variables Therefore it is essential to know that siteswith global solar radiation of 500 (Wm2) and with DNIof 700 (Wm2) are considered an economical area for PVandCSP applications Figure 12 shows the hourly distributionof the three solar radiation components the utility of thesegraphs is to identify the amount of energy available everyhour of the day and for each month of the year The contoursof hourly distribution are processed by the following steps

0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Sunshine fraction range

Figure 11 Frequency distribution of sunshine fraction

For each corresponding hour of the day and for eachmonth the hourly solar radiation is determined and aver-aged Then a matrix containing three kinds of information(monthhoursolar energy) is obtained therefore the con-tours of hourly solar radiation distribution are plotted

An integrated view of these figures illustrates that there isan evident variation in the solar radiation the autumn seasonrecorded the highest values of solar radiation for the diffusecomponent for example while the months from February toMay registered the significant amount of DNI solar radiationbut the greatest values were recorded inMarch For the globalsolar radiation the peak is observed in June with a value of1080 (Wm2) around midday

For this objective users are advised to set their systemsoptimally to improve efficiency and get better gain of solarsystems

5 Conclusion

The present analysis has the aim to help engineers anddesigners in evaluating the Ghardaıa area potential for solarenergy applications


100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

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300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec6789

10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

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360 360

480

480 480

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480

480 480

480

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600 600

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600600

600

720720

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720

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720

840 840

840

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840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

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108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116

2Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12

Figure 12 Hourly distribution of global solar radiation

The annual accumulated solar radiation is importantwhere it is about 2118 (kWhm2) for the global solar radiationand 2067 (kWhm2) for DNI solar radiation The dailysolar radiation is also considerable its evolutions show amaximum of 1018 (Wm2) for DNI solar radiation and1268 (Wm2) for the global solar radiation The NASA SSEmodel and the Solar-Med-Atlas support ourmeasurements asrepresentative ones the analysis of the frequency distributionof clearness index indicated that the range of 07-08 is themost dominate which also matched the NASA model andreflected the clear sky conditions in most time of the yearThe hourly distribution has a particular interest to identifyan economical area for solar applications where it was seenthat Ghardaıa site has this characteristic

The results presented in the paper indicate that the solarenergy in Ghardaıa is a promising solution to conventionalenergy and could be the starting point of a solar industry inthe region

References

[1] Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mining Renewable EnergyProgramand Energy Efficiency AlgerianMinistry of Energy andMining Alger Gare Algeria 2011

[2] W E Alnaser B Eliagoubi A Al-Kalak et al ldquoFirst solarradiation atlas for the Arab worldrdquo Journal of Renewable Energyvol 29 no 7 pp 1085ndash1107 2004

[3] A A Trabea ldquoAnalysis of solar radiation measurements at Al-Arish area North Sinai Egyptrdquo Journal of Renewable Energyvol 20 no 1 pp 109ndash125 2000

[4] M M Shaltout A H Hassan and A M Fathy ldquoStudy of thesolar radiation over Meniardquo Journal of Renewable Energy vol23 no 3-4 pp 621ndash639 2001

[5] A Al-Mohamad ldquoGlobal direct and diffuse solar-radiation inSyriardquo Journal of Applied Energy vol 79 no 2 pp 191ndash200 2004

[6] H A Al-Hinai and SM Al-Alawi ldquoTypical solar radiation datafor Omanrdquo Journal of Applied Energy vol 52 no 2-3 pp 153ndash163 1995


[7] A S S Dorvlo and D B Ampratwum ldquoModelling of weatherdata for Omanrdquo Journal of Renewable Energy vol 17 no 3 pp421ndash428 1999

[8] F H Al-Sadah F M Ragab and M K Arshad ldquoHourly solarradiation over Bahrainrdquo Journal of Energy vol 15 no 5 pp 395ndash402 1990

[9] N M Al-abbadi S H Alawaji M Y bin Mahfoodh D RMyers S Wilcox and M Anderberg ldquoSaudi Arabian solarradiation network operation data collection and quality assess-mentrdquo Journal of Renewable Energy vol 25 no 2 pp 219ndash2342002

[10] V Bahel R Srinivasan and H Bakhsh ldquoSolar radiation forDhahran Saudi Arabiardquo Journal of Energy vol 11 no 10 pp985ndash989 1986

[11] K Gairaa Characterization and evaluation of solar radiationin Ghardaıa site [MS thesis] University of Annaba AnnabaAlgeria 2012

[12] httpwwwmapsofworldcom[13] httpwwwsolar-med-atlasorg[14] K Gairaa and Y Bakelli ldquoAn overview of global solar radiation

measurements in Ghardaıa area south Algeriardquo InternationalJournal of Energy and Environment vol 2 pp 255ndash260 2011

[15] httpeosweblarcnasagovsse[16] M Iqbal An Introduction to Solar Radiation Academic Press

Ontario Canada 1983[17] J A Duffie and W A Beckman Solar Engineering of Thermal

Process Wiley New York NY USA 3rd edition 2006

TribologyAdvances in

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International Journal of

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FuelsJournal of


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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


to 60∘ east They reported that the maximum value of theaverage annual global solar radiation in the MENA regionwas 67 (kWhm2) detected in Nouakchott (Mauritania)and 66 (kWhm2) in Tamanrasset (Algeria) The maximumannual average sunshine duration was recorded in Aswan(Egypt) with 107 hours of sunshine while the lower value isrecorded in Tunis with 75 hours of sunshine duration

Trabea [3] has analysed solar radiation measurementsat Al-Arish site (Egypt) He presented a database for fiveyears from 1986 to 1990 for the global and the diffuse solarradiation his study shows that the monthly average dailyvalues of global solar radiation reach 8000 (Whm2day) insummer 4322 (Whm2day) in spring and autumn and 2917(Whm2day) in the winter season

Shaltout et al [4] have studied the solar radiation atMeniasite (Egypt) They used measurements of one complete yearfrom January 1 to December 31 1997 they concluded thatthe highest values of global solar radiation on horizontalsurface were in summer season with a mean value of 775(Wm2) while the lower ones were found in winter withan average value of 487 (Wm2) Regarding the direct solarradiation the highest values were recorded in summer witha value of 778 (Wm2) where the lower one was detectedin autumn season with a value of 691 (Wm2) Al-Mohamad[5] has established solar radiation components in Syria usingseveral mathematical models these models have been testedby a statistical method and then determined the relativepercentage error between calculated values and themeasuredones he suggested that the relative error reached the range ofplusmn3 in the worst case Evaluation of Oman solar potentialwas conducted by Al-Hinai and Al-Alawi [6] And Dorvloand Ampratwum [7] they have built a database of typicalsolar radiation for six stations of different locations for sixyears Then they have estimated for each location the hourlyvalues of the three solar radiation components (global directand diffuse) by the modeling of meteorological data usingpolynomial and trigonometric models They found that thebest fit was obtained by the regression based on the ambienttemperature and the atmospheric pressure

An empirical formula for estimating hourly solar radia-tion over Bahrain has been developed by Al-Sadah et al [8]the results obtained were compared with experimental datameasured at latitude of 26∘ north a good agreement betweentwo values (estimated and measured) was found

Evaluation of solar radiation resources in Saudi Arabiahas been presented by Al-Abbadi et al [9] One and fiveminute network data are collected and assessed for qualitythey were indicating that more than 80 of the networkdata fall within quality limits of plusmn5 Bahel et al [10] usedan Eppley Pyrheliometer to measure sunshine duration forDhahran (Saudi Arabia) they have exploited these measure-ments to derive a linear correlation between the monthlyaverage global solar radiation and sunshine duration andthey noted that there is an agreement between the predictedand measured values better than 4

In this paper the actual solar radiation measurements forthe three solar components (global DNI and diffuse solarradiation) are presented In addition the values of clearness

Figure 1 Ghardaıa site location [12]

index and sunshine fraction have been discussed Next ourmeasurements are compared with the corresponding dataavailable in the literature of someArab areas andwith the dataof the NASA SSEmodel and the Solar-Med-Atlas website Forthis purpose a database for one complete year was used toassess the solar potential in Ghardaıa region

2 Description of Study Area

Ghardaıa site is considered an arid and dry area located inthe south of Algeria about 600Km south of the capital city(Figure 1) it is framed by the following geographical coordi-nates latitude of 32∘361015840N longitude of 3∘481015840 E and altitude of450m above MSLThe site is characterised by an exceptionalsunshine where the rate of insolation is significant the meanannual global solar radiation measured on a horizontal planeexceeds 6000 (Whm2) and the sunshine duration is morethan 3000 (hoursyear) The winter in Ghardaıa is describedby an extreme cold due to windblown of snow from thehighlands sandstorms from the southwest at the end ofwinter are particularly troublesome which is the result ofextreme dustiness Temperature is high in summer and canexceed 45∘C and is relatively cool in winter the jellies areexceptional and small [11]

3 Measurements

The measured data on solar radiation used in the presentstudy were collected by a radiometric station with highprecision and installed on the solar radiation laboratory roofof applied research unit for renewable energies (URAER)building (Figures 2 and 3) The station has two parts

(i) A fixed part consists of twoEKOMS-64 pyranometersfor the measurement of global radiant flux on ahorizontal plane (its short wave sensitivity is 70(mVkWm2)) and on inclined surface at the latitudeof the site

(ii) A moving part which is able to track the path of thesun from sunrise to sunset

The last one is consisting with an EKO MS-101D pyrhe-liometer with short wave sensitivity of 671 (mVkWm2)which is pointed at the sun disk for measuring the DNI


URAER




4 Data Analysis



PyranometerMS-64











0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month


Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2d

ay)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month


DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2d

ay)


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 3230

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323


Day of year

Diff

use s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ir

radi

ance

(Wm2)

Glo

bal s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

MaxAverage

MaxAverage

MaxAverage








0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Month

Month

05

15

25

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

Diff

use s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2)








100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

DNI range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Global range

Diffuse range








1 18 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154 171 188 205 222 239 256 273 290 307 324 341 3580

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Clea

rnes

s ind

ex (119870119905)

Day of year


)





119870119905=119867

1198670

1198670=24

120587

119866SC (1 + 0033360119899

365

)

times (cos120601 cos 120575 sin120596 + 2120587360

120596 sin120601 sin 120575)

120575 = 2345 sin(360284 + 119899365

)





01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


April May June



Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range



119905turns around

06-07


120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15





50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of


















URAER




4 Data Analysis



PyranometerMS-64











0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month


Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2d

ay)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month


DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2d

ay)


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 3230

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323


Day of year

Diff

use s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ir

radi

ance

(Wm2)

Glo

bal s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

MaxAverage

MaxAverage

MaxAverage








0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Month

Month

05

15

25

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

Diff

use s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2)








100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

DNI range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Global range

Diffuse range








1 18 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154 171 188 205 222 239 256 273 290 307 324 341 3580

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Clea

rnes

s ind

ex (119870119905)

Day of year


)





119870119905=119867

1198670

1198670=24

120587

119866SC (1 + 0033360119899

365

)

times (cos120601 cos 120575 sin120596 + 2120587360

120596 sin120601 sin 120575)

120575 = 2345 sin(360284 + 119899365

)





01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


April May June



Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range



119905turns around

06-07


120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15





50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of


















0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month


Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2d

ay)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month


DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2d

ay)


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 3230

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 47 93 139 185 231 277 323


Day of year

Diff

use s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ir

radi

ance

(Wm2)

Glo

bal s

olar

irra

dian

ce (W

m2)

MaxAverage

MaxAverage

MaxAverage








0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Month

Month

05

15

25

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

Diff

use s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2)








100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

DNI range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Global range

Diffuse range








1 18 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154 171 188 205 222 239 256 273 290 307 324 341 3580

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Clea

rnes

s ind

ex (119870119905)

Day of year


)





119870119905=119867

1198670

1198670=24

120587

119866SC (1 + 0033360119899

365

)

times (cos120601 cos 120575 sin120596 + 2120587360

120596 sin120601 sin 120575)

120575 = 2345 sin(360284 + 119899365

)





01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


April May June



Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range



119905turns around

06-07


120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15





50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of




















0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Month

Month

05

15

25

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

URAER dataNASA data

Glo

bal s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

Diff

use s

olar

radi

atio

n (k

W h

m2)

DN

I sol

ar ra

diat

ion

(kW

hm2)








100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

DNI range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Global range

Diffuse range








1 18 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154 171 188 205 222 239 256 273 290 307 324 341 3580

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Clea

rnes

s ind

ex (119870119905)

Day of year


)





119870119905=119867

1198670

1198670=24

120587

119866SC (1 + 0033360119899

365

)

times (cos120601 cos 120575 sin120596 + 2120587360

120596 sin120601 sin 120575)

120575 = 2345 sin(360284 + 119899365

)





01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


April May June



Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range



119905turns around

06-07


120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15





50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of




















100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 300 500 700 900 11000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

DNI range

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Global range

Diffuse range








1 18 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154 171 188 205 222 239 256 273 290 307 324 341 3580

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Clea

rnes

s ind

ex (119870119905)

Day of year


)





119870119905=119867

1198670

1198670=24

120587

119866SC (1 + 0033360119899

365

)

times (cos120601 cos 120575 sin120596 + 2120587360

120596 sin120601 sin 120575)

120575 = 2345 sin(360284 + 119899365

)





01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


April May June



Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range



119905turns around

06-07


120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15





50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of




















1 18 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154 171 188 205 222 239 256 273 290 307 324 341 3580

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Clea

rnes

s ind

ex (119870119905)

Day of year


)





119870119905=119867

1198670

1198670=24

120587

119866SC (1 + 0033360119899

365

)

times (cos120601 cos 120575 sin120596 + 2120587360

120596 sin120601 sin 120575)

120575 = 2345 sin(360284 + 119899365

)





01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


April May June



Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range



119905turns around

06-07


120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15





50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of


















01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

10

20

30

40

50

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1020304050607080

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

03 04 05 06 07 08 0905

101520253035404550

03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


April May June



Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)Fr

eque

ncy

()

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

Freq

uenc

y (

)

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range

119870119905 range 119870119905 range



119905turns around

06-07


120590 =119899

119873

119873 =2

15





50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of




















50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Suns

hine

dur

atio

n an

d m

ax d

aylig

ht (h

our)

Day of year0

119873

119899




0 02 04 06 08 10

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Freq

uenc

y (

)






5 Conclusion



100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of


















100

100100

100

100200

200

200

200 200

300300

300

300

300

300 300

400400 400

400

400

400 400400

500500 500

500

500

500500

500

600600 600

600

600

600600

600

700700

700700

700

700700

700

800 800

800 800

800 800

800 800

900900

900

900

900

900

900

900

1000

10001000

1000

1000


10111213141516171819

120

120

120

120

120

120 120

240

240 240

240

240 240

360

360 360

360

360 360

480

480 480

480

480

480 480

480

600

600 600

600

600

600600

600

720720

720

720

720720

720

840 840

840

840840

840

960 960

960960

960

1080

1080

1080


1011

13141516171819

18

18

18

18

18

18

36 36

36

36

36 36

36

54

54

54

54

54

5454

54

7272

72

72

72

7272

72

72

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

108

108

108

108

108

108

126

126

126

144144

144

26116


6789

10111213141516171819

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

Hou

r

Month

12




References






















FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of
































FuelsJournal of







Advances in



Journal of


Renewable Energy





RotatingMachinery


EnergyJournal of

















research article solar energy potential assessment in the...

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